Engleska kola medunarodnih odnosa

1
Engleska kola medunarodnih odnosa
2

• The English School is so named because of its
  major figures, although often not English, worked
  in England (in particular at the London School of
  Economics and at Oxford and Cambridge) during its
  formative years.

3

• It is best defined as group of scholars most
  notably Martin Wight, Hedley Bull, Adam Watson,
  R. J. Vincent, James Mayall, Robert Jackson, and
  more recently Tim Dunne and N. J. Wheeler whose
  work focuses on the notion of a society of
  states or international society.

4
Origins and definitions of International Society

• Key points
• International society is an association of member
  states who not only interact across international
  borders but also share common purposes,
  organizations, and standards of conduct.
• There are different historical versions of
  international society the most important of which
  is the contemporary global international society.

5
Origins and definitions of International Society

• Political independence is the core value of
  international society.
• In understanding international society it is
  important to keep in mind contrasting group
  relations, such as empires, which are far more
  common historically. Some argue that the concept
  of international society is not incompatible with
  forms of imperial power, understood as
  hierarchical relations between states in the
  global North and South.

6
Ancient Greece and Renaissance Italy

• Two forerunner international societies were
  ancient Greece and Renaissance Italy.
• Two empires that contrasted with these
  international societies and also served as a
  historical bridge between them were the Roman
  Empire and its direct Christian successor in the
  West, the medieval Respublica Christiana.
• Greek international society was based on the
  polis and Hellenic culture.

7
Ancient Greece and Renaissance Italy

• Italian international society was based on the
  stato and the strong urban identities and
  rivalries of Renaissance Italians.
• These small international societies were
  eventually overwhelmed by neighbouring hegemonic
  powers.

8
European international society

• Key points
• The Peace of Westphalia was the first explicit
  expression of a European society of states, which
  served as a precedent for all subsequent
  developments of international society.
• That international society displaced and
  succeeded the medieval Respublica Christiana.
• It was the external aspect of the development of
  modern secular states that had to find an orderly
  and legitimate way to conduct mutual relations
  without submitting to either superior authority
  or hegemonic domination from abroad.

9
European international society

• It was the first completely explicit
  international society, even though it was
  centered in Europe, with its own diplomatic
  institutions, formal body of law, and enunciated
  practices of prudential statecraft, including the
  balance of power.

10
The globalization of international society

• Through their rivalries and wars European states
  developed the military organization and
  technology to project their power on a global
  scale and few non-European political systems
  could block their expansion.
• European international law, diplomacy, and the
  balance of power came to be applied around the
  world.

11
The globalization of international society

• Indigenous non-Western nationalists eventually
  went into revolt and claimed a right of
  self-determination which led to decolonization
  and the expansion of international society.
• That was followed by a further expansion after
  the Cold War brought about by the disintegration
  of the Soviet Union and several other communist
  states.

12
The globalization of international society

• During the 1990s, for the first time in history,
  there was one inclusive international society of
  global extent.
• Whether this model of international society can
  endure under US hegemony is the subject of some
  dispute.

13
Problems of global international society

• Today international society is usually conceived
  as a global social framework of shared norms and
  values based on state sovereignty.
• An important manifestation of that social
  framework is the UN Charter.
• But those shared norms and values have provoked
  unprecedented problems and predicaments of
  contemporary world politics.

14
Problems of global international society

• There is a current debate about the future of
  state sovereignty and thus also about the future
  of the contemporary global international society.

15

• The term International Society conveys two
  points, both of which are examined at length in
  the masterwork of the School, Hedley Bulls The
  Anarchical Society A Study of Order in World
  Politics, (1977)

16

• First, the focus of study should be primarily on
  the world of states and not on sub-state entities
  or universal categories such as humanity
  Second, states when they interact do not simply
  form an international system, a non-normative
  pattern of regularities, rather they form a
  society, a norm governed relationship whose
  members accept thet they have at least limited
  responsibilities towards one another and to the
  society as a whole.

