neuro

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ShibsNeuroscience Lab Final Review As you
review the structures try to answer(1)
Function/Lesion(2) Input/Output (pathway) (3)
Neurotransmitter
2

• Spinal Cord does not exist below L2!!! Do not say
  that a sacral spinal cord section is below the
  lumbar vertebral level that would be crazy
• Apply the blood supply lecture to the
  brainstem/cranial nerves/tracts
• Knowing this pic and how to superimpose
• blood supply is

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Notes on Auditory Cochlear

• You can see from the pathways that there is a
  fibers running bilaterally, particularly after
  info gets to the cochlear nucleus (both dorsal
  and ventral travel bilaterally)
• Hearing is bilateral so you usually dont show
  symptoms unless you damage the cochlear nerve.

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Clinicals from the atlas on BALANCE
Vestibular(dont get the function of cochlear
and vestibular mixed up

• Damage to vestibular receptors commonly results
  in
• vertigo (i.e. BPPV)
• unsteady or ataxic gait
• tendency to fall to the lesioned side.
• Deficits seen in nerve or brainstem lesions
• Nystagmus
• Nausea/Vomiting
• Vertigo and gait problems
• Deficits seen in Multiple Sclerosis
• Internuclear opthalmoplegia or Nystagmus may be
  seen
• Indicates interruption of vestibular projections
  to III, IV, VI via MLF
• Deficit seen in vestibular schwannoma
• May have facial nerve palsy as well
  (pontomedullary junction compressed)

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Visual Clinical Interlude

• Straight radiations in the parietal lobe lesion
  causes contra-homonomous, lower-quadrantanopia.
• Loop of Meyer in temporal lobe lesion causes
  contra-homo-upper quadrantanopia.
• If you lesion optic nerve, you get ipsilateral,
  monocular scotoma.
• If you bisect the optic chiasm, you get
  bitemporal, hemianopia.
• Optic tract lesion causes contra, homo,
  hemianopia.
• Trochlear nerve damage gives symptoms of vertical
  diplopia when looking down.
• Abducens nerve damage gives horizontal diplopia.
• Superior Colliculus damage gives loss of saccadic
  eye movements.
• Lateral geniculate nucleus lesion causes contra,
  homo, hemianopia.
• Lingual gyrus is site where loop of meyer ends.
• Occipital pole is responsible for macular
  vision.

• Lesions of primary visual cortex PCA infarcts,
  tumors, hemorrhage and trauma to occipital poles
• Macular sparing due to relatively large
  representation for its size. also b/c of
  anastomosis?MCA and PCA provide collateral flow
  of blood to the occipital pole?

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Longitudinal Fissure
Superior Frontal Gyrus
Superior Frontal Sulcus
Middle Frontal Gyrus
Precentral Gyrus
Precentral Sulcus
Central Sulcus
Postcentral Gyrus
PostCentral Sulcus
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Precentral Gyrus
Postcentral Gyrus
Central Sulcus
Middle Frontal Gyrus
Supramarginal Gyrus (BA 40)
Inferior Frontal Sulcus
Angular Gyrus (BA 39)
Pars opercularis
Pars orbitalis
Lateral Sulcus
Pars triangularis
Inferior Frontal Gyrus
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Superior Temporal Gyrus
Superior Temporal Sulcus
Middle Temporal Gyrus
InferiorTemporal Gyrus
Lateral Sulcus
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Cingulate Gyrus
Cingulate Sulcus
CC - Body
Marginal Sulcus
CC - Genu
CC - Splenium
Septum Pellucidum
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Paracentral Lobule - anterior
Paracentral Lobule - posterior
Parieto-occipital Sulcus
Cuneus
Calcarine Sulcus
Lingual Gyrus
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Optic chiasm
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Cuneus
Optic nerve
Lingual gyrus
Calcarine sulcus
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Macular sparing

• a phenomenon associated with lesions to the
  primary visual cortex
• visual information from the fovea goes to the
  occipital pole of the primary visual cortex
• it is thought that, due to anastomoses, the
  occipital pole can be supplied by PCA or MCA
• contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular
  sparing
• contralateral superior/inferior quadrantanopia
  with macular sparing

