Bottled water

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Bottled water

• Hamed Tasalloti Kashani

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Bottled water (Introduction)
Bottled water is defined by the US FDA as water
that is intended for human consumption and that
is sealed in bottles or other containers with no
added ingredients except that it may contain safe
and suitable antimicrobial agents.
The consumption of bottled water has risen
dramatically over the past 15 years.

• Three principal public concerns have influence on
  the growth in bottled water popularity
• Declining quality from often overworked municipal
  water supplies
• Possible toxic contamination of groundwater
  sources
• Generally increased interest in personal health

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Bottled water (Introduction)
Natural Mineral Waters are sold with the
fulfillment of legal requirement to ensure that
they have not been subjected to any treatment
that would remove natural, indigenous bacteria,
which are believed to have medicinal and
therapeutic qualities. However, the water may be
subjected to a number of treatments, including
distillation, carbonation, ozonation,
chlorination, and filtration, depending on the
quality of the source water

• Natural mineral bottled water and carbonated
  bottled water are the case of this study with
  regard to the packaging material and shelf life

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Plastic bottles(History)

• In early 1960s, the use of plastic bottles for
  soft drinks was first considered.
• It soon became apparent that only the polyester
  and nitrile families of plastics had the
  necessary physical and chemical characteristics
  required
• Poly ethylene terephthalate (PET) was the
  preferred polyester
• Other choices were
• Acrylonitrilemethylmethacrylate copolymer,
• Methacrylonitrilestyrene copolymer,
• Rubber-modified acrylonitrilestyrene copolymer

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Plastic bottles(History)

• Early market development work in the 1970s was
  carried out with nitrile bottles because PET
  could not be made into bottles using existing
  blow-molding equipment
• Coca-Cola successfully launched a 950-mL nitrile
  bottle in 1975, but the released toxicological
  data in 1977 showed that acrylonitrile (AN)
  monomer can cause cancer at high dosage which led
  to the removal of the nitrile bottle from the
  market.
• Attempts to successfully manufacture PET bottles
  using a stretchblow molding process succeeded in
  the spring of 1977 when the plastic PET bottle
  was launched by Pepsi-Cola and followed by other
  beverage producers

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Plastic bottles(Material and performance)

• Poly (ethylene terephthalate)
• All plastics are permeable to some extent to
  gases For carbonated water the specified loss
  rate is typically 15 of the CO2 over a 26-week
  for a 1.5- or 2.0-L container
• PET shows one of the highest CO2 gas barriers for
  all plastics used for packaging
• PET shows less favorable retention of moisture
  compared to polyolefins
• PET shows poorer resistance to heat in contrast
  to polycarbonates
• PET shows poor barrier performance for O2
• but in general has the most favorable balance of
  performance for carbonated and noncarbonated
  water.

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Plastic bottles(Material and performance)

• The significant volatile compound in PET is
  acetaldehyde (AA), and this is of concerns in
  odor quality
• AA is also the major cause of the color change in
  PET during aging
• AA is present in PET as a thermal degradation
  product formed during the melt condensation
  reaction and melt processing of PET.
• In the mineral water industry it is generally
  assumed that the odor threshold of AA in water
  ranges from 20 to 40 pg L1 and it is more
  sensible in carbonated water

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Plastic bottles(Material and performance)

• Recently, analyzed commercial samples of water
  bottled in PET from Japan, Europe, and North
  America showed migration of formaldehyde (FA) and
  AA into the water from the PET bottle
• In commercial water without bacteria, the levels
  of migrated FA and AA remained unchanged, whereas
  in natural mineral water containing heterotrophic
  bacteria, the migrated FA and AA was decomposed
• Recent manufacturing techniques have dramatically
  reduced residual AA levels in PET packaging

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Plastic bottles(Material and performance)

• Polylactic acid (PLA)
• is comparatively new biodegradable polyester made
  from a renewable resource
• degrades on contact with moisture which impairs
  polymer stability and subsequently barrier and
  mechanical properties of the package
• PLA is used commercially on a limited scale for
  packaging water

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Plastic bottles(Shelf life)

• For any food or beverage product, the two major
  considerations that determine shelf life are
• product safety
• product quality
• safety of a product usually relates to potential
  microbial contamination
• Ensuring the bulk product is free from
  undesirable contaminants
• Product quality is determined by the performance
  of the product in a particular packaging format
  over a period of time.
• retaining not only the water but also the CO2
  and natural taste for required period

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Plastic bottles(Shelf life)

• The principal reasons for determining the shelf
  life are technical and commercial-legal
  considerations
• Technical
• To establish the period of time during which a
  specific combination of product and packaging
  retains its desired quality and taste
• To ensure that the selected processing technique
  is adequate
• To check that a substitute ingredient does not
  impair the desired quality
• To evaluate any changes in packaging components
  or production facilities
• To facilitate understanding of the changes that
  occur within a product over time in different
  storage situations (e.g., tropical conditions)
• To ensure consistency of production and to
  confirm that quality systems are adequate

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Plastic bottles(Shelf life)

• Commercial-legal
• To comply with any legislation requiring an
  indication of product durability
• To ensure that any nutritional claims are fully
  met
• To meet customer demands and reduce the risk of
  product failure and write-off
• To inform the distribution and marketing process
• To facilitate the impact of any product/packaging
  changes (e.g., for cost reductions)
• Some of the most important criteria that affect
  shelf life are as follows
• Raw materials
• Product formulation
• Processing
• Hygiene
• Packaging
• Storage and distribution conditions

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Plastic bottles(Shelf life)

• Effect of light and oxygen
• The effect of dissolved O2 on bottled and
  carbonated water is minimal, unless the source of
  water used in bottling contains significant
  levels of organic material or some unusual
  inorganic compounds that can change the taste and
  color of bottled water
• In some noncarbonated bottled waters a green
  appearance may become apparent during storage as
  a result of high light levels and headspace O2,
  creating the conditions for the development of
  algal spores. The presence of CO2 will usually
  prevent this problem.
• On rare occasions, a secondary effect of light
  has been known to generate a flocculent mass in
  bottled water when CO2 is present. This
  phenomenon occurs when water from a surface
  reservoir is used and the reservoir has
  experienced significant algal growth. Addition of
  CO2 alters the pH to a point where the
  polysaccharides then flocculate, producing the
  visual mass. This phenomenon may also occur in
  noncarbonated beverages with a low pH.

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Plastic bottles(Shelf life)

• Microbiological risks
• Bottled waters do carry a significant risk of
  microbial contamination
• Depending on pH, composition and level of
  carbonation, in general, the risk of
  contamination by bacterial as well as by
  nonbacterial organisms from environmental sources
  exists
• In carbonated Natural Mineral Water the levels of
  bacteria are much lower, and this is probably due
  to the reduction in pH. As a consequence, the
  risk of flavor defects arising is much lower in
  carbonated than in noncarbonated Natural Mineral
  Water.

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Thanks for your attention Any question?