Church History From the 16th to the 20th Centuries

1
Church History From the 16th to the 20th Centuries

• BI 3322 (Part 2)

2
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 2. Calvin and Geneva.
• c. Opposition and Control.
• Most serious test of controlMichael Servetus,
  Spanish scholar, physician, scientist, radical
  reformer.
  
• ServetusOn Errors of the Trinity, in which he
  attacked the doctrine of the Trinity as
  extrabiblical.
  
• Also rejected infant baptism and was disgusted by
  self-serving orthodoxy and ecclesiasticism.

3
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 2. Calvin and Geneva.
• c. Opposition and Control.
• S. produced masterpiece, Restitution of
  Christianity, in 1533, a refutation of Cs
  Institutes.
  
• At Cs instigation, S. was arrested in France,
  but escaped fled for Naples.
  
• Stopped, however, in Geneva, where was recognized
  and arrested.

4
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 2. Calvin and Geneva.
• c. Opposition and Control.
• Genevan Council found him guilty of spreading
  heresy and sentenced him to death by burning.
  
• In spite of Cs pleas for a more merciful form of
  execution, S. was burned at stake 10/27/1553.
  
• Most famous executed in Geneva not the first nor
  last.

5
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 2. Calvin and Geneva.
• c. Opposition and Control.
• Cs opponents bitterly criticized Ss execution.
• Castellio wrote Concerning Heretics, in which he
  said that the burning of heretics is far removed
  from the spirit of Christ and that to kill a
  heretics is not to defend a doctrine, but to kill
  a man.

6
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 2. Calvin and Geneva.
• c. Opposition and Control.
• Other Reformers, like Melanchthon and Bullinger
  and governments of Wittenberg, Basel, Bern and
  Zurich, defended C.
  
• They argued that heresy threatened the Body of
  Christ like a rotten limb that had to be
  amputated.
  
• Although a shameful blot on Cs record, it
  established him once and for all as the power in
  Geneva.

7
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 2. Calvin and Geneva.
• c. Opposition and Control.
• Till death, C. dominated Geneva
• Like a tyrantenemies.
• Like an emissary from Godfriends.
• C. died 5/27/1564 in the arms of Theodore Beza,
  his biographer and successor.

8
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• Zwinglis reform spread no further.
• By 1566, Calvinism had conquered the Zwinglian
  cantons and Zwinglianism virtually disappeared
  within Calvinism.
  
• Calvinism spread to other countries.

9
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• a. Huguenots in France.
• C. had addressed 1st ed. of Institutes to King
  Francis I of France who was persecuting
  Protestants.
  
• Afterward, while at war with Spain, continuing
  the persecutions was not to advantage nor his
  main interest.
  
• Meanwhile F. preachers trained under C. and
  preached Huguenot (Protestant) gospel.

10
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• a. Huguenots in France.
• 155949 Huguenot congregations in F. synod at
  Paris formed national organization and adopted
  Calvinistic confession.
  
• 15612,150 congregations.
• Series of wars (Wars of Religions) intermittently
  1562-1594.

11
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• a. Huguenots in France.
• Infamous incident (Massacre of St. Bartholomews
  Day) August, 1572many Huguenots killed while
  attending wedding of Henry of Navarre
  (Protestant) to Marguerite, daughter of Catherine
  dMedici
• Catherine, mother of 10 yr old Charles IX, was
  serving as regent.

12
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• a. Huguenots in France.
• Catherine had ordered the massacre, which spread
  the war to other parts of F.
  
• Henry of Navarre became King Henry IV of F. in
  1594, converted to Catholicism, and promised to
  protect the Huguenots.
  
• Promise crystallized in form of Edict of Nantes
  in 1598guaranteed freedom of public worship to
  Huguenots.

13
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• a. Huguenots in France.
• Huguenots continued to be a disruptive force in
  F. until their fortress at La Rochelle was
  destroyed in 1628.
  
• Under Louis XIV persistent efforts were made to
  nullify the Edict of Nantes was finally revoked
  10/18/1685.
  
• Many apostatized under persecution and hundreds
  of 1000s fled to Holland, Switzerland, Eng.,
  Prussia, America.

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C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• a. Huguenots in France.
• Marriages performed by Huguenot ministers not
  recognized until 1787 legal standing of Huguenot
  Church not till 1802.
  
• 1907 National Union of Reformed (Calvinist)
  Churches of France formed with non-Calvinist
  bodies to form the Protestant Federation of
  France.

15
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
• N. consisted of ca. 17 Spanish provinces in what
  is now Belgium and Holland.
  
• Was land of Erasmus Lutheranism had found an
  eager response Waldenses, Brethren of Common
  Life, mysticism and humanism all there.
  
• Mennonites made real inroads until 1540 many
  became Calvinists because C. were not pacifists.

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C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
• Spain was waging war against the Netherlands and
  pacifism was practical for the day.
  
• By 1550 Calvinists began organizing chs in homes
  1571 1st national synod held and Dlutch Reformed
  Church (Calvinistic) was organized.

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C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
• Emperor Charles V had always favored the
  Netherlands, where he had been reared.
  
• But when he abdicated in 1555, his son and
  successor, Philip II, subjected the Netherlands
  to the dreaded Spanish Inquisition.
  
• Armed rebellion broke out leader was William of
  Orange.

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C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
• William of Orange (William the Silent), once
  closest friend of Charles, now bitterest enemy of
  Philip.
  
• W., originally a RC, but out of deep conviction
  joined the Reformed ch in 1573.
  
• W. led in forming the United Provinces (the
  Protestant North) which eventually became the
  United Netherlands.

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C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
• W. assassinated in 1584 (age 51) and did not see
  full independence.
  