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Cingulate Gyrus
Fornix
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Cingulum Bundle
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Gyrus Recti
Olfactory Bulb
Olfactory Tract
Uncus
Parahippocampal Gyrus
Cerebral Peduncles
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Olfactory Bulb
Olfactory Tract
Orbital Gyri
Olfactory Trigone
Uncus
Parahippocampal Gyrus
Mammillary Body
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Cerebral Peduncle
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Hippocampus
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Lateral Ventricle
3rd Ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
Interventricular Foramen (Foramen of Monroe)
4th Ventricle
Foramen of Megendie
Foramen of Luschka
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3rd Ventricle (space)
Cerebral Aqueduct (space)
4th Ventricle (space)
Interventricular Foramen (Foramen of Monroe)
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Fornix
Anterior Commissure
Hypothalamus
Mammillary Body
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Interthalamic adhesion
Thalamus
Hypothalamic sulcus
Habenula
Anterior commissure
Pineal gland
Posterior commissure
Lamina terminalis
Hypothalamus
Mammillary body
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Stria Medullaris Thalami
Habenular Nuclei
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Neuroscience Lab 5 Coronal Axial
SectionsWelke, Ph.D.
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Longitudinal fissure
Corpus callosum
Cingulate gyrus
Septum pellucidum
Corona radiata
Caudate nucleus
Lateral ventricle, anterior horn
Internal capsule, anterior limb
Putamen
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Caudate nucleus
Cingulate gyrus
Internal capsule, anterior limb
Lateral ventricle, body
Putamen
Globus pallidus
External capsule
Extreme capsule
Insula
Claustrum
3rd ventricle
Hypothalamus
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Amygdala
Hypothalamus
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Caudate nucleus
Cingulate gyrus
Internal capsule, posterior limb
Septum pellucidum
Putamen
External capsule
Globus pallidus
Extreme capsule
Insula
Claustrum
Lateral ventricle, inferior horn
Anterior nucleus
Pons
Hypothalamus ??INCORRECT TAG? Should be
MAMMILLARY BODY
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Fornix - Body
Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus
Mammilothalamic Tract
Hippocampus
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Caudate nucleus
Ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus
Globus pallidus, external segment
Putamen
Globus pallidus, internal segment
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Cingulate Gyrus
Cingulum Bundle
Nucleus Accumbens
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Fornix - Columns
Anterior Commissure
Uncus
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Dorsomedial Nucleus of the Thalamus
Fornix - Body
Hippocampus
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Lesions?
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Dorsomedial nucleus
Cingulate gyrus
Internal capsule, posterior limb
Corona radiata
Ventropostero-lateral nucleus (VPL)
Lateral sulcus
Putamen
Insula
Centromedian nucleus
Lateral ventricle, inferior horn
Subthalamic Nucleus
Substantia Nigra
Pons
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Dorsomedial Nucleus of the Thalamus
Fornix - Body
Hippocampus
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Medial geniculate nucleus
Cingulate Gyrus
Fornix - Body
Internal capsule, posterior limb
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Hippocampus
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Longitudinal fissure
Thalamus
Caudate
Lateral sulcus
Cerebral aqueduct
Lateral ventricle, inferior horn
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Medulla
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Fornix
Hippocampus
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Fornix
Hippocampus
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Interposed nuclei
Fastigial nucleus
Dentate nucleus
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Cerebellum Interlude

• Cerebellum lesion of the anterior vermis causes
  truncal ataxia. People prone to this are
  alcoholics.
• If you lesion of cerebellar hemispheres, you get
  appendicular ataxia and intention tremors.
• Lesion to flocculus will disrupt vestibular
  function and head-eye movements.

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Under surface of the cerebellum
Posterolateral fissure separates body from
flocculonodular lobe
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The 3 lobes are further classified based on
their developmental origins and functions

• 1-Anterior Lobe Paleocerebellum
  Spinocerebellum
• -Concerned with postural reflexes, integration
  of axial and limb musculature with proper
  equilibrium
• 2-Posterior Lobe Neocerebellum
  Pontocerebellum
• -Concerned with smoothing fine voluntary
  movements of distal musculature
• 3-Flocculo-nodular LobeArchicerebellumVestibuloc
  erebellum
• -Concerned with maintaining equilibrium
  proper adjustment of anti-gravity muscles
  during movement

