Linguistics

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Linguistics

• A Study of Englishfrom 1066 to the present
• Prepared by
• Brenda White, Communication Arts Dept.
• Joplin High School, Joplin, Mo.
• July 2006

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Topics of Study

• Language and Communication
• History of the English Language
• English Old, Middle, and Modern
• American English
• Ozark Dialect
• Acquiring Language
• Sounds and Sound Production
• Do Animals Have Language?
• Portfolio

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Language and Communication

• What are the characteristics of language?
• Terms and Definitions
• Be a Linguist

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Seven Characteristics of Language

• Use these to decide whether something is a
  language.
• It can change and adapt as required.
• You can speak to and be understood by others who
  know that language.
• It relates sounds or gestures to meanings.
• It can negate, ask questions, and refer to the
  past or future.
• It is acquired without external instruction.
• It is used creatively rather than in response to
  internal or external stimuli.
• It has symbols that have discrete meanings.

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Terms and Definitions

• Linguistics the science that is concerned with
  the natures of human languages, their grammars
  and use
• Alphabet a series of symbols where each symbol
  represents a designated sound or gesture
• Arbitrary in linguistics, it describes the
  property of language, including sign language,
  whereby there is no natural or intrinsic
  relationship between the way a word is pronounced
  or signed and its meaning. (i.e., If language
  werent arbitrary, every language would have the
  same words for the same meanings.)
• Grammar Everything a speaker knows about a
  language. It includes what the speaker knows
  about syntax, semantics, and lexicon.
• Orthography the written form of a language
  spelling

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Discussion, Inquiry

• How are language and communication different?
• Which came first and why do you think that?
• How did people communicate before spoken
  language?
• Is pointing language? Are grunts? Are drawings?
  Why or why not?
• Is ASL a language? Why do you think that?
• Who makes the rules?

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Types of Communication

• Interactional Language is used primarily to
  establish and maintain social relations. You
  attend a party and begin small talk to those
  around you. You talk about the weather, sports,
  etc. These subjects are fairly predictable
  conversational topics, and their primary purpose
  is to establish and maintain social bridges and
  relationships.
• Transactional Language has a much different
  purpose than interactional language. It is used
  to transmit knowledge, skills, or information. It
  is message-oriented because its purpose is to
  create a change in the listeners knowledge.
• Write down an example of each type of language
  that you have experienced recently.

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Types of Communication

• Direct (intentional) communication deals with
  meaning -- statements that provide few
  alternative understandings Norm caught a
  5-pound black bass. Sally lived in Israel for
  six months. Direct communication is common and
  offers few challenges.
• Indirect (inferential) communication provides
  more alternative understandings. A friend is
  wearing one black and one brown sock. What are
  some possible meanings you can ascribe to this
  observation? Your friend is a sloppy dresser?
  Your friend is colorblind? Your friend dressed in
  the dark? Your friend has a pile of dirty clothes
  and had only two unmatched but clean socks in the
  dresser drawer? Indirect communication often
  involves metaphors or idioms. Youre way off
  base. That assignment is a piece of cake.
• Write down an example of each type of language
  that you have experienced recently.

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Be a LinguistLanguage and Communication

• On the following pages you will find quotes about
  language and communication. Your task is to
  choose two of the quotes that are similar or
  opposed so that they can be discussed. Write a
  long paragraph that discusses those quotations,
  their meanings, their implications, their
  applications. Discuss them in terms of
  communication and/or language.
• Print your work. Be sure your name and hour are
  on the page.
• This goes into your Linguistics portfolio, which
  will be submitted at the end of the course.

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A few words about words

1. Never miss a good chance to shut up. - Anonymous
2. Drawing on my fine command of language, I said
   nothing. - Anonymous
3. Talk is cheap because supply exceeds demand. -
   Anonymous
4. Its not what you tell them, its what they hear.
   - Red Auerback
5. Heaven, n A place where the wicked cease from
   troubling you with talk of their personal
   affairs, and the good listen with attention while
   you expound your own. - Ambrose Bierce

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More words about words

• Language is the biggest barrier to human progress
  because language is an encyclopedia of ignorance.
  Old perceptions are frozen into language and
  force us to look at the world in an old-fashioned
  way. - Edward de Bono
• There are four ways, and only four ways, in which
  we have contact with the world. We are evaluated
  and classified by these four contacts what we
  do, how we look, what we say, and how we say it.
  - Dale Carnegie
• To have another language is to possess a second
  soul. - Charlemagne
• 9. From now on, ending a sentence with a
  preposition is something up with which I will not
  put. - Winston Churchill

