The Ike Age: Cold War America - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The Ike Age: Cold War America

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The Ike Age: Cold War America. 1952-1960 'I Like Ike': Eisenhower and America ... Eisenhower and the Cold War. Containment vs. 'Liberation' ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The Ike Age: Cold War America


1
The Ike AgeCold War America
  • 1952-1960

2
I Like Ike Eisenhower and America
  • Dwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969)
  • Ike and the Republicans
  • Conservative wing
  • Midwest West
  • Isolationist
  • Favored Robert A. Taft
  • Moderate/liberal wing
  • Eastern
  • Internationalist
  • Favored Eisenhower

3
Adlai Stevenson
Eisenhower choose Richard Nixon as running-mate,
in part to appease the Republican partys
conservative wing. Republicans also won both
houses of Congress. Eisenhower defeated
Stevenson again in 1956.
4
  • Ike and the Historians
  • 1960s-1970s
  • A failure popular and appealing, but ineffective
    and lazy
  • Evasive in press conferences
  • Too much time on the golf links
  • Symbol of conformity
  • 1980s-
  • Hard-working, knowledgeable, engaged
  • Legacy
  • Peace and prosperity
  • Sense of priorities
  • Traditional values
  • dynamic conservatism
  • Sought to steer party away from reaction
  • Manage existing government programs better

5
  • Balanced Budgets and Highways
  • Balanced budgets (5 out of 8 years)
  • Sought to return powers to the states
  • Federal Highway Act of 1956 Funded construction
    of interstate highway system
  • Largest, most expensive public works program in
    U.S. history
  • Heightened dependence on automobiles
  • Accelerated suburban growth

6
  • The Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s
  • Background
  • Jim Crow segregation (Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896)
  • NAACP, 1909 legal orientation
  • Great Migration to the West North,
    1910s-1940s
  • Trumans Fair Deal proposals desegregation of
    the military

7
  • Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
  • Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
  • Segregated schools a violation of equal
    protection clause of 14th Amendment
  • Desegregation with all deliberate speed (1955)
  • White southern reaction
  • White Citizens Councils
  • Ku Klux Klan
  • massive resistance
  • Civil rights movement energized

8
  • Martin Luther King, Jr.
  • Civil disobedience and non-violent resistance
  • Montgomery (Ala.) Bus Boycott, 1955-1956
  • Arrest of Rosa Parks for refusal to give up bus
    seat so white passenger could sit
  • Year-long boycott of city buses organized by King
    other black leaders
  • U.S. Supreme Court affirmed desegregation of
    buses in 1956
  • Little Rock (Ark.) school desegregation crisis,
    1957
  • Eisenhower used federal troops to enforce
    desegregation

9
Eisenhower and the Cold War
  • Containment vs. Liberation
  • Republicans criticized Trumans containment
    policies as futile and expensive
  • John Foster Dulles, Secretary of State
  • Suggested U.S. should be willing to liberate
    subject peoples from Soviet domination
  • In reality, Eisenhower would essentially continue
    containment

10
  • Ikes New Look
  • more bang for the buck
  • Scale back conventional forces emphasize
    strategic (nuclear) air force
  • Allies supply conventional forces
  • Use Central Intelligence Agency to intervene in
    trouble spots
  • Indonesia
  • Iran
  • Guatemala

11
  • massive retaliation
  • Nukes are an option
  • brinksmanship
  • Enemy must believe you will go to the brink of
    nuclear war
  • Credibility equals deterrence

12
  • Assessment
  • Successes
  • End of Korean War
  • Armistice signed, June 1953
  • China and Taiwan
  • Chinese shelling of islands Quemoy and Matsu
  • Eisenhower subtly maneuvered out of crises

13
  • Suez Crisis, 1956
  • Ike refused to back British, French, Israeli
    attempts to take Suez Canal from Egypt
  • Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957
  • U.S. would use force to prevent communist
    aggression in the Middle East
  • Consequence of U.S. becoming chief defender of
    Western interests in region after Suez Crisis
  • Rationale for placement of U.S. troops in Lebanon
    in 1958
  • Geneva Summit, 1955
  • Stalin died in 1953
  • Moderately successful summit with new Soviet
    leader Nikita Khrushchev

14
  • Failures
  • Hungary, 1956
  • Soviets crushed uprising
  • Sputnik, 1957
  • Seemed to demonstrate U.S. falling behind Soviets
    in technology
  • Lebanon, 1958
  • U.S. troops sent in to prop up pro-Western
    regime intensified anti-Western sentiment in the
    Middle East
  • U-2 incident, 1960
  • Surveillance plane shot down over Soviet Union
    pilot captured
  • Led to cancellation of planned summit with
    Khrushchev
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