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Longitudinal fissure
Corona radiata
Corpus callosum, body
Longitudinal fissure
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Cingulate Gyrus
Fornix
Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus
Dorsomedial nucleus of the Thalamus
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Fornix- Columns
Dorsomedial Nucleus of the Thalamus
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Corpus callosum, genu
Caudate nucleus
Cingulate gyrus
Internal capsule, anterior limb
Globus pallidus
Putamen
External capsule
Insula
Claustrum
Internal capsule, posterior limb
Extreme capsule
Ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus
Thalamus
Corpus callosum, splenium
Lateral ventricle, posterior horn
3rd ventricle
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Genu of Internal Capsule
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Anterior Commissure
Medial geniculate nucleus
Fornix- Columns
Internal capsule, posterior limb
Optic radiations
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Hippocampus
Superior colliculus
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3rd ventricle
Crus cerebri
Cerebral aqueduct
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Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Optic tract
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Medial geniculate nucleus
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Hypothalamus
Nucleus Accumbens
Mammillary Body
Hippocampus
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Mammillary Body
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VPM
VPL
Internal capsule, posterior limb
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Fornix
Mammillothalamic Tract
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Neuroscience Lab 2 Spinal CordWelke, Ph.D.
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Posterior root
Posterior sulcus
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Posteriolateral sulcus
Posterior intermediate sulcus
Posterior median sulcus
Posterior root
Dorsal root
Fasciculus gracilis
Fasciculus cuneatus
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Ventral root
Anterior median fissure
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Anterior median fissure
Ventral root
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Conus medullaris
Cauda equina
Filum terminale
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Fasciculus gracilis
Sacral Cord
Lateral corticospinal tract
Spinothalamic tract
Anterior median fissure
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Fasciculus gracilis
Lumbar Cord
Posteromarginal Nucleus
Lateral corticospinal tract
Substantia gelatinosa
Lumbar enlargement
Spinothalamic tract
Anterior white commissure
Anterior median fissure
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Gracile fasciculus
Thoracic Cord
Posteromarginal Nucleus
Posterior spinocerebellar tract
Lateral cortico- spinal tract
Intermed- iolateral cell column
Lateral horn
Anterior spinocerebellar tract
Spinothalamic tract
Clarkes nucleus
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Cervical Cord
Fasciculus gracilis
Fasciculus cuneatus
Substantia gelatinosa
Lissauers tract
Lateral cortico- spinal tract
Cervical enlargement
Spinothalamic tract
Anterior median fissure
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Neuroscience Lab 3 BrainstemWelke, Ph.D.
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CN XII
Olive
CN IX
CN X
Pyramid
Anterior median fissure
CN XI
Decussation of the pyramids
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Pyramid
Pyramidal Decussation
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Stria medullaris of 4th ventricle
Vagal Trigone
Obex
Hypoglossal Trigone
Gracile tubercle
Posterior median fissure
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Interpeduncular fossa
CN III
Cerebral peduncle
CN V
CN VI
CN VII
Inferior pontine sulcus
CN VIII
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Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
CN IV
Cerebellar peduncles
Facial colliculus
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Medial geniculate nucleus
Superior colliculus
Brachium of inferior colliculus
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Inferior colliculus
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Interthalamic adhesion
Thalamus
Hypothalamic sulcus
Habenula
Anterior commissure
Pineal gland
Posterior commissure
Lamina terminalis
Hypothalamus
Mammillary body
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Sacral Cord
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Sacral Cord
Lateral Corticospinal Tract
LMNs of appendicular muscles
LMNs of axial muscles
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T4
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T4
LMNs of axial muscles
Lateral Corticospinal Tract
Anterior Corticospinal Tract
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L4
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L4
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L4
LMNs of appendicular muscles
LMNs of axial muscles
Lateral Corticospinal Tract
Anterior Corticospinal Tract
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C7
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C7
LMNs of appendicular muscles
Lateral Corticospinal Tract
Anterior Corticospinal Tract
LMNs of axial muscles
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C1
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C1
Lateral Corticospinal Tract
Anterior Corticospinal Tract
LMNs of axial muscles
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Spinal Accessory Nucleus CN XI
Pyramidal Decussation
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Medulla, caudal
Nucleus gracilis
Posterior spinocerebellar tract
Nucleus cuneatus
Accessory cuneate nucleus
Hypoglossal nucleus
Spino- thalamic tract
Anterior spinocerebellar tract
Inferior olivary nucleus
Inferior olivary nucleus
Medial lemniscus
Pyramid
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What tract? vs What cell bodies?
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Gracile nucleus
Gracile fasciculus
Cuneate nucleus
Cuneate fasciculus
Spinal trigeminal tract
Spino- thalamic tract
Spinal trigeminal nucleus
Internal arcuate fibers
Medial lemniscus
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Hypoglossal Nucleus
Nucleus Ambiguus
Pyramid
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Medulla
Hypoglossal nucleus
4th ventricle
Reticular formation
Spinothalamic tract
Inferior olivary nucleus
Pyramid
Medial lemniscus
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Discuss Blood Supply along with these structures
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Solitary tract
Solitary nucleus
Spinal trigeminal tract
Spino- thalamic tract
Spinal trigeminal nucleus
Medial lemniscus
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Medial vestibular nucleus
Inferior vestibular nucleus
Cochlear nuclei
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
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Medulla, rostral
4th ventricle
Reticular form- ation
Spinothalamic tract
Inferior olive
Pyramid
Medial lemniscus
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Medial vestibular nucleus
Inferior vestibular nucleus
medial longitudinal fasciculus
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Reticular formation
Inferior olivary nucleus
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Spinal trigeminal nucleus
Spino- thalamic tract
Spinal trigeminal tract
Central tegmental tract
Medial lemniscus
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medulla - pons
Reticular formation
Facial nucleus
Spino- thalamic tract
Pyramid
Medial lemniscus
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Pons
4th ventricle
Cerebellar Peduncles (superior)
Reticular formation
Facial nucleus
Spinothalamic tract
Corticospinal fibers
Medial lemniscus
Pontocerebellar fibers
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Reticular formation
Principle sensory trigeminal nucleus
Central tegmental tract
Medial lemniscus
Spino- thalamic tract
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Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Abducens nucleus
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Abducens Nucleus
Facial Nucleus
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Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Superior olivary nucleus
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Superior cerebellar peduncle
Superior vestibular nucleus
Lateral vestibular nucleus
Reticular formation
Middle cerebellar peduncle
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Motor Nucleus of V
Pyramidal Fascicle
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Pons, rostral
Reticular formation
Medial lemniscus
Spinothalamic tract
Cerebellar peduncle
Corticospinal fibers
Pontocerebellar fibers
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Inferior colliculus
Midbrain
Cerebral aqueduct
Reticular formation
Lateral lemniscus
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Spinothalamic tract
Medial lemniscus
Corticospinal fibers
Pontocerebellar fibers
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Periaqueductal gray
Central tegmental tract
Reticular formation
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Spinothalamic tract
Medial lemniscus
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Superior colliculus
Red nucleus
Oculomotor Nucleus
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Midbrain
Superior colliculus
Cerebral aqueduct
Reticular formation
Oculomotor nucleus
Medial lemniscus
Spinothalamic tract
Corticospinal fibers
Substantia nigra
Cerebral Peduncle
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Superior colliculus
Brachium of the inferior colliculus
Trochlear nucleus
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Superior cerebellar peduncle, decussation
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VPM
VPL
Internal capsule, posterior limb
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Superior colliculus
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Medial geniculate nucleus
Oculomotor nucleus
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Lateral geniculate nucleus
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Fornix
Mammillothalamic Tract
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Neuroscience Lab 4 CNS Blood SupplyWelke,
Ph.D.
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Internal Carotid System
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Anterior Cerebral Artery
Ophthalmic Artery
Middle Cerebral Artery
Anterior Communicating Artery
Anterior Choroidal Artery
Posterior Communicating Artery
Internal Carotid System
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Vertebral Artery System
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Vertebral Artery System
Posterior Cerebral Artery
Superior Cerebellar Artery
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA)
Basilar Artery
Vertebral Artery
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA)
Anterior Spinal Artery
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• Review of Blood Supply/Lesions 1
• Lesions of the Medulla
• Occlusion of Anterior Spinal Artery
• Medial Medullary Syndrome (Inferior Alternating
  Syndrome)
• Occlusion of PICA (do not write PICA on the test
  write Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery)
• Lateral Medullary Syndrome (Wallenburgs 5 Ss)
• Lesions at the level of the Pons
• Occlusion of Basilar/Pontine Artery
• LOCKED IN!!!
• Medial Pontine Syndrome (Middle Alternating AKA
  Raymong or Foville Syndrome) (contra hemiplegia
  (1.Medial Lemniscus and 2.STT) and ipsi 3.
  abducens palsy (diplopia)) and paralysis of
  conjugate gaze ipsi ( towards lesion) 4. PPRF
  (pontine gaze center)
• Occlusion of AICA (Anterior Inferior Cerebellar
  Artery)
• Lateral Pontine Syndrome (1. Contra Hemiplegia,
  2. Ipsi Facial muscles apralysis, 3. Contra loss
  of PT 4. Ipsi mastication motor loss and PT on
  face)
• Occlusion of SCA (Sup Cerebellar Artery)
• superior cerebellar peduncle (AntSC tract!)
  cerebellum