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More words about words

1. Language is a city to the building of which every
   human being brought a stone. - Ralph Waldo
   Emerson
2. Be careful of your thoughts they may become
   words at any moment. - Ira Gassen
3. Dance is the hidden language of the soul, of the
   body. - Martha Graham
4. Arguments over grammar and style are often as
   fierce as those over IBM versus Mac, and as
   fruitless as Coke versus Pepsi and boxers versus
   briefs. - Jack Lynch
5. Be sincere be brief be seated. - Franklin
   Delano Roosevelt

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The final words about words

• 15. England and America are two countries divided
  by a common language. -
  George Bernard Shaw
• 16. Man invented language to satisfy his deep
  need to complain. - Lily Tomlin
• 17. Numbers constitute the only universal
  language. - Nathanael West
• 18. English usage is sometimes more than mere
  taste, judgment and education -- sometimes its
  sheer luck, like getting across the street.
  - E. B. White

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History of the English Language

• Language Map
• Where in the world is Indo-European?
• Timeline of English
• Be a Linguist

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One of many languages in the world

• English is descended from the Germanic branch of
  the Indo-European Languages.
• By virtue of the prominence of the countries
  (chiefly U.S. and Britain) who speak it, English
  is currently the Lingua Franca.
• Lingua Franca refers to the language that is
  recognized globally and is used for international
  travel and international commerce.
• Many other countries in the world teach English
  to all their students as a required subject.
• Before English, French was the Lingua Franca.

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Indo-European Language Charthttp//www.chass.utor
onto.ca/cpercy/hell/families/indoeuropean/
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Germanic Stem
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World Map of IE Languages

• The nations surrounded by the red line are
  Indo-European-speaking nations. Many of the
  nations were introduced to English when they were
  British colonies. Some were introduced to the IE
  family through France or Spain, however. This is
  an approximate map. There are, of course,
  indigenous languages such as Native American,
  Australian aboriginal languages and others. The
  red border in central Europe excludes Hungary.
  Finland and Estonia are not IE-speaking
  languages, although they are surrounded by other
  countries who are.

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Indo-European Language Tree, Centum
http//www.danshort.com/ie/iecentum_c.shtml

• Using the website above, write the answers to the
  following questions.
• How many languages from this branch are extinct?
• How is it that Latin is technically an extinct
  language but is still in use?
• How much of Ireland speaks the Irish Gaelic
  language?
• The Hittite language was spoken in what modern
  country?
• True or False. Austrians speak Modern High
  German.
• Afrikaans is spoken chiefly in what part of
  Africa?
• Besides Denmark, Danish is spoken in what
  country?
• True or False. The boot heel of Italy speaks
  Modern Greek.
• Name three countries who once spoke now-extinct
  Gothic.
• True or False. Part of Norway speaks Icelandic.
• Cornish was spoken only in what country?
• The origin and spread of Proto-Indo-European
  languages is either hypothetical or
  substantiated. Which is it?
• Spanish is spoken in how many identifiable areas
  of the world?
• Which South American country speaks Portuguese?
• True or False. The three Frisian languages are
  easily understood by all speakers.
• Swedish is spoken in what other countrys
  capital?
• Norwegian is spoken on what island?
• Provencal is spoken mostly in the southern region
  of what country?

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1066 the Norman Conquestor Why We Could Be
Speaking French

• Back in 1066, the Norman French successfully
  invaded England. From that time until the Normans
  were defeated a few hundred years later, the
  aristocratic class in England spoke French. The
  working class, however, stuck with English. Many,
  many new words were formed at that time, a mix
  between French and English. Many of our words
  today came from that mixing and adapting of
  languages. 1066 is the unofficial end of Old
  English and the beginning of Middle English.