• But in 1609 hostilities stopped and the United
  Netherlands won their freedom.
  
• Their independence, however, was not recognized
  by Spain until 1648.

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C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
• During struggle, Dutch Reformed Church had taken
  shape, adopting a Presbyterian government, the
  Heidelberg catechism, and the Belgic Confession.
  
• Ch. was closely tied to government, but religious
  tolerance was granted to others, even RCs and
  Anabaptists.

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C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
• After political wars subsided, doctrinal battles
  broke out within DRC.
  
• Theologians divided over question of whether God
  absolutely decreed that certain men should be
  lost and others saved.
  
• Those who rejected the absolute decree were known
  as the Remonstrants.

22
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
• Rs led by Jacob Arminius, professor theology at
  U. of Leiden.
  
• Since then, the R. position has been known as
  Arminianism, which rejects unconditional
  election, limited atonement (that Christ died
  only for the elect), irresistible grace, and the
  perseverance of the saints.

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C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
• Arminianism was condemned at a synod held at Dort
  in 1618 and 1619, and the Remonstrants continued
  in Holland as a distinct church.

24
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• c. Reformation in Scotland.
• C. eventually had its strongest expression in
  Scotland, where it took the form of
  Presbyterianism and became the faith of the
  overwhelming majority and the official religion
  of the state.
• At turn of 16th c. the Catholic C. in Scotland
  was in desperate need of reform and country was
  permeated with lawlessness.

25
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• c. Reformation in Scotland.
• Was an openness that resembled a plea for help.
• By 1525 Luthers writings circulated Eng. Bible
  introduced 1527.
  
• Patrick Hamilton, once a student at Wittenberg,
  began to preach Lutheranism in the streets and at
  U. of St. Andrews, for which he was burned at
  stake in 1528.

26
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• c. Reformation in Scotland.
• John Knox was a student at St. Andrews at the
  time, was profoundly shaken by the event, but was
  ordained to Catholic priesthood in 1540.
  
• Another advocate of reform, George Wishart, was
  burned at the stake in 1546.
  
• Knox had defended Wishart theologically and
  physically and put himself in jeopardy.

27
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• c. Reformation in Scotland.
• Weeks later, Cardinal Beaton, who had tried and
  condemned Wishart was assassinated by Wisharts
  disciples, who then fortified themselves in
  Castle of St. Andrews.
• Knox joined them in 1547 and became minister of
  the castle congregation.

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C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• c. Reformation in Scotland.
• Became well known for his powerful preaching and
  Scripture exposition, but was captured,
  imprisoned for 19 mo. and then banished to the
  continent, where he became thoroughly confirmed
  in Calvinism.
• From the continent, he returned to Eng. where
  Reformation was in full stride under Edward VI.

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C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• c. Reformation in Scotland.
• Was appointed minister at Berwick on Scottish
  border, declined bishopric of Rochester in
  order to return to Scotland.
  
• Accession of Mary Tudor, however, reversed Reform
  movement in Eng., and Knox again became a refugee
  on the continent spent 3 yrs as minister of
  congregation of English refugees in Geneva.

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C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• c. Reformation in Scotland.
• C. was at the height of his influence and Knox
  worked side by side with him.
  
• K. returned to S. in 1559 became leaders of the
  Reforming party, preaching and procuring money
  and troops from Eng.
  
• Scottish Presby. Scottish independence were in
  danger of being exterminated by marriage of Mary
  Queen of Scotts and Francis II of France.

31
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• c. Reformation in Scotland.
• While Mary was in France, her mother, Mary of
  Lorraine (serving as regent) forbade Reformed
  preaching.
  
• Knox aroused the masses and in the civil war
  which erupted, French troops supported Mary and
  English forces (sent by Elizabeth) supported the
  Protestants.

32
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• c. Reformation in Scotland.
• 1560 regent died and French troops sailed for
  home.
  
• 1560 Knox established Presbyterian system
  throughout the kingdom, adopted a Calvinistic
  confession, abolished the popes jurisdiction,
  and called the fir General Assembly.

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C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• c. Reformation in Scotland.
• 1561, however, Mary Queen of Scots returned to
  Scotland.
  
• Charming young widow aroused widespread popular
  sympathy and divided Knoxs supportersespecially
  among Protestant nobility.

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C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• c. Reformation in Scotland.
• Mary
• Reinstituted the saying of Mass in her private
  chapel,
  
• Married her cousin Darnley, a RC.
• And set about to wrest the English throne from
  Elizabeth.
  
• Knox preached daily and forcefully against the
  Mass and immorality of Marys court.

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C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• c. Reformation in Scotland.
• K. had frequent audiences with Mary with neither
  giving ground and tension rising.
  
• Mary overplayed her hand in an unwise marriage,
  intrigues, murder and civil strife.
  
• She was finally driven to England in 1568 and
  executed in 1587 on a charge of plotting to
  assassinate Elizabeth.

36
C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• c. Reformation in Scotland.
• Her son, James VI, came to the throne upon her
  abdication and became James I of England after
  the death of Elizabeth.
  
• Knox had lived to see the triumph of
  Presbyterianism and Scottish independence,

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C. Reform In Switzerland

• 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
• c. Reformation in Scotland.
• From Scotland, Calvinism was literally exported
  around the world through the strong influence of
  Presbyterianism on English Puritanism, extensive
  migrations, and ambitious mission enterprises.

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D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• Lutheranism Calvinism drastically opposed to,
  and eventually separated from, all the Rome stood
  for.
  
• Yet, in comparison with another militant group,
  they appear extremely conservative.
  
• Ls Cs were conservative, retaining many Romans
  practices and creeds.