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• Review of Blood Supply/Lesions 2
• Lesions at the level of the Midbrain
• Occlusion of PCA
• Webers Symdrome Superior Alternating
  Hemiplegia. (ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy
  contralateral hemiplegia)
• Benedikts Webers damage to the tegmental
  regions and the red nucleus (Add contralateral
  ataxia, tremor, involuntary movements)
• Tumor in the Pineal Region (A germinoma,
  astrocytom, etc (a tumor) impoinging on the
  superior colliculi)
• Parinaud Syndrome (1. paralysis of upward gaze
  (sup colliculi) 2. hydrocephalus (occlusion of
  cerebral aqueduct) 3. failure of eye movement due
  to pressure on the oculomotor and trochlear
  nuclei 4. patients may also have nystagmus due
  to involvment of MLF.
• Lesions at the Brain
• Infarct of Posterior Thalamic Nuclei
• Complete sensory loss on the contralateral side
  of body. Patient may develop thalamic pain or
  anesthesia dolorosa
• Lesion to the Genu of the Internal Capsule
• UMN damage for face and tongue. CONTRA tongue
  deviation (opposite of the usual lick your
  wounds and contra lower ½ of the face paralyzed
• One and a half Syndrome
• Lesion is near the midline. Involves Abducens
  Nucleus and Adjacent PPRF and fibers from the
  opposite Abducens that enter the contra MLF of
  the lesioned side. (1) Loss of ipso abduction
  (lateral rectus) and adduction (medial rectus)
  and (2) loss of contra adduction (medial rectus).
  SO you have (1) and a ½ (2). The only remaining
  side to side movement is to move one of eyes
  contra by the one intact abducens
• Horizontal Gaze Palsy
• Internuclear Opthalmoplegia lesion in MLF b/t
  CN III and VI