17

• These responsibilities are summarized in the
  traditional practices of international law and
  diplomacy.
• States are assumed to pursue their interests in
  the international arena, but not at all costs
  or, rather if they do pursue them at all costs
  international society will be in danger.

18
Hedley Bull

• The Anarchical Society A Study of Order in
  World Politics, 1977

19

• The Anarchical Society is widely recognised today
  as a classic of the literature on international
  relations on account not only of its content but
  also its lucid and crisp prose. It is also seen
  as the most masterful work in what is called the
  British school of international relations, or the
  British approach to international relations (with
  his dislike of pomposity, Bull would have shied
  away from the word school'). This approach
  derives its originality from its view of
  international relations as a complex set of
  relations among states that form an international
  society, and not simply a system of states'.

20

• Indeed, when he examines the interaction among
  states, Bull is interested in things other than
  the relations of power common concerns, rules
  and institutions. This allows him to examine wars
  not only as the frequent outcomes of power
  clashes, but also as possible instruments of
  order, aimed at curbing the ambitions and
  excesses of trouble-makers after all, limited
  wars were a tool for the balancing of power. It
  also allows him to examine patterns of order that
  are neither the balance of power nor war
  diplomacy and international law.

21

• The scope of international society (as compared
  with transnational society) depends on the ratio
  of free enterprise versus government regulation
  within the units' political systems. The
  intensity or depth of international society
  depends on how much the units have in common. The
  substance or content of international society
  depends on the dominant ideas, ideologies or
  cultures.

22

• This approach has two great merits. It
  reintroduces into the study of the international
  system three factors left out by Waltz's own
  reductionism transnational ideas, which can
  generate common norms and interests,
  international institutions, and interdependence
  (how states perform' self-help co-operatively,
  unilaterally, or conflictually, depends to a
  considerable extent on their degree of
  interdependence). Also, it draws our attention to
  the relationship between the interactions among
  states on the one hand, and their nature and
  their own institutions on the other. In other
  words, it looks not merely at the distribution of
  power among the units, but also at the units
  themselves. (Stanley Hoffmann)

23

• This book is an inquiry into the nature of order
  in world politics, and in particular into the
  society of sovereign states, through which such
  order as exists in world politics is now
  maintained. I have sought answers to three basic
  questions
• (i) What is order in world politics?
• (ii) How is order maintained within the present
  system o sovereign states?
• (iii) Does the system of sovereign states still
  provide a viable path to world order?

24

• It will be helpful if, at the outset, I indicate
  the basic elements in my approach to this
  subject. First, I am concerned in this book not
  with the whole of world politics but with one
  element in it order. Sometimes when we speak of
  world order (or of the world order) what we have
  in mind is the totality of relationships among
  states, the international political system as a
  whole. Here, by contrast, I am thinking of order
  as a quality that may or may not obtain i
  international politics at any one time or place,
  or that may b present to a greater or lesser
  degree order as opposed to disorder.

25
The Nature of Order in World Politics

• The Concept of Order in World Politics
• Does Order exist in World Politics
• How is Order maintained in World Politics
• Order versus Justice in World Politics

26
The Concept of Order in World Politics
27

• By Order in Social Life I mean a pattern of human
  activity that sustains elementary, primary or
  universal goals of social life such as these.
• Three basic values of all social life First, all
  societies seek to ensure that life will be in
  some measure secure against violence resulting in
  death or bodily harm. Second, all societies seek
  to ensure that promises once made, will be kept,
  or that agreements, once undertaken, will be
  carried out. Third, all societies pursue the goal
  of ensuring that the possession of things will
  remain stable to some degree, and will not be
  subject to challenges that are constant and
  without limit

28
International Order

• By International Order I mean a pattern of
  activity that sustains the elementary or primary
  goals of society of states, or international
  society.

29

• The starting point of international relations is
  the existence of states, or independent political
  communities each of which possesses a government
  and asserts sovereignty in relation to a
  particular portion of of the earths surface and
  a particular segment of the human population.