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D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• Ls rejected only those RC features they believed
  forbidden by scripture.
  
• Reformed Chs retained only what they believed
  justified by scripture.
  
• Both continued to practice infant baptism and to
  attempt to bring every person in the community
  into the church by that means.
  
• And, all believed in working through the close
  relationship of church and state.

40
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• Another expression, often called the left wing of
  Reformation, was more radical than L C.
  
• Were determined to exclude everything not in
  scripture.
  
• Dedicated to returning to primitive
  Christianity.
  
• Made up of believers only.

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D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• Insisted the true church as the gathered ch. of
  believers and not the whole community.
  
• Rejected infant baptism as unscriptural and as a
  great deterrent in maintaining churches of the
  regenerate only.
  
• They rebaptized those who professed adult
  conversion, obtaining the derogatory nickname of
  Anabaptist.

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D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• Aside from the mockery, they disowned the name
  because they did not consider infant baptism
  valid, and so adult baptism was the first, not a
  rebaptism.
• A. repudiated any sort of connection between
  church and state and upheld the doctrine of
  absolute liberty of conscience.
  
• Many opposed the swearing of oaths, bearing of
  arms and capital punishment.

43
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• Was a strong movement of chiliastic anticipation
  among them, believing the millennial reign of
  Christ was imminent.
  
• LS a high and solemn act of worship and a high
  standard of morality prevailed among them.
  
• Rapid growth, diverse backgrounds made
  consolidation difficult, but did meet in 1527 at
  Schleitheim, 1st synod.

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D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• Anabs the common enemies of Catholics and
  Protestants.
  
• Was feared they would displace established
  churches.
  
• 1529 Diet of Speyer, both RCs and Ls agreed to
  subject them to the death penalty.
  
• Late 1520s, early 1530s 1000s killed by beheading
  (state), drowning (Protestants), burning
  (Catholics).

45
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• Popular support for persecutions gained by
  reminding the people that Anabaptists had been
  greatly responsible for the bloody peasant
  uprisings of 1524-25.
• Fear of rebellion and anarchy a strong force
  behind persecution.

46
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 1. Thomas Muntzer and the Zwickau Prophets
• M. sympathized with Peasants Revolt and taught
  doctrine of Inner Light, which reappeared with
  the Quakers.
  
• M. did reject infant baptism, but his main
  concern was with political and social action, not
  theological issues.
  
• Said L. not radical enough.

47
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 1. Thomas Muntzer and the Zwickau Prophets
• Claiming direct instruction by HS, M. seized
  control of Mulhausen and set up a theocracy,
  outraging RCs and Ps alike by senseless
  destruction of church property and preaching
  civil turmoil.
• Was executed, giving a bad name to the movement
  in many areas of Europe.

48
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 2. The Swiss Brethren
• In Zurich, Conrad Grebel Felix Manz attracted
  group known as the Swiss Brethren.
  
• At 1st supporters of Zwingli, G M became
  impatient with reform in Zurich.
  
• Unwilling to wait for the city council (Zs
  method), they undertook a thorough reform to
  abolish the Mass and images.

49
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 2. The Swiss Brethren
• 1524 came out against infant baptism, rebaptized
  adult believers and observed the LS with simple
  rites.
  
• Grebel a humanist scholar able to debate on equal
  terms with Zwingli.
  
• Was also a missionary, taking his radical ideas
  to other cities.

50
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 2. The Swiss Brethren
• He and Manz were eventually arrested in Zurich,
  condemned to life imprisonment, escaped and were
  recaptured.
  
• Manz executed by drowning 1/25/1527, the first
  Anabaptist martyr.
  
• Grebel had died a few months earlier.

51
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 2. The Swiss Brethren
• Balthasar Hubmaier also associated with the Swiss
  Brethren.
  
• Former pupil of Johann Eck, a professor at
  Ingolstadt, preacher at Regensburg cathedral,
  parish priest at Waldshut.
  
• At Waldshut contacted Swiss Reformers and openly
  allied himself with Zwingli in 1523.

52
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 2. The Swiss Brethren
• Soon abandoned Zs doctrines for those of the
  Anabaptists.
  
• Rejected infant baptism, rebaptized converted
  adults, began serving the LS and instituted foot
  washing.
  
• Became involved in the Peasants Revolt and may
  have been the author of the Twelve Articles.

53
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 2. The Swiss Brethren
• When Waldshut was occupied by govt. troops, fled
  to Zurich, then to Moravia, where he worked for
  Anabaptist cause by writing pamphlets on
  theological questions.
• 1527 was extradited to Vienna where he was burned
  at the stake on March 10, 1528.

54
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 2. The Swiss Brethren
• Others in this group included Hans Denck, a
  humanist scholar, proficient in Greek and Hebrew,
  who called for an inner reformation by heeding
  the voice of the Spirit within, the indwelling
  Christ, and the Scripture.
• Renounced violence, worked in several cities and
  died of the plague in his early thirties.

55
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 2. The Swiss Brethren
• Ludwig Hetzer (close friend of Denck) assisted D.
  in translating the prophetic books of OT into
  German, and led the radical movment in Augsburg.
  
• Hetzer was executed in Constance in 1529.

56
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 3. The Hutterites in Moravia
• Relentless persecution of Anabaptists in Austria
  caused many to seek refuge in Moravia, which had
  shared with Bohemia in the Hussite revolt against
  Rome.
• Jakob Hutter, one of leading Anabaptists in
  Tyrol, came to Moravia and assumed a leading
  position there.

57
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 3. The Hutterites in Moravia
• First associated with congregation at Austerlitz
  (1529) 1531 broke off with a radical group which
  found refuge in small settlement of Auspitz.
  