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Timeline of the English Language
The earliest known residents of the British Isles
were the Celts who spoke Celtic languages -- a
separate branch of the Indo-European language
family tree. Over the centuries the British Isles
were invaded and conquered by various people, who
brought their languages and customs with them as
they settled in their new lives. There is now
very little Celtic influence left in English. The
earliest time when we can say that English was
spoken was in the 5th century CE (common era - a
politically-correct term used to replace
AD). FYI, England from Enga Land from Angle
Land (Land of the Angles, a people of northern
Germany). Their name lives on in the district of
England named East Anglia and also in the
Anglican Church.
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Dictionaries

• There are many different types of dictionaries.
  The ones we are most familiar with give us
  information about particular words. Reading a
  dictionary entry gives us
• Etymology
• Pronunciation
• Definitions
• Part(s) of speech
• Common usage
• Type of word
• Oxford English Dictionary entries are somewhat
  different. Besides all the above information, the
  OED gives the complete history of the word all
  the way back to its first recorded use.

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Be A LinguistHistory of the English Language

• This class has access to the OED online.
• Choose a word. The more interesting the word, the
  better. Do not choose an everyday word.
• Your task is to find that word in the OED, and
  write a short report (one page or less) including
  all the following information about the word
  original use, meaning current use, meaning
  etymology use in a sentence with current
  meaning.
• Put this document in your Linguistics portfolio.
  Be sure to include your name and hour.
• Your word should be interesting and appropriate.

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Old, Middle, and Modern
English

• Beowulf to the Internet
• New Words
• Be a Linguist

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(No Transcript)
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Middle English
http//www.librarius.com/canttran/mttrfs.htm
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English in History

• Old English - mid-fifth century to mid-twelfth
  century Old English
• Middle English - approximately 1066 to the mid-
  to late-15th century Middle English
• Modern English is continually changing.
  New Words in English

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Why does Language Change?
There are no exact times for the end of one era
of English and the beginning of another. The
language gradually melded from one to the next.
People didnt wake up on New Years Day, 1200,
and start speaking Middle English. Lets take
William Shakespeare as an example. He lived
during the infancy of Modern English, and that is
one thing that makes his works sometimes
difficult for us understand he is using mostly
Modern English, but there is enough Middle
English leftover in his word endings and sentence
constructions that it sometimes throws us off.
But Shakespeare didnt sit around and wait for
the language to change. He invented thousands of
new words which he used in his plays. What
shapes the change of one language period to
another? The speakers do. New words are coined.
New inventions spark new vocabulary. New people
invade your country and take over. People do new
things new stuff happens. Some changes are
subtle, some arent.
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New Words that have entered the language in the
last 50 yearsHINT What happened in history that
might have contributed new words?Do NOT use
commercial words (e.g., iPhone)
HISTORICAL EVENTS

• TERM
• Integrated Circuit
• Software

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Be A LinguistOld, Middle, and Modern English

• Image search Old English Manuscripts
  Print the best example. Label it.
• Image search Middle English Manuscripts
  Print the best example. Label it.
• Image search Chaucers Canterbury Tales
  Print the best example of writing and your
  favorite art work. Label them.
• Image search Modern English Manuscripts and
  find a modern translation alongside an
  older type of manuscript. Print and label
  it.
• Save this document to your Linguistics portfolio.

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American English

• Dialects
• Pidgin and Creole
• Be a Grammarian
• Be a Linguist

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Dialect Vocabulary

• IDIOLECT The unique characteristics of an
  individual speaker
• DIALECT Mutually intelligible variety of a
  language that differs in systematic ways from
  other varieties
• DIALECT AREA A geographic area defined by the
  predominant use of a particular variety of
  language
• DIALECT LEVELING Movement toward greater
  uniformity or decrease in variations among
  dialects regularization of dialects
• COMMUNICATIVE ISOLATION Describes limited or no
  contact between speakers of the same language
• ACCENT - Characteristic of speech that conveys
  information about a persons dialect
  characteristic of the speech of someone who is
  not a native speaker

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Idiolect? Dialect?

• English speakers can talk and be understood by
  other English speakers, yet no two speak exactly
  alike. Each has their own IDIOLECT.
• Differences might be based on age, sex, size,
  speech rates, emotional state, state of health,
  or whether English is a first language (L1).
• A dialect is not an inferior or degraded form of
  a language. In fact, a language is a collection
  of dialects.

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How do dialects develop?

• Dialects develop when people who all speak one
  language are separated geographically or
  socially.
• Dialects develop when the linguistic changes that
  occur in one area do not necessarily spread to
  another.
• Dialects occur within a group, linguistic changes
  occur, and those changes spread and are then
  learned by the next generation.
• When a physical or social barrier exists
  mountain, river, ocean, political, racial, or
  religious linguistic changes do not spread
  easily and dialect differences are reinforced.
• A change that occurs in one region and fails to
  spread to another region gives rise to REGIONAL
  DIALECT. Each regional dialect has its own
  character or flavor
• Changes in grammar take place gradually and
  spread slowly. Change takes place over several
  generations of speakers.
• Dialect differences tend to increase
  proportionately to the degree of COMMUNICATIVE
  ISOLATION. Today, even far-flung groups are more
  likely to communicate than earlier in history.

