The Schmalkaldic Wars

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• The Schmalkaldic Wars
• A. The Battle of Mühlberg
• B. The Peace of Augsburg
• II. Calvinism Confronts Catholicism
• A. The French Wars of Religion
• -the death of Henry II
• -Catherine de Medici
• -Guises, Bourbons, and Politiques
• -the St. Bartholomews Day Massacre
• -Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes
• B. Spain and the Low Countries
• -William of Orange
• -the upsurge of militant Calvinism
• -the Duke of Alba and the Council of Blood
• -the United Provinces

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Results of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
1. None of the religious and political problems
in France are solved. 2. The Huguenots are
outraged, and, once again, Catherine de Medici
tries to appease them. 3. The Catholic Guise
vow to wipe out the Huguenots. 4. War of the
Three Henrys Henry of Guise vs. Henry of Navarre
(Bourbon, Huguenot) vs. Henry III (Catherine's
last son).
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1598 -- Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV for
the benefit of the Huguenots 1. Freedom of
worship in specified places 2. Judicial
protection 3. Huguenots may hold jobs. 4.
Huguenots may have their own schools and educate
their children. 5. Huguenots may keep troops in
fortified cities such as La Rochelle.
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Harbinger n. one who announces anothers
approach, forerunner.
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Treaty of Westphalia 1648 States make war, war
makes states
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State an area of the earths surface that has
human created boundaries. A state is governed by
a central authority that makes laws, rules, and
decisions that it enforces within those
boundaries. A state makes its own policies, and
the government of a state recognizes no earthly
authority higher than itself within its own
boundaries.
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Monarch
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Absolutism

• No limitations on kings sovereignty. King is a
  monarch meaning only leader
• Based on divine right theory, but not necessarily
  arbitrary or despotic

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Contract Theory

• Human society and government are the work of man,
  constructed according to human will (even if
  sometimes operating under divine guidance)
• Society and government ought to be based on
  mutual agreement rather than force

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An Age of Absolutism and Upheaval - Richelieu
and the Revival of France - Mazarin and the
Fronde - The reign of Louis XIV - English
Constitutionalism
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The Three Hs -The Huguenots -The Habsburgs -The
(Haughty) Nobles
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Charles I of England, 1600-1649
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Oliver Cromwell, 1599-1658
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Absolutism in Theory

• No limitations on kings sovereignty
• Based on divine right theory
• Not arbitrary or despotic
• No right of resistance

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Absolutism in Practice

• Must answer to God and fundamental laws of the
  realm
• Above the law, but
• Defender of the body politic
• Must recognize traditional rights and privileges

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Constitutionalism in Theory

• Limitations on kings sovereignty (or no king i.
  e. a republic
• Based on contract theory
• Representative assembly (e.g. British Parliament)
  safeguards the peoples rights

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Constitutionalism in Practice

• A constitution does not guarantee democracy
• A constitution can substitute one form of elite
  rule with another
• A constitution can limit political participation
  based on race, class, and gender

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And what is it we want to do? Why . . . to
establish white supremacy in this
State. -John B. Knox, Alabama
consti- tutional convention, 22 May 1901
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A. From Louis XIVs Revocation of the Edict of
Nantes(1685) B. Jean Bodins On Sovereignty
(1576) C. From the memoirs of Saint-Simon,
disgruntled aristocrat at Versailles (c.
1745) D. The statesman and historian De Thou
(1553-1617) E. From Philippe Duplessis-Mornays
A Defense of Liberty Against Tyrants (1579) F.
From Henry IVs Edict of Nantes, (1598)
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