2: When Worlds Collide, 14921590

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2 When Worlds Collide, 1492-1590
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In 1580 essayist Montaigne talked with several
American Indians at the French court who "noticed
among us some men gorged to the full with things
of every sort while their other halves were
beggars at their doors, emaciated with hunger and
poverty," and "found it strange that these
poverty-striken halves should suffer such
injustice, and that they did not take the others
by the throat or set fire to their houses." Text
on internet
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I remember in the plaza where some of their
oratories stood, there were piles of human skulls
so regularly arranged that one could count them,
and I estimated them at more than a hundred
thousand. I repeat again that there were more
than one hundred thousand of them. And in another
part of the plaza there were so many piles of
dead men's thigh bones that one could not count
them there was also a large number of skulls
strung between beams of weed, and three priest
who had charge of these bones and skulls were
guarding them. We had occasion to see many such
things later on as we penetrated into the country
for the same custom was observed in al the towns,
including those of Tlaxcala. Bernal Diaz del
Castillo The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico
(1520s)
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When the Caciques, priests, and chieftains were
silenced, Cortés ordered all the idols which we
had overthrown and broken to pieces to be taken
out of sight and burned. Then eight priests who
had charge of the idols came out of a chamber and
carried them back to the house whence they had
come, and burned them. These priests wore black
cloaks like cassocks and long gowns reaching to
their feet, and some had hoods like those worn by
canons, and other had smaller hoods like those
worn by Dominicans, and they wore their hair very
long, down to the waist, with some even reaching
down to the feet, covered with blood and so
matted together that it could not be separated,
and their ears were cut to pieces by way of
sacrifice, and they stank like sulphur, and they
had another bad smell like carrion, and as they
said, and we learnt that it was true, these
priests were the sons of chiefs and they
abstained from women, and they fasted on certain
days, and what I saw them eat was the pith of
seeds of cotton when the cotton was being
cleaned, but they may have eaten other things
which I did not see." Bernal Diaz del Castillo

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Chapter Focus Questions

• Discuss the roles played by the rising merchant
  class, the new monarchies, Renaissance humanism,
  and the Reformation in the development of
  European colonialism.
• Define a frontier of inclusion. In what ways does
  this description apply to the Spanish empire in
  the Americas?
• Make a list of the major exchanges that took
  place between the Old World and the New World in
  the centuries following the European invasion of
  America. Discuss some of the effects these
  exchanges had on the course of modern history.
• In what ways did colonial contact in the
  Northeast differ from contacts in the Caribbean
  and Mexico?

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The Invasion of America
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Intercontinental Exchange
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New World foods -- potatoes, maize, squash,
pumpkins, and beans
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Western Europe in the Fifteenth Century
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European Exploration, 14921591
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European Exploration, 14921591
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European Exploration, 14921591
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Introduction

• Alfred W. Crosbys ecological imperialism
• Colombian intercontinental exchange
• Bartolome de las Casas
• Inner light, predestination, original sin, the
  elect
• Headright, enclosure
• Movie The Mission
• Encomienda, frontier of inclusion
• Ignacio Bernal, Los Folkloristas, Nuevo Canto

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Bartolome de las Casas 1474 1566
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"The Cruelties used by the Spaniards on the
Indians," from a 1599 English edition of The
Destruction of the Indies by Bartolomé de las
Casas. Las Casas passionately denounced the
Spanish conquest and defended the rights of the
Indians. These images were copied from a series
of engravings produced by Theodore de Bry that
accompanied Las Casas's original edition.
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"The Indians. . . have no religion, at least no
temples. They live in large communal bell-shaped
buildings, housing up to 600 people at one time .
. .made of very strong wood and roofed with palm
leaves. . . . They prize bird feathers of various
colors, beads made of fishbones, and green and
white stones with which they adorn their ears and
lips, but they put no value on gold and other
precious things. They lack all manner of
commerce, neither buying not selling, and rely
exclusively on their natural environment for
maintenance. They are extremely generous with
their possessions and by the same token covet the
possessions of their friends and expect the same
degree of liberality. . . . Bishop Las Casas
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". . . while I was in Cuba, 7000 children died in
three months. Some mothers even drowned their
babies from sheer desperation. . . . In this way,
husbands died in the mines, wives died at work,
and children died from lack of milk..... and in a
short time this land which was so great, so
powerful and fertile..... was depopulated. . . .
My eyes have seen these acts so foreign to human
nature, and now I tremble as I write. . . . .
. . . the entire human race is one. Bishop Las
Casas
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Marriage laws are nonexistent men and women
alike choose their mates and leave them as they
please, without offense, jealousy or anger. They
multiply in great abundance pregnant women work
to the last minute and give birth almost
painlessly up the next day, they bathe in the
river and are as clean and healthy as before
giving birth. If they tire of their men, they
give themselves abortions with herbs that force
stillbirths, covering their shameful parts with
leaves or cotton cloth although on the whole,
Indian men and women look upon total nakedness
with as much casualness as we look upon a man's
head or at his hands." Bishop Las Casas
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New Spain / Mexico