30

• A System of states (or international system) is
  formed when two or more states have sufficient
  contact between them, and have sufficient impact
  on one anothers decisions, to cause them to
  behave at least in some measure as a parts of a
  whole.

31

• A Society of states (or international society)
  exists when a group of states, conscious of
  certain common interests and common values, form
  a society in the sense that they conceive
  themselves to be bound by a common set of rules
  in their relations with one another, and share in
  the working of common institutions

32

• An international society in this sense
  presupposes an international system, but an
  international system may exist that is not an
  international society.

33
Goals of the society of states

• The Goal of Preservation of the system and
  society of states itself.
• The Goal of maintaining the independence or
  external sovereignty of individual states.
• The goal of Peace
• The Goals of all social life

34
World Order

• By World Order I mean those patterns or
  dispositions of human activity that sustain the
  elementary or primary goals of social life among
  mankind as a whole. International Order is order
  among among states but states are simply
  groupings of men, and men may be grouped in such
  a way that they do not form states at all.

35

• World Order is more fundamental and primordial
  than international order because the ultimate
  units of the great society of all mankind are not
  states (or nations, tribes, empires, classes or
  parties) but individual human beings, which are
  permanent and indestructible in a sense in which
  groupings of them of this or that sort are not.
• World Order, finally, is morally prior to
  international order.

36
Does Order exist in World Politics
37

• Christian International Society
• European International Society
• In the twentieth century international society
  ceased to be regarded as specifically European
  and came to be considered as global or world
  wide.

38
The Anarchical Society

• The argument, then, that because men cannot form
  a society without government, sovereign prince or
  states cannot, breaks down, not only because some
  degree of order can in fact be achieved among
  individuals in the absence of government, but
  also because states are unlike individuals, and
  are more capable of forming an anarchical
  society.

39
How is Order maintained in World Politics

• Within International Society order is the
  consequence of a sense of common interests in
  the elementary goals of social life rules
  prescribing behavior that sustains these goals
  and institutions that help to make these rules
  effective.

40
Rules

• Complex of rules that states what may be called
  the fundamental or constitutional normative
  principle of world politics in the present era.
  (idea of states as opposed to ideas such is
  universal empire)
• The Rules of coexistence for example the rules
  which restrict the place of violence in world
  politics
• Complex of rules that regulate cooperation among
  states

41
Institutions

• It is states themselves that are the principal
  institutions of the society of states.

42
Order in the Contemporary International System

• The Balance of Power and International Order
• International Law and International Order
• Diplomacy and International Order
• War and International Order
• The Great Powers and International Order

43
The Balance of Power and International Order

• What is the Balance of Power?
• How does the balance of power contribute to
  international Order?
• What is the relevance of the balance of power to
  the maintenance of international order at
  present?

44
International Law and International Order

• What is international law, and what bearing does
  it have on international behavior?
• What is the role of international law in relation
  to international order?
• What is the role international law in relation to
  international order in the special circumstances
  of the present time?

45
Diplomacy and International Order

• What is diplomacy?
• How does diplomacy contribute to international
  order?
• What is the relevance of diplomacy to
  international order at present?

46

• Communication
• Negotiation
• Information
• Minimization of friction
• Symbolic Function

47
War and International Order

• What is war?
• What functions has it fulfilled in relation to
  international order in the historical modern
  system?
• What, if any, are the functions of war in
  international politics at the present time?

48
The Great Powers and International Order

• What are the great powers?
• What role do great powers play in relation to
  international order?
• What is the role of the great powers in relation
  to international order at the present time?

49
Barry Buzan

• From International to World Society English
  School Theory and the Social Structure of
  Globalization

50

• The concept 'institutions' is widely used in the
  IR literature especially by liberals,
  constructivists, and the English school. There is
  general acceptance of a distinction between
  institutions that represent fundamental
  underlying norms, and are more evolved than
  designed, such as sovereignty, diplomacy and
  international law and those that are relatively
  specific, concrete, and usually designed (mainly
  intergovernmental organizations and regimes). I
  label these primary and secondary institutions.