• Here H. established the small community
  settlements, known as Bruderhofe, and based on
  the common ownership of property.

58
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 3. The Hutterites in Moravia
• Soon there developed a series of Brethren
  villages in Moravia, fed by the influx of
  refugees.
  
• Movement became known as Hutterian Brethren or
  Hutterites, and was characterized by pacifism and
  communal households, called Houses of the
  Brethren.

59
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 3. The Hutterites in Moravia
• Because of great reputation in agriculture and
  handicraft, Hs were in demand by nobility and
  country barons.
  
• This friendly treatment of refugee Anabaptists
  incited King Ferdinand I and govt. in Vienna to
  enforce obedience to the edicts of of the
  emperor, and persecution was pressed into Moravia.

60
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 3. The Hutterites in Moravia
• Fleeing, Hutter was captured, cruelly tortured,
  burned at stake 2/25/1536.
  
• His wife executed short time later.
• Though not a theologian or teacher, Hs practical
  and social applications of Xtian principles
  earned him lasting place in Xtian history story
  of his martyrdom became a legend among
  Anabaptists.

61
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 4. Melchior Hoffmann and Chiliasm
• Radical Anabaptist and fanatical chiliast, H.
  began as Lutheran lay preacher, a leather dresser
  by trade.
  
• Came in conflict with authorities in Livonia in
  1523, left for Stockholm in 1526, where he became
  obsessed with eschatological ideas and prophesied
  the approaching end of the world.

62
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 4. Melchior Hoffmann and Chiliasm
• In debate with Johann Bugenhagen (pastor at
  Wittenberg) 1529, he denied Lutheran doctrine of
  LS later banished to Denmark, but went to
  Strassburg where he joined the Anabaptists.
• Traveled extensively, attracting a large
  following in the Netherlands.
  

63
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 4. Melchior Hoffmann and Chiliasm
• Believed himself to be divinely appointed to lead
  the faithful to Strassburg, which would become
  the New Jerusalem, when Christ returned on the
  Last Day in 1533.
• Prophesied that all who opposed him would be
  destroyed.

64
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 4. Melchior Hoffmann and Chiliasm
• Went confidently to Strassburg, where was
  arrested and kept in his dungeon prison until his
  death in 1543.
  
• Remained unshaken in his eschatological beliefs,
  and his influence was so strong that the
  Melchiorites or Hoffmannites survived him as
  a distinct party among the Anabaptists.

65
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 5. Jan Matthys the Munster Episode
• A baker from Holland and an ardent disciple of
  Hoffmann.
  
• Announced in 1533 that he was the prophet Enoch
  who had been promised by Hoffmann.
  
• Assumed leadership of the fanatical party while
  Hoffmann in prison.

66
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 5. Jan Matthys the Munster Episode
• M. not dismayed when Hs prophecy of end of world
  in 1533 was unfulfilled.
  
• Merely announced that H. had been mistaken, that
  Munster was to be the New Jerusalem, not
  Strassburg.
  
• Munster, in Westphalia, near Dutch border, had
  enrolled in Schmalkalic League (Prot.) by
  influence of young humanist chaplain, Bernhard
  Rothmann

67
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 5. Jan Matthys the Munster Episode
• When R. denounced infant baptism, word spread
  that Munster had become Anabaptist, and many
  followers of Hoffmann flocked there for refuge.
  
• M., one of these immigrants, led the movement to
  take Munster by armed force and sought to
  establish a Kingdom of the Saints.

68
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 5. Jan Matthys the Munster Episode
• Convinced that Munster would be the New
  Jerusalem, the radicals attempted to organize a
  Christian society, but the enterprise was aborted
  by the siege laid to the city by the Bishop of
  Munster.
• Aided by both Lutherans Catholics, the bishop
  recaptured the city in June, 1535.

69
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 5. Jan Matthys the Munster Episode
• M. was killed in the battle and was succeeded by
  Jan Bockelson, who was captured, tortured, and
  killed.
  
• Stories began to circulate about odious practices
  of the Anabaptists during the siege, including
  polygamy and ruthless suppression of opposition.

70
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 5. Jan Matthys the Munster Episode
• Munster episode left a dark stain on reputation
  of Anabaptists everywhere, leading many to
  believe that all A. fomented chaos in government,
  society, morals, and religion.

71
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 6. Mennonites and the Amish
• Great majority of A. were appalled and ashamed at
  Munster episode.
  
• Respected moderate, Menno Simons, was esp.
  outspoken in decrying that sort of fanaticism.
  
• MS a Catholic priest whose studies of Scripture
  led him to break with Rome and become Protestant
  preacher 1530.

72
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 6. Mennonites and the Amish
• Joined Anabaptists in 1536 because felt L, C, Z,
  were wrong in continuing practice of infant
  baptism.
  
• Though strongly disapproved of errors of
  Anabaptists at Munster, he admired their courage
  under persecution and expected such persecution
  for himself.
• Was fulfilled, he too had to live like a fugitive
  and outlaw.

73
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 6. Mennonites and the Amish
• But continued to extend his missionary efforts,
  married and had children.
  
• His missions took him throughout Germany where
  was harassed by Catholics and Lutherans.
  
• Eventually found refuge on a noblemans estate in
  Denmark where remained writing, teaching,
  organizing churches.

74
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 6. Mennonites and the Amish
• Became outstanding leader of Anabaptists in
  Netherlands and North Germany.
  
• Mennos views similar to Swiss Brethren including
  stress on believers baptism, responsibilities
  and rights of local congregations, pacifism, and
  rejection of Xtian participation in the
  magistracy.

75
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 6. Mennonites and the Amish
• Magistracyhe refused to allow civil authorities
  to belong to his church.
  
