Roman Catholicism

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Roman Catholicism
2
The Papacy

• The bishops
• Romes power grew because
• Rome was the capital of the Empire
• Peter and Paul died there
• Pauls most important letter written to Rome

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The Papacy

• Leo the Great (d 461)
• Leo's pontificate, next to that of St. Gregory
  I, is the most significant and important in
  Christian antiquity. (Catholic Encyclopedia)
• Disintegration of the Western Empire
• Disorganization of the church in some regions
  demanded closer bond between their episcopates
  and Rome
• Dogmatic controversies Pelagius
• Chief aim was to sustain the unity of the Church
• Established the office of the Pope

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Leo I

• But this mysterious function the LORD wished to
  be indeed the concern of all the apostles, but in
  such a way that He has placed the principal
  charge on the blessed Peter, chief of all the
  Apostles and from him as from the Head wishes
  His gifts to flow to all the body so that any
  one who dares to secede from Peter's solid rock
  may understand that he has no part or lot in the
  divine mystery.
• He Hilary diminishes even the reverence that
  is paid to the blessed Peter himself with his
  proud words for not only was the power of
  loosing and binding given to Peter before the
  others, but also to Peter more especially was
  entrusted the care of feeding the sheep. Yet any
  one who holds that the headship must be denied to
  Peter, cannot really diminish his dignity but is
  puffed up with the breath of his pride, and
  plunges himself into the lowest depth.
• (Letter X to the bishops of the province of
  Vienna in the matter of Hilary, Bishop of Arles)

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Leo I

• The dispensation of Truth therefore abides, and
  the blessed Peter persevering in the strength of
  the Rock, which he has received, has not
  abandoned the helm of the Church, which he
  undertook. For he was ordained before the rest in
  such a way that from his being called the Rock,
  from his being pronounced the Foundation, from
  his being constituted the Doorkeeper of the
  kingdom of heaven, from his being set as the
  Umpire to bind and to loose, whose judgments
  shall retain their validity in heaven, from all
  these mystical titles we might know the nature of
  his association with Christ. And still today he
  more fully and effectually performs what is
  entrusted to him, and carries out every part of
  his duty and charge in Him and with Him, through
  Whom he has been glorified. And so if anything is
  rightly done and rightly decreed by us, if
  anything is won from the mercy of GOD by our
  daily supplications, it is of his work and merits
  whose power lives and whose authority prevails in
  his See.
• (SERMON III. On His Birthday, Delivered On The
  Anniversary Of His Elevation To The Pontificate)

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The Papacy

• When Rome fell in 476, the Bishop of Rome
  replaced the Roman Emperor as the most important
  person in the remnants of the empire
• In 600 Gregory I extended his power as Bishop of
  Rome
• Leo IX excommunicated the patriarch of the
  Eastern church in 1054

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The Papacy

• In 1305 Boniface VIII claimed that submission to
  the Pope was necessary for salvation
• At Vatican I (1870) Pius IX declared the Pope to
  be infallible when speaking ex cathedra

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The Papacy

• Mt 1618 Was the rock on which Jesus Christ
  would build His church Peter or Peters
  confession?
• The text Greek you are petros, and upon this
  petra I will build My church
• Peters understanding (1 Pet 24-7)
• Pauls understanding (Eph 220)

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The Papacy

• Mt 1619 Were the keys of the kingdom of
  heaven given to Peter alone or to all
  Christians?
• They were also given to the disciples (Jn
  2022-23)
• And to all Christians (Mt 1818)

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Theology

• Romes theology develops
• Mary
• Adoration of Mary and the saints was popularized
  (788 AD)
• Immaculate Conception and Perpetual Virginity
  Pope Pius IX (1854 AD)
• Assumption of Mary and Queen of Heaven Pope
  Pius XII (1950 AD)
• Mother of the Church Pope Paul VI (1965 AD)
• Mediatrix of all grace and Co-Redemptrix

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Theology

• Sacraments
• Seven in number
• Peter Lombard (1100-1164) is regarded to be the
  first to define the number as seven
• Definition
• Divinely appointed functions which effect an
  increase of the supernatural life in the Catholic
  whenever he approaches them with the proper
  disposition.

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Theology

• Sacraments
• Baptism
• Is considered to be the door to spiritual life,
  when one is cleansed from original sin (and
  actual sins) and is simultaneously infused with a
  new and supernatural righteousness
• Confirmation
• Confers grace at age 7 to make one a strong and
  perfect Christian and a soldier of Jesus Christ

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Theology

• Holy communion
• Partaking of Jesus Christ in the form of a
  consecrated Host
• Transubstantiation occurs and Christ is
  re-sacrificed
• Marriage
• Includes a Nuptial Mass and a solemn blessing
  pronounced over the bride and groom