51

• Primary institutions are of particular importance
  to the position of the English school, and it is
  mainly within that frame of reference that this
  investigation is conducted.

52

• The concept of institutions is central to English
  school thinking for two reasons first, because
  it fleshes out the substantive content
  international society and second because the
  particular understanding of institutions in
  English school thinking is one of the main things
  that differentiates it from the mainstream,
  rationalist, neo-liberal institutionalist, study
  of international regimes. Quite a bit has been
  written about the similarities and differences
  between the English school approach to
  institutions and that of regime theory

53
The Concept of Primary Institutions in English
School Literature

• Most English school writers list a relatively
  small number that they take to define the essence
  of a Westphalian-type international society. It
  is worth looking at the English school's
  candidates for primary institutions in some
  detail.

54

• Wight (1979 111) says that 'the institutions of
  international society are according to its
  nature', which implies that institutions will be
  different from one type of international society
  to another. This is consistent with his more
  historical work (Wight, 1977 29-33, 47-9) in
  which he identifies various institutions of
  pre-modern international societies including
  messengers, conferences and congresses, a
  diplomatic language, trade, religious sites and
  festivals.

55

• Wight (1979 111-12) goes on to enumerate those
  of (what from the context is) the international
  society of the first half of the twentieth
  century, as 'diplomacy, alliances, guarantees,
  war and neutrality'. Somewhat inconsistently, he
  then says that 'Diplomacy is the institution for
  negotiating, Alliances are the institution for
  effecting a common interest. Arbitration is an
  institution for the settlement of minor
  differences between states. War is the
  institution for the final settlement of
  differences.'

56

• Bull's set of five institutions of international
  society (diplomacy, international law, the
  balance of power, war, and the role of great
  powers) occupies the whole central third of his
  1977 book, and has nearly iconic status in the
  literature.

57

• Mayall (2000 149-50) says
• The framework that I have adopted describes the
  context of international relations in terms of a
  set of institutions - law, diplomacy, the balance
  of power etc. - and principles. Some of these -
  sovereignty, territorial integrity and
  non-intervention - have been around since the
  beginning of the modern states-system. Others -
  self-determination, non-discrimination, respect
  for fundamental human rights etc. - have been
  added more recently.

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• Primary institutions lie at the core of English
  school thinking, and they constitute a vital
  research agenda for both the English school and
  constructivists. (Barry Buzan)

61

• Herbert Butterfield, Martin Wight, Eds.,
  Diplomatic Investigations, George Allen Unwin,
  London, 1966
• Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society, Palgrave
  Macmillan, London, 2002
• Adam Watson, Hedley Bull, Eds., The Expansion of
  International Society, Oxford, Clarendon Press,
  1984
• Adam Watson, The Evolution of International
  Society, Routhledge, London, 1992
• Robert H. Jackson, Patricia Owens, The Evolution
  of International Society, in Steve Smith, John
  Baylis, The Globalization of World Politics,
  Oxford University Press, New York, 2005, Third
  Edition, pp. 45-62.
• Robert Jackson, Georg Sorensen, Introduction to
  International relations- Theories and Approaches,
  Oxford University Press, New York, 2003, Second
  Edition, pp. 53-56 139-174
• Chris Brown, Understanding International
  Relations, Palgrave, London, 2005, Third Edition,
  pp. 48-52
• Martin Grifiths, Fifty key thinkers in
  International Relations, Routledge, London, 2005,
  pp. 145-173
• Barry Buzan, Richard Little, International
  Systems in World History, Oxord University Press,
  Oxford, 2000
• Barry Buzan, From International to World Society
  English School Theory and the Social Structure of
  Globalization, Cambridge University Press,
  Cambridge, 2004
• http//www.leeds.ac.uk/polis/englishschool/

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HVALA NA PANJI