• Approx. 500,000 Mennonites today, about ½ in US.
• Common beliefs rejection of church
  organization, infant baptism and real presence of
  Christ at LS.
  
• Every congregation independent.

76
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 6. Mennonites and the Amish
• Most M. refuse military service, the taking of
  the oath and any public office.
  
• Latter part of 16th c., a Mennonite elder, Jakob
  Amman, caused a serious split in German speaking
  Mennonite community.
  
• A. demanded that congregations shun all
  nonbelievers and ostracize lapsed believers.

77
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 6. Mennonites and the Amish
• A. excommunicated all who disagreed with him his
  followers became close-knit sect with rigid rules
  regarding uniformity of dress, untrimmed beards,
  and foot washing as an element of worship.
• Became known as Amish from the name Amman.

78
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 6. Mennonites and the Amish
• Severe persecution drove them from the continent,
  and they emigrated to William Penns colony of
  Pennsylvania, where their descendants remain to
  this day, preserving the Anabaptist-Mennonite-Amis
  h practices of 1700.

79
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 6. Mennonites and the Amish
• Radicals Anabaptists who formed the left wing
  of the Reform. were the most hated and persecuted
  religious groups on the continent in 16th c.
  
• Ironically, 20th c. Protestantism often expresses
  more keenly the ideas of the radical Reformers
  than the traditional Reformers.

80
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 6. Mennonites and the Amish
• Whereas L. C. had their hands tied by political
  social commitments in a state church, the
  radical Reformers were free to reject
  nonscriptural concepts and practices.
• They esp. insisted that the world or community
  cannot make Xtians, which for them undermined the
  whole premise of infant baptism.

81
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 6. Mennonites and the Amish
• They contended for a gathered church in which
  only believers with a faith baptism could
  participate.
  
• This led to a strong stance for separation of
  church and state.
  
• Above all, the Anabaptists believed in the
  competency of the soul, the ability and
  responsibility of each individual to experience
  the presence and salvation of God for himself.

82
D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

• 6. Mennonites and the Amish
• One can readily see how these ideas have
  prevailed and entrenched themselves in some of
  the great evangelical movements of the present
  day.

83
E. Reform In England

• British Isles were experiencing similar
  phenomenon to continent English Reformation,
  however, was decidedly English In character.
  
• Though was influenced by issues and events on
  continent, the reasons for its occurrence and the
  directions of its course were uniquely English.

84
E. Reform In England

• 1. Preparation and Causes
• Were at least half dozen distinct causes which
  precipitated Reform and the break with Rome.
  
• 1) Rising trend of nationalism, as strong in Eng.
  as anywhere on continent.
  
• Widespread resentment over interference from a
  foreign pope and sending money to papal treasury
  while England impoverished.

85
E. Reform In England

• 1. Preparation and Causes
• During Babylonian Captivity Eng. parliament
  passed the law of Praemunire, which forbade
  appeals to Rome.
  
• Henry VIII revived this old law and used it for
  his personal benefit.

86
E. Reform In England

• 1. Preparation and Causes
• 2) Growing anticlericalism which Wycliffe had
  inspired with his translation for the common man,
  and his primitive concept of the priesthood of
  all believers.
• Peasants Uprising in 1381 was greatly influenced
  by Ws insistence that unworthy clergymen should
  be deprived of their soft living.

87
E. Reform In England

• 1. Preparation and Causes
• 2) Growing anticlericalism which
• Anticlerical attitude was kept alive by the
  followers of Wycliffe, Lollards.
  
• They taught that Scriptures were sole authority
  in religion and every man had the right to read
  and interpret them for himself.
  
• Lollards became an influential cause of Eng. Ref.

88
E. Reform In England

• 1. Preparation and Causes
• 2) Growing anticlericalism
• They attacked clerical celibacy,
  transubstantiation, indulgences, and
  pilgrimages.
  
• Held validity of priestly acts was determined by
  the priests moral character and that endowments,
  the oppe, and hierarchy were all unscriptural.

89
E. Reform In England

• 1. Preparation and Causes
• 3) Abusive and excessive life style of many Eng.
  prelates did nothing to help.
  
• Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, papal legate, minister of
  state, and archbishop of York virtually ran
  England from 1515 to 1529.
  
• He held 4 bishoprics, was enormously wealthy, had
  over 500 in his household.

90
E. Reform In England

• 1. Preparation and Causes
• 3) Excesses of clergy
• Two of his residences eventually became royal
  palacesHampton Court and York Place
  (Whitehall).
  
• He flagrantly favored relatives, friends and
  political cronies.

91
E. Reform In England

• 1. Preparation and Causes
• 4) Humanistic renaissance.
• Oxford and Cambridge became strongholds after
  Erasmus visited and taught 1510-1513.
  
• John Colet (1467-1519) had already left his
  mark.
  
• Sir Thomas More remained a faithful Catholic, but
  led the battle against ignorance and injustice.

92
E. Reform In England

• 1. Preparation and Causes
• 4) Humanistic renaissance.
• In his classic satire Utopia, he called for a
  religion based on the dictates of reason and the
  laws of nature.
  
• Humanism, while being patronized by the papacy,
  was making inroads against the papacy with its
  theme of back to the sources, which subtly
  suggested the circumventing of ecclesiastical
  establishment.

93
E. Reform In England

• 1. Preparation and Causes
• 5) Luthers writings poured into Eng.
• Thomas Bilney, burned at stake in 1531, was 1st
  Eng. martyr espousing Lutheran ideas.
  
• Hugh Latimer, a Bilney proteges, martyred under
  Queen Mary.
  
• Cardinal Wolsey personally conducted 1st burning
  of Luthers works.