• Olmec, Monte Alban
• Maya, Yucatan
• Teotihuacan, Quetzalcoatl
• Tula, Tezcatlipoca/Quetzalcoatl
• Aztlan, Chichimecas
• Aztec, Tenochtitlan, Huitzilopochtli

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Bibliography

• Michael D. Coe, The Maya (1987)
• Alfred W. Crosby Ecological Imperialism, The
  Biological Expansion of Europe 900 - 1900 (1986)
• Bernal Diaz The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico
  (1520s)
• Alvin M. Josephy Jr., 500 Nations (1994)
• Friar Diego de Landa, Yucatan Before and After
  the Conquest (1566)
• Gary B. Nash. Red, White, and Black The Peoples
  of Early America (1982)
• William H. Prescott, The Conquest of Mexico and
  the Conquest of Peru (1843)

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Bibliography

• Kirkpatrick Sale The Conquest of Paradise (1990)
  
• Linda Schele and David Freidel, A Forest of
  Kings The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya
  (1990)
• John L. Stephens, Incidents of Travel in Central
  America, Chiapas and Yucatan (1841)
• Alan Taylor, American Colonies (2001)
• J. Eric S. Thompson, The Rise and Fall of the
  Maya Civilization (1954)
• Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United
  States (1980)

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Chronology

• 1000 Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows
• 1347-53 Black Death in Europe
• 1381 English Peasants' Revolt
• 1488 Bartolomeu Días sails around the African
  continent
• 1492 Christopher Columbus to the Caribbean
• 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas
• 1497 John Cabot explores Newfoundland
• 1508 Spanish invade Puerto Rico
• 1513 Juan Ponce de León lands in Florida
• 1514 Bartolomé de las Casas preaching against
  conquest
• 1516 Smallpox introduced to the New World
• 1517 Martin Luther breaks with the Roman
  Catholic Church

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Chronology

• 1519 Hernán Cortés lands in Mexico
• 1534 Jacques Cartier first explores the St.
  Lawrence River
• 1539-40 Hernán de Soto Francisco Vásquez de
  Coronado expeditions
• 1550 Tobacco introduced to Europe
• 1552 Bartolomé de Las Casas's Destruction of the
  Indies
• 1558 Elizabeth I of England begins her reign
• 1562 Huguenot colony on mid-Atlantic coast
• 1565 St. Augustine founded
• 1583 Humphrey Gilbert attempts to plant a colony
  in Newfoundland
• 1584-87 Walter Raleigh colony, Roanoke Island
• 1588 English defeat the Spanish Armada // John
  White returns to find Roanoke colony abandoned

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No laws and ordinances, sheriffs and constables,
judges and juries, or courts or jails-the
apparatus of authority in European societies-were
to be found in the northeast woodlands prior to
European arrival. Yet boundaries of acceptable
behavior were firmly set. Though priding
themselves on the autonomous individual, the
Iroquois maintained a strict sense of right and
wrong. He who stole another's food or acted
invalourously in war was "shamed" by his people
and ostracized from their company until he had
atoned for his actions and demonstrated to their
satisfaction that he had morally purified
himself. Gary Nash Iroquois culture
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The English and Algonquians at Roanoke
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The Roanoke Area in 1585
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Roanoke, 1585 - CROATOAN on a tree in 1591
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The First Colony of Roanoke

• Colony off the North Carolina coast founded by
  Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585.
• Goal was to find wealth-- furs, gold or silver,
  plantation agriculture Indians seen as laborers.
• 1580s - English Algonquians at Roanoke
• 1584 Chief Wingina sent Manteo Wanchese to GB
• CROATOAN 50 miles south, no cross as warning
• John White, Frances Drake, Virginia Dare
• 1588 Armada
• 1590 The Lost Colony