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Theology

• Holy Orders
• Spiritual power is given to an ordained priest
  can consecrate the Host, forgive sins, and
  perform other sacred functions
• Penance
• Occurs when one is disposed to be sorry for sin,
  to purpose amendment, and to make satisfaction
  for sins committed by prayers or good works
  imposed on the penitent in Confession

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Theology

• Extreme Unction
• Originally known as Last Rites
• Since Vatican II, the Anointing of the Sick

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The Mass

• Began with the Last Supper
• The focus is celebration of the Eucharist
• Is conducted in a consecrated or blessed Church
  and at a consecrated altar
• Gospel sung or chanted
• Homily

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Salvation

• Initial grace of God in the heart of the sinner
• Evident in a response of repentance
• Unmerited
• Proceeds solely from the love and mercy of God
• The sinner is disposed for salvation from sin
• This disposition is followed by justification
  itself, consists in the sanctification and
  renewal of the inner man by the voluntary
  reception of God's grace
• Meritorious acts, sacraments, merits of others
• Particular judgment immediately after death
• Heaven, purgatory, eternal damnation

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Salvation

• The initial grace is truly gratuitous and
  supernatural
• The human will remains free under the influence
  of grace
• Man really cooperates in his personal salvation
  from sin
• By justification man is really made just, and not
  merely declared or reputed so
• Justification and sanctification are only two
  aspects of the same thing, and not distinct
  realities
• Justification excludes all mortal sin from the
  soul, so that the just man is no way liable to
  the sentence of death at God's judgment-seat.
• (Catholic Encyclopedia)

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The Church

• A regenerated Israel depicted in the prophets of
  the OT
• The church is the kingdom spoken of by Jesus
  founded by Christ and initially organized by
  Christ with the 12.
• Hierarchically organized with the Pope at the top
• Union with the church necessary for salvation
• As the appointed teacher of revealed truth, the
  Church is infallible.
• Three conditions for membership
• The Sacrament of Baptism
• Acknowledge the authority of the Church and of
  her appointed rulers
• Acknowledge the coercive power the Church
  (excommunication)

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Conflicts
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Conflicts

• With Eastern Orthodoxy (1054 AD)
• Papal supremacy over the Patriarch
• Roman addition of filioque
• With Protestants (1517 AD)
• Sole fide
• Luther found peace with God through faith in
  Jesus Christ not in sacraments or the works of
  merit
• Sole gratia
• Luther discovered Gods saving grace in Christ
  alone
• Sole scriptura
• Luther found authority in the Bible alone in
  place of the teaching Church mediated by the pope

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We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the
giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and
the Son
John 1526 RSV But when the Counselor comes,
whom I shall send to you from the Father, even
the Spirit of truth, who proceeds from the
Father, he will bear witness to me. But John
2021 Jesus said to them again, "Peace be unto
you. As the Father has sent me, even so send I
you." And when he had said this, he breathed on
them and said to them, "Receive the Holy
Spirit."
The filioque clause was inserted into the Nicene
Creed by the Latin Church in 589. The issues
were not only the relevant theology, but also the
authority of the creeds, and the authority of the
Bishop of Rome and the Latin church in the
affairs of the Eastern Church.
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Folk Catholicism

• Syncretistic
• Absorption rather than confrontation
• Overtly Catholic but covertly pagan
• Brazilian "My religion is Catholicism but my
  philosophy of life is Spiritism."
• "Haiti is 90 Catholic, and 100 Vodoun."

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Vatican II

• The Second Vatican Council
• Opened October 11, 1962
• Closed under Pope Paul VI in 1965
• "I want to throw open the windows of the Church
  so that we can see out and the people can see
  in."
• Pope John XXIII

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Vatican II

• Changes
• Revision in how the sacraments were practiced
• The use of vernacular languages for the Mass
• A new attitude towards other Christian faiths
• separated brethren
• Changes in how the church saw other faiths
• The Catholic movement toward inclusivism and
  pluralism

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Vatican II

• From ancient times down to the present, there
  has existed among diverse peoples a certain
  perception of that hidden power which hovers over
  the course of things and over the events of human
  life at times, indeed, recognition can be found
  of a Supreme Divinity and of a Supreme Father
  too. Such a perception and such a recognition
  instill the lives of these people of other
  faiths with a profound religious sense.
  Religions bound up with cultural advancement have
  struggled to reply to these same questions with
  more refined concepts and in more
  highly-developed language.

Since the spiritual patrimony common to
Christians and Jews is thus so great, this sacred
Synod wishes to foster and recommend that mutual
understanding and respect which is the fruit
above all of biblical and theological studies,
and of brotherly dialogues.
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Vatican II

• Reaction
• Traditional Catholic movement
• The movement crystallized in 1971 with the
  prohibition of the Latin Mass
• Reject the changes of Vatican II
• Second Vatican Council is an unwarranted betrayal
  of Tridentine theology
• Continue Latin Mass
• All Popes impostors from October 9,1958
• Roman Catholic Church is the one, true Church
  established by Jesus Christ on the foundation of
  Peter the Rock.

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