94
E. Reform In England

• 1. Preparation and Causes
• 5) Luthers writings poured into Eng.
• Though Henry VIII later broke with Rome, he
  denounced Luther.
  
• His rebuttal to L. doctrines, Assertion of the
  Seven Sacraments, earned Henry the title
  Defender of the Faith.

95
E. Reform In England

• 1. Preparation and Causes
• 6) Personal desires and ambitions of Henry VIII
  became the final fuel for the kindling fire.
  
• His personal desire to divorce Catherine and
  marry Anne Boleyn, and his ambition to attain
  total supremacy, even in religious matters, made
  him the catallyst for one of the major splits in
  Christendom, bringing about the birth of the
  Church of England.

96
E. Reform In England

• 1. Preparation and Causes
• 6) Personal desires and ambitions of Henry VIII
  became the final fuel for the kindling fire.
  
• Although reform had been brewing for centuries,
  it was Henrys personal obsession and obstinance
  that brought it to a head.

97
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• Henry VII 1st in a new line of English kings, the
  Tudors.
  
• H VII arranged a marriage for his 14 yr old son
  Arthur to 16 yr old Catherine, daughter of
  Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain in 1501.
  
• Arthur died less than 6 mo later H VII gained
  special papal dispensation to have younger son
  Henry marry C.

98
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• H VIII came to throne in 1509 of 6 children born
  to H C, one one survived, Mary.
  
• H deeply concerned over not having a male heir
  Eng had never been ruled by a woman except for
  brief period in 12th c., a fiasco.
  
• Imagined marriage to his brothers wife had
  incurred divine wrath.

99
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• Then became obsessed with beautiful Anne Boleyn,
  who refused to share his bed without sharing his
  crown.
  
• H began long battle to dissolve marriage with C.
• At 1st sought annulment but C solemnly swore her
  marriage with Arthur had never been consummated
  was no legal impediment to marriage with H.

100
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• Next, H pushed for papal permission for a
  divorce, but Pope Clement VII not in a position
  to grant it.
  
• Could not anger Emperor Charles V, the nephew of
  Catherine.
  
• On other hand, didnt want to lose lucrative and
  powerful support of Eng., so issues dragged out
  more than 4 yrs.

101
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• H was losing patience Cardinal Wolsey had failed
  to please H in this regard and was stripped of
  his positions.
  
• Wolsey died in disgrace in 1530.
• Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury,
  suggested H seek the opinions of theologians.
  
• H quickly acted on the suggestion, applying
  pressure, negotiations and intrigues.

102
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• Oxford Cambridge decided in favor of H followed
  by the French universities and even Bologna in
  Italy.
  
• Essentially decided Hs marriage to C contrary to
  divine law and never a valid marriage.
  
• So H was free to marry without need of
  dispensation from Rome.

103
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• 1533, H married Anne Boleyn and forced pope to
  name Thomas Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury.
  
• Infuriated with Hs highhandedness, pope
  threatened to excommunicate him.
  
• Hs reaction was to get parliament to legalize
  the supremacy of the king.

104
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• In the Restraint of Appeals, the legal principles
  of the Eng Ref, parliament declared that all
  cases having to do with religion shall be from
  henceforth heard, examined, discussed, clearly,
  finally, and definitively judged and determined
  within the kings jurisdiction and authority, and
  not elsewherefrom the see of Rome, or any other
  foreign courts or potentates of the world.

105
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• Next year followed the Act of Forbidding Papal
  Dispensations, which took from the pope all
  rights of nomination and dispensation and severed
  all payment of money to the pope.
• Also in 1534, the Supremacy Act confirmed Henry
  as supreme head of the C of E.

106
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• Then the Act of Succession declared Princess
  Mary, daughter of Catherine, illegitimate, and
  named the infant daughter of Anne Boleyn,
  Elizabeth (born 9/7/1533) as heir to the throne.
• Pope Clement reaffirmed the validity of Cs
  marriage to H and excommunicated the King of
  England.

107
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• H, therefore, set up an independent national
  English Church, with the king as the supreme
  head.
  
• A royal proclamation erased the popes name from
  all the service books, and the breach with Rome
  was complete.

108
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• Several church leaders who refused to accept Hs
  supremacy were executed, among them John Fisher
  and Thomas More.
  
• H. became master of both state and church, but
  could not master his own personal passions.
  
• He eventually executed Anne Boleyn for alleged
  infidelity and not producing a male heir and
  married 4 more times.

109
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• Of his 6 wives, 2 were executed (Boleyn
  Catherine Howard), 2 were divorced by him
  (Catherine Anne of Cleves), one died in
  childbirth (Jane Seymour) and one managed to
  outlive him (Catherine Parr).

110
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• Eng Reform had not culminated in a great
  theological schism.
  
• H had opposed heresies of Luther.
• Prided himself on being Defender of the Faith
• Breaking with Rome did not make him a
  Protestant.
  
• Catholic dogma and rites were still upheld.
• Lutheranism still a pernicious poison.

111
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• John Frith, who had helped Tyndale translate the
  NT, was burned in 1533 for denying
  transubstantiation and purgatory.
  
• 1535 25 Anabaptists were burned in a single day.
• H. had merely given Eng a new authority,
  exchanging supremacy of the pope for that of the
  king.

112
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• 1535 H VIII appointed Thomas Cromwell Vicar
  General of the English Church C became chief
  adviser in all church affairs.
  
• Presiding at Convocation, C took precedence over
  the Archbishop of Canterbury.
  
• Was C who dissolved the monasteries between 1536
  and 1539.

113
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• Monasticism virtually disappeared from Eng., the
  most drastic change in Engs religious life under
  H VIII besides the separation from Rome itself.
  