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Sir Humphrey Gilbert 1537 1583
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Sir Walter Raleigh ca.1554 1618
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Spanish Armada Protestant Wind, 1588
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Sir Frances Drake 1540 1598
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Drake attacks Cartegena, Colombia 1586
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Drakes Bay from a 1590 map
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Richard Hakluyts map of the Americas, 1587
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The Expansion of Europe
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Western European Communities

• Agricultural, peasants, water mills, iron plows,
  bread, porridge
• Feudalism, dowry, noble, serf, Roman Catholic
• 33 dead before age 5, 50 reached adulthood
• 1347-1353, Black Death bubonic plague
• Spanish Inquisition, Moors driven out 1490s

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Merchant Class New Monarchies

• Late Middle Ages expansion of commerce -minerals,
  salt, timber, fish, cereal, wool, wine
• City-states of Venice, Genoa, Pisa in Italy
• The Crusades - silk, spices cloves, cinnamon,
  nutmeg, pepper
• Muslim libraries of Alexandria and Baghdad
• Growth of universities, postal service
• Gothic medieval cathedrals followed by styles
  from Greeks Romans
• New focus on the human body Humanism, a revolt
  against religious authority, less emphasis on
  afterlife

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The Renaissance

• The Crusades stimulated Italian trade with Asia.
• Compass, gunpowder, movable type were introduced
  to Europe. Francis Bacon the three greatest
  inventions known to man.
• Muslims reintroduce Greek and Roman learning to
  Europeans.
• The Renaissance resulted, with humanistic view.
• Inquisitive and acquisitive spirit of Renaissance
  helped motivate exploration.

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Portuguese Explorations

• Prince Henry the Navigator establishes academy to
  train seafarers at Sangres Point.
• Portuguese trading voyages try to reach Indies by
  sailing around Africa.
• 1488 Portuguese establish several colonies
  begin slave trade reach southern tip of Africa.
• 1498 Vasco Da Gama sails around Africa to
  Indies.

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A caravel similar to Columbuss Niña
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Columbus Reaches Americas

• Had sailed from Iceland to the middle of Africa
  prior to "discovery of New World"
• Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon
  Spain just completed Reconquista - Moors driven
  from Grenada
• Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United
  States on the conquest of Cuba, etc.
• Discovered the clockwise circulation of Atlantic
  winds and currents Mission San Diego, 1769!
• 1493, 17 ships and 1,500 men to New World found
  outpost at Hispaniola destroyed
• After his 3rd voyage, ordered home in leg irons
  but later made a 4th voyage died in Spain in
  1506
• Amerigo Vespucci of Florence who sailed to
  Caribbean in 1499 1st to describe mundus novus

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The Spanish in the Americas
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Invading the New World

• Initial violence, destruction of Aztec religion
  Sacrifices, Quetzalcoatl/Cortes, cosmology /
  paradigm
• Encomienda system - Indian community as labor
  reciprocal, protection, Catholicism
• Invasions - Puerto Rico Jamaica (1508) Cuba
  (1511) Panama (1513) Central America (1513)
  Mexico (1517)
• 1519 Hernan Cortes - Aztecs, Tenochtitlán
  (300,000), smallpox, Malinche, horses,
  bloodhounds, Moctezuma, allies

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The Spanish New World Empire

• By 1600, approximately 200,000 settlers (10
  women), 125,000 Africans, cattle/horses/pigs
• "Frontier of inclusion" - mestizo, mulatto
• Council of the Indies, Portuguese Brazil Movie
  The Mission
• Jesuits, Franciscans, Augustinians , Dominicans

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Pieces of 8 and gold bar from the Atocha 1622
1985
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Castillo de San Marcos, at St. Augustine, Florida
started 1672
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Fray Bernardino de Sahagun ca. 1500 1590
recorded Indian practices
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Decline of Indian Population

• The population of Mexico fell from 25 million in
  1519 to one million a century later.
• Diseases were the greatest killers of Indians.
• The Black Legend disinformation?
• We Spaniards suffer from a disease of the heart,
  the specific remedy for which is gold. Hernan
  Cortez

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Smallpox -- from Aztec drawings
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Intercontinental Exchange

• Exchanges between Old and New Worlds included
• European diseases that decimated Indian
  populations
• American precious metals that caused inflation in
  Europe
• American crops to Europe-- corn, potatoes,
  cotton, chocolate and
• European crops to America-- wheat, sugar, rice,
  horses, cattle.
• Silver to Europe created inflation

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Intercontinental Exchange
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The First Europeans in North America

• In 1519, first of several unsuccessful
  colonization attempts failed in Florida.
• In 1539, Hernan DeSoto traveled throughout South,
  spreading disease that depopulated and weakened
  Indian societies.
• In 1539, Francisco de Coronado searched for lost
  cities of gold in Southwest shaggy cows.