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U.S. Dialect Regions

• http//cfprod01.imt.uwm.edu/Dept/FLL/linguistics/d
  ialect/maps.html

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Dialects the American Way

• By the time of the American Revolution, there
  were three main dialect areas in the Colonies
  Northern dialect, spoken in New England and
  around the Hudson River Midland dialect, spoken
  in Pennsylvania and Southern dialect, spoken in
  areas south.
• The characteristic dropped r (car cah farm
  fahm) was carried into these three dialect
  regions and remains today in Boston, New York,
  and Savannah. These regions maintained close ties
  to Southern England, who also had the dropped r
  in their dialect.
• As settlers came from Northern England, where
  they did not drop their rs, and as westward
  expansion began in the United States, the
  dialects merged and DIALECT LEVELING occurred in
  the West.
• More waves of immigrants brought non-English
  speaking groups to the United States who settled
  in various parts of the country. Their native
  languages affected the dialect in that region.

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Dialect? Language?
A language is a dialect with an army and a
navy. Max Weinreich

• The rule of thumb is that when dialects become
  mutually unintelligible, that is when the
  speakers of one dialect group can no longer
  understand the speakers of another dialect group,
  these dialects become different languages.
• Mutually unintelligible is not easy to
  characterize.---Danes (Danish), Norwegians
  (Norwegian) and Swedes (Swedish) can all speak
  and be understood, although their languages have
  different grammatical structures and are in
  different countries.---Hindi (India) and Urdu
  (Pakistan) are about as different as British
  English and American English.---On the other
  hand, Chinas two mutually-unintelligible main
  languages, Mandarin and Cantonese, are often
  referred to as dialects since they are spoken in
  the same country and share an alphabet.
• ---How about Cajun?

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Which word is correct?

• Regional dialects may differ in the words people
  use for the same object, as illustrated by the
  following.
• Do you call it a pail or a bucket? Do you draw
  water from a faucet or a spigot? Do you pull down
  the blinds, the shades, or the curtains when it
  gets dark? Do you wheel the baby, or do you ride
  it or roll it? Is it a baby carriage, a buggy, a
  pram, a coach, or a cab?
• People take a lift to the first floor in England,
  but an elevator to the second floor in the United
  States. They get five gallons of petrol (not gas)
  in London in Britain, a public school is
  private (you have to pay), and if a student
  showed up there wearing pants instead of trousers
  he would be sent home to get dressed.
• If you ask for a tonic in Boston you will get a
  drink called soda or soda-pop in Los Angeles. A
  freeway in Los Angeles is a thruway in New York,
  a parkway in New Jersey, a motorway in England,
  and an expressway or turnpike in other dialect
  areas.
• Language, like an alphabet, is ARBITRARY.

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Banned Languages You cant say that!

• Because of the belief that some languages are
  better or more desirable than others, from time
  to time languages have been banned.
• Cajun English and French were banned in Louisiana
  by practice until the 1980s. People report being
  punished in school for using these languages.
• For many years, American Indian languages were
  banned in federal and state schools on
  reservations.
• A ban on speaking Korean in Korea was imposed by
  the Japanese during their occupation of Korea
  between 1910 and 1945.
• As recently as 2001, the New York Times reported
  that Singapore wanted its citizens to speak
  English, not Singlish, a form of English with
  elements of Malay, Tamil, Mandarin Chinese and
  other Chinese dialects.
• A number of years ago in France, where an academy
  of scholars determined what constitutes the
  official French language, they enacted a law
  forbidding the use of Franglais (combination of
  French and English).

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Revived Languages Oh, yes I can!

• Some languages have come back from the dead or
  near-dead.
• Quebec speaks almost entirely French although the
  rest of Canada speaks English.
• Gaelic, or Irish, is making a comeback in
  hundreds of schools in Ireland and Northern
  Ireland after being nearly gone from regular use.
• The Academy of the Hebrew Language in Israel
  undertook the most massive revival of a language
  ever in history. They sought to resuscitate an
  ancient written language to serve the daily
  everyday needs of the people. Twenty-three
  lexicologists worked with the Bible and the
  Talmud to add new words to the language.

