A cladogram shows that all chordates evolved from

1
A cladogram shows that all chordates evolved from

• tunicates and lancelets.
• dinosaur ancestors.
• fishes.
• a common ancestor.

2
Pikaia was an early

• worm.
• fish.
• chordate.
• lancelet.

3
A flexible, supporting structure found only in
chordates is the

• nerve net.
• notochord.
• pharyngeal slits.
• dorsal fin.

4
Vertebrae are characteristic of

• worms.
• all chordates.
• vertebrates only.
• reptiles only.

5
Which of the following animals is NOT a
nonvertebrate chordate?

• Pikaia
• worm
• lancelet
• tunicate

6
Which of the following pairs of modern chordate
groups contains the most closely related groups?

• hagfishes and lungfishes
• lampreys and ray-finned fishes
• birds and crocodilians
• sharks and the coelacanth

7
Convergent evolution is the process that produces

• species that are similar in appearance and
  behavior but not closely related.
• unrelated species that are different in
  appearance and behavior.
• closely related species that are similar in
  appearance and behavior.
• closely related species that are different in
  appearance and behavior.

8
The sugar glider is an Australian marsupial. The
eastern flying squirrel is a North American
placental mammal. Both animals are nocturnal,
live in trees, and can glide through the air
using a flap of skin that stretches between the
legs on each side of the body. The resemblance
between these two animals is an example of

• oviparous development.
• ectothermy.
• chordate diversity.
• convergent evolution.

9
A rapid growth in the diversity of a group of
organisms as they adapt to new conditions is
called a(an)

• cladogram.
• ecological condition.
• adaptive radiation.
• evolutionary history.

10
The largest living group of chordates is the

• amphibians.
• fishes.
• mammals.
• birds.

11
Compared with the number of extinct chordate
species, the number of living chordate species is

• much larger.
• slightly larger.
• the same.
• much smaller.

12
Essential life functions are carried out most
efficiently when an animals internal body
temperature is

• insulated.
• regulated by the environment.
• the same as its external temperature.
• within a particular operating range.

13
In vertebrates, each of the following is
important in regulating body temperature EXCEPT a

• source of heat.
• way of conserving heat.
• long digestive tract.
• method of eliminating heat.

14
Suppose a terrestrial vertebrate has an optimal
body temperature of 37C but lives in an
environment where the air temperature is 40C.
Which of the following is the most important
requirement for that vertebrate to control its
body temperature?

• conserving body heat
• eliminating excess body heat
• maintaining a high, steady production of body
  heat
• absorbing heat easily from its environment

15
Which of the following help mammals retain body
heat?

• hair and sweat glands
• hair and body fat
• bones and sweat glands
• bones and body fat

16
Panting is a behavior that is seen most often in

• endotherms that need to cool down.
• endotherms that need to warm up.
• ectotherms that need to warm up.
• ectotherms that are at their ideal body
  temperature.

17
If each of the following vertebrates had a body
temperature of 37C and was placed in a cage
where the air temperature was 30C, which
vertebrate would have the lowest rate of heat
exchange with the air?

• a hamster
• a lizard
• a frog
• a snake

18
The main difference between ectotherms and
endotherms is

• the source of their body heat.
• how they obtain food to provide for their
  metabolism.
• whether they control their body temperature.
• whether they conserve or eliminate body heat.

19
Filter feeders include all of the following EXCEPT

• lancelets.
• flamingoes.
• crocodiles.
• baleen whales.

20
Raccoons are omnivores, which means that they eat
both meat and plant material. If you compared the
digestive tract of a raccoon with that of a
similar-sized herbivore and a similar-sized
carnivore, the raccoons digestive tract would
most likely

• be the shortest of the three.
• be the longest of the three.
• have a length intermediate between the herbivore
  and the carnivore.
• be the same length as the other two.

21
Colonies of bacteria in the intestines of a cow
are helpful in

• digesting cellulose fibers.
• producing enzymes that digest meat.
• straining plankton from water.
• tearing and slicing food.

22
Which of the following vertebrates has a heart
with four chambers?

• a salamander
• a lizard
• a goldfish
• a cow

23
What is the general rule regarding respiratory
organs in chordates?

• Aquatic chordates use lungs, and land vertebrates
  use gills.
• Aquatic chordates use lungs and gills, and land
  vertebrates use gills.
• Aquatic chordates use gills, and land vertebrates
  use lungs.
• Aquatic chordates use gills, and land vertebrates
  use lungs and gills.

24
Chordate respiratory structures include all of
the following EXCEPT

• simple air sacs.
• the medulla oblongata.
• the surface of the skin.
• the lining of the mouth.

25
When a fish respires, water flows in through
which of the following patterns?

• in through the gill slits, over the gill
  filaments, and out through the mouth
• in through the gill filaments, over the gill
  slits, and out through the mouth
• in through the mouth, over the gill slits, and
  out through the gill filaments
• in through the mouth, over the gill filaments,
  and out through the gill slits

26
Which of the following happens in the alveoli?

• Oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon
  dioxide diffuses into the air.
• Carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood, and
  oxygen diffuses into the air.
• Both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into the
  blood.
• Both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into the
  air.

