Identifying Criminals History

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Identifying Criminals History

• - a short one

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Early Criminal Characteristics Ideas

• How an individuals physical characteristics were
  used to predict criminal behavior

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Phrenology

• Proposed by Dr. Franz Gall in 1796
• Said a persons qualities abilities are traced
  to a part of the brain
• Thinking changed shape of the skull (bumps)
• Is not true

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Cesare Lombroso

• Italian psychiatrist in the mid-19th century
• Studied 7000 criminals to prove criminal types
  could be I.D. by physical characteristics
• E.g.
• Swindlers and bandits larger-than-normal heads
• Thieves highwaymen had thick hair beards
• Never proved his ideas but invented many
  instruments to try

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AnthropometryMan Measurement

• Proposed in 1883 by Alphonse Bertillon
• Concluded no two human beings have the same
  measurements
• Developed method of identifying criminals by
  their measurements
• Bertillonage was adapted as a system of I.D. by
  France
• Was replaced by fingerprinting
• Responsible for the precursor of the mug-shot

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Fingerprinting History
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William Herschel

• Administrative clerk in India
• Used fingerprints to ID claimants
• Recognized patterns did not change with age

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Dr. Henry Faulds

• Scottish physiologist
• Credited w/ 1st documented crime solved by
  fingerprint comparison (Tokyo)
• IDd thief from print left _at_ scene

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Sir Francis Galton

• 1892 - publishes Finger Prints
• Discusses anatomy of fingerprints suggests
  method for recording them

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Juan Vucetich

• 1892 - claimed the 1st official criminal ID using
  fingerprints to solve a crime
• Children of a women named Rojas were murdered
• Blamed a neighbor
• Bloody fingerpint found at the scene (doorpost)
• Turned out to be her right thumb
• She confessed

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Sir Edward Henry

• Used Galtons work to develop a fingerprint
  identification system
• His system Vucetich form the basis of all
  modern ten-finger fingerprint ID systems
• The basic Henry System, w/ modifications
  extensions is utilized by the FBI and other law
  enforcement agencies in the US

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1903- Will West v. William West

• Showed the fallibility of 3 separate ID systems
• Personal ID-photographs
• Bertillion System - Body part Measurements
• Names

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Process Used to Analyze PrintsACE-V

• A Analysis
• qualitative quantitative assessment of details
  including pattern, minutia, presence of scars,
  breaks, pores, etc.
• C Comparison
• comparison of attributes from analysis between 2
  fingerprints

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ACE-V cont.

• E Evaluation
• decision of 1 of the following
• Match (individualization)
• Non-match
• Insufficient data
• V Verification
• independent ACE steps by a 2nd qualified analyst

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The 3 Main Patterns of Prints
Arch- 5
Loop- 60
Whorl- 35
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Plain Arch

• Ridges enter from 1 side of the print
• Rise or wave in center
• Flow or tend to flow out the opposite side

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Tented Arch

• Posseses either an angle, upward thrust or 2 of 3
  basic loop characteristics

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Loop Patterns

• 1 or more ridges enter from either side, recurve,
  touch or pass an imaginary line between delta
  core and pass out or tend to pass out the same
  side the ridges entered
• 3 basic characteristics
• Sufficient recurve
• Delta
• Ridge Count - Across a looping ridge

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Ulnar Loop (Right hand)

• Loops flow toward the little finger of the hand
• Ulna Bone
• The direction of the flow applies to the fingers
  on the hand, not as they appear on the card.

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Radial Loop (Right Hand)

• Loops flow toward the thumb
• Radial bone
• The direction of the flow applies to the fingers
  on the hand, not as they appear on the card.

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Whorls

• The following characteristics are the MINIMUM
  required for a print to be classified a whorl
  pattern
• 2 deltas and a recurve in front of each delta
• It can be a pattern spiral, oval, circular, or
  any variant of a circle

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Plain Whorl

• 1 or more ridges that make or tend to make a
  complete circuit, w/ 2 deltas, between which,
  when an imaginary line is drawn, at least 1 ridge
  within the inner pattern is cut or touched

Deltas
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Central pocket whorl

• Consists of at least 1 recurving ridge, or an
  obstruction at right angles to the line of flow
  w/ 2 deltas between which, when an imaginary line
  is drawn, at least 1 ridge within the inner
  pattern is cut or touched

Deltas
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Double loop whorl

• Consists of 2 separate loop formations, w/ 2
  separate and distinct sets of shoulders and deltas

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Accidental Whorl

• Consist of a combination of 2 different types of
  patterns w/ the exception of the plain arch, w/ 2
  or more deltas or a pattern that possesses some
  of the requirements for 2 or more different types
  or a pattern which conforms to none of the
  definitions

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2nd Level of Print Identification
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Minutiae (a.k.a. Ridge characteristics)

• Bifurcation
• Island
• Enclosure
• Short ridge

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Minutiae cont.

• Ridge ending/Abrupt ending
• Bridge
• Trifurcation

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3rd level of identification
Creases
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Temporary marks
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IAFIS

• Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification
  Service
• Maintained by FBI
• Only allowed so many entrees per day
• Contains over 47 million criminals prints
• Computers use algorithms
• Some reduce image to specific points or minutia
• Some divide print into cells retain info about
  general pattern of ridges (e.g. direction of
  ridges in cell)