• C also ordered that a Bible should be provided in
  every church that clergy should perform certain
  definite duties.
  
• C overstepped his usefulness when he arranged a
  marriage to Anne of Cleves.

114
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• The marriage was a diplomatic effort to make an
  alliance with Prot. Germany.
  
• H was disgusted with the marriage and with C, who
  was arrested, sentenced for treason, and beheaded
  July 28, 1540.
  
• Although it appeared C had been promoted over
  him, the real church power behind H was still
  Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury.

115
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• Cranmer
• Annulled Hs marriage to Catherine.
• Declared marriage to Anne Boleyn null and void.
• Declared marriage to Anne of Cleves to be
  invalid.
  
• Despite obvious subservience to the crown, C. was
  a profound theologian who eventually was largely
  responsible for shaping the Protestant Ch. of Eng.

116
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• The Ten Articles of 1536, drafted by H. with help
  of Cranmer, leaned toward Protestantism.
  
• Named only 3 sacramentsbaptism, penance,
  eucharist.
  
• Stressed the importance of teaching the people
  the Bible and early creeds.
  
• Declared justification is by faith and by
  confession, absolution, and good works.

117
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• But The Ten Articles also---
• Held that Christ is physically present in the
  eucharist.
  
• Masses for the dead, the invocation of saints and
  use of images are desirable.
  
• H. was obviously trying to mix Catholic and
  Protestant together in a compromise religion.

118
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• 3 yrs later he reversed himself and pushed
  through Parliament (over opposition of Cranmer)
  the Six Articles, which reaffirmed basic Catholic
  doctrine under threat of severe penalty.
• Six Articles declared as law---
• Transubstantiation
• Withholding the cup from the laity
• Celibacy for priests

119
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• Six Articles declared as law---
• Vows of chastity
• Private Masses
• The necessity of auricular confession.
• During next 7 yrs scores were executed for
  violating one or more of the articles, with
  article on transubstantiation being the most
  serious.

120
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• At same time, he encouraged the publication of
  the Bible in the vernacular, a distinctly
  Protestant stance.
  
• Miles Coverdale made a full translation of the
  entire Bible into English known as the Great
  Bible, was placed in the chs with approval of
  both Cranmer and Cromwell.

121
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• By kings order, C. prepared forms of worship,
  including a litany which was to be sung in
  English.
  
• H. attempted in his last years to promote some
  religious reforms while maintaining the substance
  of traditional Catholicism.
  
• As symbol of repudiation of Prot., H. married
  Catherine Howard, a RC, in 1540 entered
  political alliance with Charles V.

122
E. Reform In England

• 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
• 1542 Catherine Howard beheaded for adultery 1543
  H. married Catherine Parr, who outlived him.
  
• H VIII died 1/28/1547, Cranmer at his side.
• Archbishop Cranmer was now left to guide the
  nation into accepting Prot. As the official
  ecclesiastical policy of Eng.

123
E. Reform In England

• 3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
• Edward born to H and Jane Seymour.
• 9 yrs old when came to throne (1547) died 1553
  at 15.
  
• But during 61/2 yr reign, Eng. was carried with
  long strides toward Prot.
  
• Policies of Es reign were determined by a
  council of regency appointed by H. in his will.

124
E. Reform In England

• 3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
• Cranmer Edward Seymour (new kings uncle)
  emerged as dominant leaders of the council,
  encouraging Prot. And writing evangelical tenets
  into the laws and customs of the land.
• First parliament of new reign---
• Repealed the Six Articles
• Laws which had restricted the printing of
  Scriptures.

125
E. Reform In England

• 3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
• First parliament of new reign---
• Laws which had promoted the persecution of
  heretics.
  
• Images were removed from the chs.
• Communion was given to the laity.
• A general confession took the place of private
  confession to the priest.
  
• Leading continental reformers were welcomed to
  Eng., esp. by Cranmer.

126
E. Reform In England

• 3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
• Cranmer also increased the Prot. Hold with his
  own literary contributions.
  
• Book of Homilies and Book of Common Prayer (for
  worship).
  
• 1549 Parliament enacted the Act of Uniformity
  which required all clergy to use the Book of
  Common Prayer (has endured united the diverse
  elements of the C of E
• Note BofCP imposed by Parliament, not the
  Convocation, the church body.

127
E. Reform In England

• 3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
• Cranmer also increased the Prot. Hold with his
  own literary contributions.
  
• 1553 Forty-two Articles of Religion (written by 6
  theologians led by C.) were issued under
  authority of the king.
  
• These articles gave the doctrinal position of the
  C of E, and although they were abrogated by Mary,
  they later became the Thirty-nine Articles of the
  C of E.

128
E. Reform In England

• 3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
• In political arena, Edward Seymour, Lord
  Protector, did not fare so well failed in
  attempts to contract a marriage between Edward
  young Scottish Princess Mary in domestic
  agricultural reforms, in controlling uprising of
  restless farmers.
• 1552 Earl of Warwick had Seymour beheaded and
  took his place, becoming the Duke of
  Northumberland.

129
E. Reform In England

• 3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
• Duke of N., though unscruplous and ruthless, did
  favor the Prot. Program because it suited his
  plans of tyranny and greed.
  
• Thus he supported the Act of Uniformity and
  eliminated many objectionable papal influences
  from the realm.
  
• Warwick tried to place Lady Jane Grey in
  succession in case of Es death, but was
  decidedly unsuccessful.

130
E. Reform In England

• 3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
• Lady Jane Grey was the grandaughter of H VIIIs
  sister Mary and wife of Warwicks 4th son.
  