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Vertebral Artery System
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Posterior Communicating Artery
Posterior Cerebral Artery
Superior Cerebellar Artery
Internal Carotid Artery
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA)
Vertebral Artery System
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA)
Anterior Spinal Artery
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Circle of Willis
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Anterior Communicating Artery
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Internal Carotid Artery
Posterior Communicating Artery
Posterior Cerebral Artery
Basilar Artery
Circle of Willis
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Great Cerebral Vein (Great Vein of Galen)
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Anterior Cerebral Artery
Internal Carotid Artery
Middle Cerebral Artery
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Middle Cerebral Artery
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Internal Carotid Artery
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Posterior Cerebral Artery
Superior Cerebellar Artery
Basilar Artery
Vertebral Artery
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Posterior Cerebral Artery
Basilar Artery
Superior Cerebellar Artery
Vertebral Artery
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Posterior Cerebral Artery
Superior Cerebellar Artery
Vertebral Artery
Basilar Artery
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Posterior Cerebral Artery
Superior Cerebellar Artery
Basilar Artery
Vertebral Artery
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Limbic SystemStructures from Rostral to
Caudal(these were already mixed in with the
coronal/axial sections for the most part The
following are ONLY labeled so that you can trace
out thePapez! Papez! Papez!!!!!!!!!!)
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Mammillary Body
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Cingulate Gyrus
Cingulum Bundle
Nucleus Accumbens
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Fornix - Columns
Anterior Commissure
Uncus
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Fornix - Columns
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
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Fornix - Body
Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus
Mammilothalamic Tract
Hippocampus
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Dorsomedial Nucleus of the Thalamus
Fornix - Body
Hippocampus
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Dorsomedial Nucleus of the Thalamus
Fornix - Body
Hippocampus
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Fornix - Body
Hippocampus
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Fornix
Hippocampus
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Fornix
Hippocampus
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Cingulate Gyrus
Fornix
Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus
Dorsomedial nucleus of the Thalamus
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Fornix- Columns
Dorsomedial Nucleus of the Thalamus
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Anterior Commissure
Fornix- Columns
Hippocampus
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Hypothalamus
Mammillary Body
Hippocampus