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Coronados March, ca. 1540
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Juan de Onate 15491624 New Mex. 10
Franciscans 129 soldier colonists
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Inscription by Oñate at Inscription Rock in 1605
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The Spanish New World Empire

• By late sixteenth century, the Spanish had a
  powerful American empire.
• 200,000 Europeans and 125,000 Africans lived in
  Spanish colonies.
• Population was racially mixed.
• Council of the Indies governed empire but local
  autonomy prevailed.

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Northern Explorations and Encounters
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Fish and Furs

• Abundant fish in Grand Banks of North Atlantic
  led Europeans to explore North American coastal
  waters.
• French were first to explore eastern North
  American, establishing large land claims.
• European-Indian relations based on trade,
  especially furs.
• Disease and wars over hunting grounds reduced
  Indian populations.
• Indians became dependent on European manufactured
  goods.

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The Protestant Reformation

• 1517 Reformation in Germany, Luther
• Salvation was a gift from God and not earned by
  "good works" or service to the Church
• Emphasized individual Bible reading,
  excommunicated in 1521
• 1520s Catholic persecution of French Protestants
  caused John Calvin to move to Geneva, Switzerland
  
• Calvinism - predestination, God's "elect" and
  "signs of election" thrift industry, sobriety,
  responsibility

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Front Philipp Melanchthon, Martin Luther, John
Hus Middle John Calvin, Swedish King Gustavus
II Adolphus, Ulrich Zwingli
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Political Impact of Reformation

• Henry VIII of England (1509-1547) - 1534 created
  Church of England (Anglican), confiscated
  Catholic property
• Daughter Queen Victoria
• French Calvinists (Huguenots, merchants, middle
  class) fought for power 1560 - 1600
• 1598, Henry IV's Edict of Nantes (freedom of
  worship and civil rights)

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Henry VIII of England 1491 1547
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Queen Elizabeth I, the first English colonies,
and Spain

• Rivalry with Spain led Queen Elizabeth I to found
  colonies.
• Brutal, vicious invasion led to conquest of
  Ireland, setting English pattern of colonization.
• Other colonization efforts failed including
  expedition to Newfoundland and Roanoke.
• Raiding by English privateers on Spanish ships
  and ports, English colonization efforts angered
  Spanish King Phillip II.
• Spanish Armada defeated by English fleets,
  halting Spanish monopoly on Americas.

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Elizabeth I 1533 1603
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Elizabeth I at one of 13 sessions of Parliament
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Elizabeths successor, son of Mary, Queen of
Scots King James I
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The First French Colonies

• Huguenots planted first French colonies in South
  Carolina and Florida.
• French enjoyed good relations with Indians.
• Spanish destroyed French colony in Florida.

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A map of Jacques Cartiers explorations
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Champlain attacking an Onondaga village in 1615
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Samuel de Champlains chateau at Quebec in 1608
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La Terra de Hochelaga Nella Nova Francia
Cartiers map of Huron-Iroquois village
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French at St. Johns River in Florida, May 1562
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Rene De Laudonniere and Chief Athore at Ribauts
Column 1591
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Fort Caroline on St. Johns River Florida
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Fr. Jacques Marquette with Louis Joliet listening
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European Exploration of the Americas

• In the century after Columbus came to the
  Americas, Europeans had explored
• most of the Atlantic coast of North America
• much of the Pacific coast of North America and
• the interior of southeastern and southwestern
  North America.

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A model of the original Jamestown village, 1607
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Pocahontas in 1616 England
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". . . everyone is entitled to their own
opinions, but not their own facts." Sen.
Daniel Moynihan "Each age writes the history
of the past anew with reference to the conditions
uppermost in its own time. . . . The aim of
history, then, is to know the elements of the
present by understanding what came into the
present from the past. For the present is simply
the developing past, the past the undeveloped
present. . . . The antiquarian strives to bring
back the past for the sake of the past the
historian tries to show the present to itself by
revealing its origin from the past. The goal of
the antiquarian is the dead past the goal of the
historian is the living present." Frederick J.
Turner 1891