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Pidgin Creole

• When people from different-speaking countries
  want to trade and need to communicate, they use
  elements of both languages and create a PIDGIN
  language, sometimes called a trade language.
• Usually, a pidgin language takes on the
  grammatical rules of one or the other of the two
  languages.
• Although pidgin languages are used to
  communicate, they are generally not good at
  expressing fine distinctions of meaning
• I include pidgin English even though I am
  referred to in that splendid language as Fella
  belong Mrs. Queen. Prince Philip, husband of
  Queen Elizabeth II
• When a pidgin language is adopted by a community,
  forms its own lexicon, grammatical structures and
  rules, and children learn it as their first
  language, it is called a CREOLE language.

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Be A Grammarian

• Follow the link below where you will find a
  website that has several articles about dialects
  and language.
• Choose one article. Print it if you need to.
• Identify the main purpose of the article.
• Identify all the main points of the article.
• Comment on the contents of the article.
• Compile your analysis in a logical, easy-to-read
  format.
• http//www.pbs.org/speak/words/

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Be A Linguist

• Listen to the NPR report.
• DARE online.
• A portion of the Dictionary of Regional American
  English (DARE) is online. The majority of the
  dictionary is only available in print, to which
  we do not have access.
• You will be given a word/term that can be
  researched online. Your task is to discover and
  report on the words meaning and its origin. Tell
  the first known origin and the current usage,
  including dialect region(s) involved. Include
  pertinent information or interesting stories
  about the word. Present your material in a
  logical, understandable manner. This report
  should be logical and informative. Include it in
  your Linguistics portfolio.

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Ozark Dialect

• Shakespeares English
• Appalachia to
• The Ozark Hills
• Be a Linguist

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Ozark Dialect Origins

• Who was Vance Randolph, and why did he care?
• Communicative Isolation is the key to
  understanding the development of Ozark dialect.
• Good luck, bad luck omens
• Superstitions
• Hidden in the Hills

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Be A LinguistOzark Dialect

• In pairs, you will compile a list of Ozark words
  that you can identify.
• Use family members, friends, others who might
  know about how it used to sound around here.
• Note the common modern word that is now used in
  its place, and tell whether it has changed in
  meaning.
• Present in an informative, understandable format.
  Each person needs his or her own copy.

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Acquiring Language

• Stages of Language Acquisition
• Theories of Language Acquisition
• Be a Linguist

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Stages of Language Acquisition

• COOING Appears about 6 months or so. All infants
  coo using all the sounds from every language.
  Even congenitally deaf children coo.
• BABBLING Appears around 9-10 months. Infants are
  starting to selectively use the sounds from their
  native language
• HOLOPHRASES One-word utterances. At around 12
  months, children start using words.
• TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH Children start making
  multi-word utterances that lack function words at
  about 2 years of age.
• NORMAL SPEECH By about 5 or 6 years of age,
  children have almost normal speech.

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Theories of Language AcquisitionNature v.
Nurture Critical Period Hypothesis Second
Language Acquisition, Universal Grammar
Hypothesis Theory Imitation and Modeling Theory

• Hypothesis Theory
• As children are exposed to language, they form
  hypotheses. Then, they modify language
  appropriately.
• Imitation and Modeling Theory
• Children will sound like the adults around them.
  They will share the same accents and idioms.
  Adults use child-directed speech to make
  themselves understood to children. Motherese is
  child-directed speech.

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Theories of Language AcquisitionHypothesis
Theory Imitation and Modeling TheoryCritical
Period Hypothesis Second Language Acquisition
Nature v. Nurture NATURE

• Humans perceive speech sounds better than other
  sounds.
• Congenitally deaf children learn sign language at
  about the same rate that other children learn
  spoken language, and they go through roughly the
  same stages.
• Parts of the brain seem to be specialized for
  language processing. (Brain Scanning Techniques
  and Basics of Brain Imaging)
• Our larynx seems to have no other purpose except
  to facilitate speech.

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Theories of Language AcquisitionHypothesis
Theory Imitation and Modeling Theory Second
Language Acquisition Universal Grammar
Nature v. Nurture NURTURE

• Critical Period Hypothesis
• The Critical Period Hypothesis explains the
  Nurture argument.
• Case studies have indicated that if children are
  not exposed to language by their early teens,
  they will never be able to fully learn it.
• Much of this information refers to children who
  were born deaf to hearing parents who were not
  aware the child was deaf.
• Children exposed to ASL before age 6 did much
  better with complex signs than those not exposed
  until after age 12.