27
The main difference between an amphibian lung and
a reptilian lung is that

• an amphibian lung has a greater surface area for
  gas exchange.
• a reptilian lung has a greater surface area for
  gas exchange.
• an amphibian lung contains thousands of alveoli,
  but a reptilian lung does not.
• a reptilian lung is connected to air sacs, but an
  amphibian lung is not.

28
The most efficient vertebrate lungs are found in

• amphibians.
• reptiles.
• birds.
• mammals.

29
Adult frogs breathe by using all of the following
EXCEPT

• their gills.
• their moist skin.
• their lungs.
• the lining of their mouth and pharynx.

30
In a single-loop circulatory system, the atrium

• receives the blood from the body.
• pumps blood to the gills.
• pumps blood to the lungs.
• pumps blood throughout the entire body.

31
A single-loop circulatory system is
characteristic of

• fishes.
• amphibians.
• most reptiles.
• crocodilians.

32
If a vertebrate has a circulatory system that
carries oxygen-rich blood directly from the heart
to the muscles, that vertebrate could be a

• bony fish.
• cartilaginous fish.
• larval amphibian.
• mammal.

33
The heart of a fish has

• one atrium and one ventricle.
• one atrium and two ventricles.
• two atria and one ventricle.
• two atria and two ventricles.

34
Ammonia is excreted by all of the following EXCEPT

• larval amphibians.
• tunicates.
• most reptiles.
• most fishes.

35
Animal X excretes nitrogenous wastes as uric acid
and has a well-developed cerebrum. Animal X is a

• cartilaginous fish.
• crocodilian.
• mammal.
• bird.

36
In tunicates, some nitrogenous wastes leave the
body in the form of

• urea.
• ammonia.
• uric acid.
• protein.

37
Suppose a mammal is born with a defect in its
medulla oblongata. Which of the following
functions is most likely to be affected?

• ability to detect odors
• ability to analyze objects by sight
• control of the lungs, heart, or digestive tract
• conscious thought

38
The simplest chordates that have cephalization as
adults are

• lancelets.
• fishes.
• amphibians.
• reptiles.

39
All chordates have

• a bony skeleton.
• pharyngeal pouches.
• a backbone.
• fin girdles or limb girdles.

40
When a fish swims by bending its body and tail
from side to side, the swimming movement is
produced mainly by the contraction of muscles
located in

• limbs that stick out sideways from the body.
• limbs that are attached straight under the body.
• a siphon through which water leaves the body.
• blocks on either side of the backbone.

41
A function of ligaments in a backbone is to

• generate forward thrust during swimming.
• keep the backbone straight and rigid.
• connect the vertebrae.
• make the body bend back and forth.

42
The sets of bones that support the limbs of
vertebrates are called

• opercula.
• limb girdles.
• ligaments.
• vertebrae.

43
Sexual reproduction occurs in

• fishes.
• amphibians.
• mammals.
• all of the above

44
Embryos obtain nutrients from the yolk inside the
egg in

• oviparous and ovoviviparous animals.
• viviparous and ovoviviparous animals.
• viviparous and oviparous animals.
• viviparous animals only.

45
Reproduction in most mammals involves

• internal fertilization and ovoviviparous
  development.
• internal fertilization and viviparous
  development.
• external fertilization and oviparous development.
• external fertilization and either oviparous or
  ovoviviparous development.

46
The notochord is a supporting structure that is
found only in chordates. _________________________

• True
• False

47
The simplest living animals to have all four
chordate characteristics are the larvae of frogs.
_________________________

• True
• False

48
In a cladogram of modern chordates, endothermy is
the adaptation that separates reptiles, birds,
and mammals from other chordate groups.
_________________________

• True
• False

49
The ability of birds and bats to fly is an
example of convergent evolution.
_________________________

• True
• False

50
More than 90 percent of all chordates living
today are vertebrates. _________________________

• True
• False

51
The largest group of chordates is the fishes.
_________________________

• True
• False

52
The ability of a vertebrate to regulate its body
temperature is especially important in a habitat
where the temperature remains constant throughout
the year. _________________________

• True
• False

53
A vertebrate that has a low rate of metabolism
and a body that is not well insulated is probably
an endotherm. _________________________

• True
• False

54
Animals that control their body temperatures from
within are called ectotherms. ____________________
_____

• True
• False

55
Endotherms generate their body heat by metabolic
activity. _________________________

• True
• False

56
The surface area of the lungs increases as you
move from amphibians to mammals.
_________________________

• True
• False

57
The only reptiles that have four-chambered hearts
are snakes. _________________________

• True
• False

58
Chordates in which eggs develop outside the body
are called viviparous. _________________________

• True
• False

59
If a vertebrate has a four-chambered heart and
excretes nitrogenous wastes as urea, that
vertebrate is most likely a bird.
_________________________