• Warwick was so unpopular with the people that
  even some Protestants supported Mary Tudor when
  Edward died in 1553.

131
E. Reform In England

• 4. Catholicism Under Mary
• H VIIIs will provided that in case E. died
  without an heir, he would be succeeded by Hs 2
  daughters, Mary Elizabeth, in order of birth.
  
• At 37 and in ill health, Mary Tudor came to
  throne reigned for 5 yrs died 1558.
  
• Was intensely loyal to the memory of her mother,
  Catherine of Aragon was foregone conclusion she
  would try to bring Eng. back to Catholic fold.

132
E. Reform In England

• 4. Catholicism Under Mary
• Return to papalism was symbolized by the return
  of Cardinal Legate Reginald Pole (he had fled
  rather than accept Hs supremacy).
  
• On St. Andrews Day, 1554, the queen knelt with
  parliament while Cardinal Pole absolved the
  nation of heresy received it back into
  communion with Rome.

133
E. Reform In England

• 4. Catholicism Under Mary
• RC had reasserted itself, but Eng. spirit of
  nationalism was growing.
  
• When M. married Philip II, son of Charles V of
  Spain, many English feared foreign domination
  uprisings occurred throughout the land.
  
• Still, M. pressed on with fanatical zeal.
• Executed ca. 300 Prot. leaders, including
  Cranmer, Latimer and Ridley.

134
E. Reform In England

• 4. Catholicism Under Mary
• So numerous were the beheadings and burnings
  during her reign that she became known as Bloody
  Mary.
  
• When Latimer Ridley burned at stake together,
  L. encouraged R., Be of good comfort, Master
  Ridley, we shall this day light such a candle by
  Gods grace in England as, I trust, shall never
  be put out.

135
E. Reform In England

• 4. Catholicism Under Mary
• Words proved to prophetic, for M. was not able to
  extinguish the light of reform now sweeping
  across Eng.
  
• She died a bitter, unhappy and childless woman.
• She had lost most of her friends and alienated
  the affections of many of her subjects.
  
• 5-yr revival of RC ended with her death, 1558,
  with E. poised for rebellion.

136
E. Reform In England

• 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
• M. succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth,
  daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.
  
• a. Diplomacy and Force.
• E. inherited a kingdom torn by religious strife
  and weary of persecution by fanatics from both
  camps.
  
• Fortunately, Elizabeth was wise and diplomatic,
  and chose to favor neither extreme papalism nor
  extreme Prot.

137
E. Reform In England

• 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
• She correctly assessed the public mood gained
  the peoples support of a policy of moderation.
  
• She reformed the Prayer Book to make it less
  offensive to RCs, but she reinstituted the
  liturgy of Edward VI.
  
• She kept the episcopal form of govt., but
  lessened the power of the bishops.

138
E. Reform In England

• 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
• In 1559 parliament passed the Act of Supremacy,
  which recognized her supremacy in all matters
  spiritual or ecclesiastical, as well as
  temporal.
• She was not called Supreme Head but Supreme
  Governor.
  
• Most clergy subscribed, but 2,000 RC priests
  refused to sign all but one of bishops from Ms
  reign resigned.

139
E. Reform In England

• 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
• This strong RC resistance caused E. to lean
  toward the Protestants.
  
• Matthew Parker, who had been removed under M.,
  was made Archbishop of Canterbury.
  
• Other bishops were chosen and consecrated, and
  the C of E has contended to the present that the
  apostolic succession was preserved.

140
E. Reform In England

• 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
• Centuries later, Pope Leo XIII declared in 1896
  that Anglican orders were invalid and not in the
  apostolic succession.
  
• Although the Elizabethan Settlement met bitter RC
  opposition, E. was tactful enough to avoid
  excommunication for 11 yrs but she was finally
  excommunicated by Pius V in 1570.

141
E. Reform In England

• 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
• In the meantime E. had revised the Forty-two
  Articles of 1553 they became the official
  Thirty-nine Articles of C of E.
  
• Same year (1563) parliament passed the Test Act
  which required an oath of obedience to the queen
  as the supreme governor excluded RCs from the
  House of Commons.

142
E. Reform In England

• 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
• Also in 1563, John Foxe published his famous Book
  of Martyrs, which inflamed prejudice against the
  Catholics because of its vivid portrayal of
  Catholics slaughtering and murdering thousands
  who would not bow to the pope.
• Angry RC reaction to these events exploded in the
  northern revolt of 1569, Rome began a series of
  intrigues to unseat E. and place Mary Queen of
  Scots on the throne.

143
E. Reform In England

• 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
• M. had been ousted from Scotland and sought
  refuge in Eng. she posed a threat to E. and so
  was imprisoned.
  
• In 1571, a plot to start an insurrection and
  unseat E. involved the Duke of Alva Philip II,
  Pope Pius V, and the Duke of Norfolk.
  
• RC priests were trained sent to Eng. Secretly
  as missionaries subversives.

144
E. Reform In England

• 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
• Many Jesuits conspired to overthrow the govt. by
  force.
  
• In 1585 parliament the Act of Association which
  called for Ms execution if she conspired against
  E. when M. became involved in the Babington
  conspiracy of 1586, M. was executed on 2/8/1587.

145
E. Reform In England

• 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
• Philip II of Spain Pope Sixtus V had dreamed of
  uniting Europe again under one emperor one
  church, but had thus far failed, their failure
  at bringing Eng. back to RC fold was esp.
  bitter.
• When Philip determined to take Eng. by force with
  the Invincible Armada of 132 ships, the pope
  helped plan and finance the ambitious campaign.

146
E. Reform In England

• 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
• E. appealed to the patriotism of her subjects,
  who sent 200 smaller faster ships to encounter
  the great