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Theories of Language AcquisitionHypothesis
Theory Imitation and Modeling Theory Nature v.
Nurture, Critical Period Hypothesis Universal
Grammar Second Language Acquisition

• Children exposed to a new language before the age
  of 3 will be able to learn that language and
  speak without an accent. However, if a person
  learns the new language later, he or she can
  learn to speak it, but with an accent.
• Theres something about puberty, researchers
  think, that changes the way a person acquires a
  new language.

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Theories of Language Acquisition 2Noam Chomsky,
LAD, and Universal Grammar

• Born in 1928, Noam Chomsky is a 30-year
  linguistics professor at MIT and a
  widely-respected linguistic scholar and author.
  He is still alive.
• He says that humans are hard-wired for language.
  He also says that humans have in their brains a
  built-in system called a Language Acquisition
  Device to facilitate their learning of language.
  Within this LAD is all the information that is
  common to all languages in the world, and when
  children learn a language they only learn how to
  speak the specific words they already innately
  know the constructions.NOTE PET (Positron
  Emission Tomography) scans confirm the presence
  of an area in the brain that appears to govern
  language.

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Theories of Language AcquisitionNoam Chomsky,
LAD, and Universal Grammar

• To support his hard-wired theory, Chomsky says
  that it is impossible for humans to acquire
  language through imitation or through any other
  known method other than an innate ability.
  Chomsky developed this theory that includes
  Universal Grammar.
• Universal Grammar states that every language has
  common properties, e.g., nouns, verbs, a way to
  modify, a way to ask a question or negate. Those
  qualities, he says, are innate to all humans and
  play a key role in language acquisition.

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Be A LinguistAcquiring Language

• OPTION 1
• Test a baby or child 2 months to 3 years to see
  how many words that child recognizes.
• Your task is to first make a list of at least 30
  words you want to test for make them age
  appropriate.
• Next, make a device and/or a design a procedure
  to test for word recognition. Design a chart to
  record results.
• Chart your results using at least one, or two,
  children.
• In a report, describe the stage of language
  acquisition and its characteristics that were
  observed.
• OPTION 2
• Write an essay that compares, contrasts, and
  discusses the at least two theories of
  language acquisition.

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Sounds and Sound Production

• Physical structures
• International Phonetic Alphabet
• Be a Linguist

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Saying and Seeing Sounds

• The shape of your mouth, whether or not you have
  all your teeth (especially front ones) or whether
  you have nasal congestion all affect the way you
  speak. Every structure in your mouth as well as
  some in your throat govern your speech.
• All those various sounds that you make have been
  isolated, and an alphabet based on those sounds
  has been developed called the International
  Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

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All sounds are produced in your head --
specifically your mouth, throat, and nasal cavity.
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(No Transcript)
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IPAThe International Phonetic Alphabet is a set
of symbols that represent sounds produced in the
English language. Other sounds are produced in
other languages which are not represented here.

• Chart 1 Chart 2

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Be A Linguist

• Using the IPA, write your name, the name of your
  favorite song or band, and a sentence about
  yourself. Remember, use only IPA symbols in your
  work.

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Do Animals Have Language?

• Language Review
• Animal Communication
• Animal Research
• Be a Linguist

63
Review
Seven Characteristics of Language

• Use these to decide whether something is a
  language.
• It can change and adapt as required.
• You can speak to and be understood by others who
  know that language.
• It relates sounds or gestures to meanings.
• It can negate, ask questions, and refer to the
  past or future.
• It is acquired without external instruction.
• It is used creatively rather than in response to
  internal or external stimuli.
• It has symbols that have discrete meanings.

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Be A Linguist

• Read what linguists and researchers had to say
  about language in animals using the link below.
  Then visit the website below and see what
  researchers are doing today in this interesting
  field. You decide do animals have the capacity
  for language? Why or why not? Write a paper that
  explains your considered opinion, and give
  support for your conclusions.
• Linguists say
• New research says

Topics
65
Linguistics Portfolio

• Gather all your projects, quizzes, assignments
  and notes. Put them in order. Design a
  linguistically-themed cover page. Bind them
  together and turn your portfolio in to me.

Topics