• True
• False

60
Internal fertilization and viviparous development
are characteristics of most mammals.
_________________________

• True
• False

61
Participant Scores
62
The chordate family tree has its roots in
ancestors that vertebrates share with tunicates
and ____________________.
63
If the fossil record indicates that the number of
species in a particular group of animals
increased sharply during a given period, that
group probably underwent ________________________
at that time.
64
One example of ____________________ evolution is
provided by penguins and seals, both of which
hunt in the ocean and have streamlined bodies and
flipperlike appendages.
65
In environments in which temperatures are high
and fairly constant most of the time,
____________________ is a more energy-efficient
method of controlling body temperature.
66
A(An) ____________________ is an animal whose
body temperature is controlled mainly by the
transfer of heat between its body and its
surroundings.
67
An animal that strains small pieces of food from
the water is called a(an) ____________________.
68
In a vertebrate with lungs, the
____________________ functions as a passageway
through which air enters and leaves the lungs.
69
In a mammalian lung, gas exchange occurs inside
bubblelike structures called ____________________.
70
In the lungs of a(an) ____________________,
gas-exchange surfaces are always in contact with
air that contains much oxygen.
71
In a frog, the heart chamber that contains blood
with the highest concentration of oxygen is the
____________________.
72
If an animal has a four-chambered heart, it has
a(an) ____________________-loop circulatory
system.
73
Aquatic amphibians and most fishes excrete
nitrogenous wastes in the form of
____________________.
74
The region of your brain that you use to
determine the answers to test questions is the
____________________.
75
A bird cannot fly with a badly damaged
____________________, because this part of the
brain controls a birds sense of balance and
movement.
76
Animals whose embryos obtain nutrition directly
from the mothers body are said to have
____________________ development.
77
Identify four features common to all chordates.
78
The oxygen concentration on one side of a gill
membrane (side A) is 0.05 percent. The oxygen
concentration on the other side of the gill
membrane (side B) is 0.5 percent. In which
direction will oxygen molecules move?
79
If two extinct but unrelated species of chordates
shared many adaptations, what could you infer
about the ecological conditions those species
encountered?
80
List three features that are included in the ways
in which all vertebrates control their body
temperature.
81
Some species of fish that live in the Arctic
Ocean will die if the water temperature exceeds
10C. This temperature is called the lethal
temperature for that species. How would the
lethal temperature of a related species of fish
that lives in tropical waters compare to the
lethal temperature of the Arctic species?
82
Why is it advantageous for birds to use feathers
instead of body fat as a primary means of
insulation?
83
Animals A and B are terrestrial vertebrates of
the same size. One is an ectotherm, and the other
is an endotherm. The resting metabolic rate of
animal A is five times that of animal B. Using
this information, state which animal is the
ectotherm and briefly explain your decision.
84
Why is it illogical to say that the simple organ
systems of a tunicate must be inferior to the
organ systems of a mammal?
85
In what ways other than length do the digestive
tracts of carnivores and herbivores differ?
86
The goosefish is a sluggish, bottom-living fish.
The mackerel is a highly active, fast-swimming
fish. If you compared the gill surface area in
these two fishes, after adjusting for the fishes
body size, what would you expect to find?
87
How are the alveoli in a mammalian lung analogous
to the folds in a mammalian cerebrum?
88
Describe the basic pathways of the two loops in a
double-loop circulatory system.
89
List two functions of vertebrate kidneys.
90
Describe the functions of the optic lobes and
olfactory bulbs in a vertebrate brain.
91
Contrast movement in larval and adult tunicates.
92
Suppose you are studying two species of chordates
that share a particular adaptation. What would
you need to know to determine whether this
sharing was the result of convergent evolution?
93
Why is the control of body temperature important
for vertebrates?
94
Describe two hypotheses concerning the evolution
of endothermy in vertebrates. What does the
evidence on this issue suggest?
95
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being
an endotherm and an ectotherm in an environment
where the air temperature drops to an average of
5C during the winter.
96
The basic features of temperature control in a
house are a furnace insulation in the walls,
floor, and ceiling and one or more doors and
windows that open to the outside. Describe the
analogous features in an endotherm and explain
their roles in temperature control.
97
The skin of most amphibians is richly supplied
with capillaries. The skin of most reptiles, in
contrast, does not have such a dense network of
capillaries. Explain the functional importance of
this difference.
98
Contrast the respiratory systems of mammals and
birds.
99
Describe the major differences among the chambers
of the heart in the five main groups of
vertebrates.
100
In a mammalian heart, how does the total volume
of blood that the right ventricle pumps in one
hour compare with the total volume that the left
ventricle pumps during the same period? Explain
your reasoning
101
Describe the forms in which nitrogenous wastes
are eliminated in different groups of chordates.