Empires and States of the Middle East The development of a shatterbelt, part 2

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Empires and States of the Middle EastThe
development of a shatterbelt, part 2

• Dr. Roy Cole
• Department of Geography and Planning
• GVSU

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Rise of Maranthas
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The rise of Europe
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Beginning of the end for the Ottoman Empire
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Decline of the Ottoman Empire1699 to 1920
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Why did the Ottoman Empire decline? Some
proximate causes

• Increasing complexity and high cost of armaments
  and war.
• Decline in internal trade caused by the rise of
  the transoceanic trade.
• Lack of central governmental control on the
  economy.
• Lack of technological progress in agriculture,
  industry, and transportation.
• Shortages of raw materials such as timber,
  minerals, water.
• Breakdown of authority and the emergence of local
  rulers who had little regard for promoting local
  economic development.
• Rapid population decline, especially in the
  villages, from 1600 to 1800.

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Why did the Ottoman Empire decline?

• The decline of the Ottoman Middle East was due
  to their inability to keep pace with the rapid
  advance of competitor countries in science and
  technology, in the arts of war and peace, and in
  government and commerce.
• Lewis (1995) The Middle East

the West
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Rise of EuropeThree questions

• Why was Europe able to repel Islam? The Ottomans?
• Why was the Maratha people able to defeat the
  Mughals?
• Why did Europe move to from the periphery to the
  center stage of world history?

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Why were the British and the French in the Middle
East?

• The Middle East is of strategic importance.
• To deny the area to others who would enter if
  Western powers did not.
• Concern with the military potential and dangers
  of the area.
• Control of destabilizing Muslim Middle East
  influences.
• There was little expectation of economic gain.

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Impacts of Europe on the Middle East

• Modernization of the military.
• Modern banking.
• Modernization of agriculture.
• Communications innovations.
• Transportation infrastructure innovations.
• Social westernization of upper classes.
• Political and legal impacts.

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British and French legacy to the Middle East

• Liberal economy.
• Political freedom.
• Modern science.
• Modern education.
• The idea of the secular state.
• An increase in the standard of living.
• The French and English languages.

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Three exogenous region-building forces in 19th
and 20th century

• 1. British strategy of empire-building.
• By 1800 Britain had become the dominant
  commercial force in the Gulf.
• 1839 Aden was added to their territories.
• Power base built in Egypt.
• Expulsion of the French 1801.
• Occupation of Egypt 1882.
• 2. The discovery of oil.
• Discovered in 1909 in Khuzestan, Iran
• Found in 1927 in northern Iraq.

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Three exogenous region-building forces in 19th
and 20th century

• 3. The evolution of transportation/communications
  technology.
• Suez Canal built in 1869.
• By the 1930s Baghdad was connected to the
  Mediterranean by rail.
• Egypt was connected by rail to Turkey via
  Palestine, Lebanon, and Syria by 1943.
• Oil pipelines were built that linked the region
  together.
• British built the port of Haifa from 1929 to
  1933.
• British deep dredged the Shatt al-Arab between
  Iraq and Iran in 1930.

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Two and one-half endogenous region-building forces

• 1. Pan-Arabism.
• Arab identity.
• Arabic language.
• Revolt against the Turks.
• Age of nationalism.
• BUT not everyone in region is Arab.
• AND tribal structure is divisive.
• 2. Islam.
• BUT which Islam?
• AND where?
• 2 ½. Were different.
• BUT from whom?
• AND how?

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Attempts at political unification

• Arab Federation (Iraq and Jordan) in 1958.
• United Arab Republic (Egypt and Syria) from 1958
  to 1961.
• United Arab States (UAR and Yemen) from 1958 to
  1961.
• Egypt, Syria, and Iraq 1963.
• Federation of Arab Republics (Egypt, Syria, and
  Libya) in 1972. Lasted to 1977.
• Arab Islamic Republic (Libya and Tunisia).
  Proposed in 1972 and 1974.

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Regional organizations that purport to support
unity

• Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC).
• Arab League (LAS).
• Council for Arab Economic Unity.
• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
  (OPEC).
• Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).
• Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO).
• Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA).

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Regional organizations1. Organization of the
Islamic Conference (OIC)
1. Organization of the Islamic Conference
(OIC). 2. Arab League (LAS). 3. Council for Arab
Economic Unity. 4. Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC). 5. Gulf Cooperation
Council (GCC). 6. Economic Cooperation
Organization (ECO). 7. Greater Arab Free Trade
Area (GAFTA).

• ????????????? ???????? ????????
• Created in 1969.
• Member countries
• 5 Islamic countries ruled by Islamic law
  Afghanistan, Brunei-Darussalam, Iran, Mauritania,
  Pakistan.
• 9 monarchies Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Malaysia,
  Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab
  Emirates.
• 41 republics Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan,
  Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina-Faso, Cameroon, Chad,
  Comoros, Cote dIvoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon,
  Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Guyana, Indonesia,
  Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz, Lebanon, Maldives,
  Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra
  Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Syria,
  Tajikistan, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan,
  Uganda, Uzbekistan, Yemen.
• 2 other Palestine, Libya.
• Purpose
• A United Nations for Muslims.
• A separate Universal Declaration of Human
  Rights.

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Regional organizations2. Arab League (LAS)
1. Organization of the Islamic Conference
(OIC). 2. Arab League (LAS). 3. Council for Arab
Economic Unity. 4. Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC). 5. Gulf Cooperation
Council (GCC). 6. Economic Cooperation
Organization (ECO). 7. Greater Arab Free Trade
Area (GAFTA).

• ????? ????? ???????
• Created in Cairo in 1945.
• 22 member countries
• 1945, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia,
  Syria, Yemen.
• 1950s, Libya, Sudan, Morocco, Tunisia.
• 1960s, Kuwait, Algeria, UAE.
• 1970s, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, Mauritania, Somalia,
  Palestine, Djibouti,
• 1990s, Comoros.
• 3 observers Eritrea, Venezuela, India.
• Purpose Arab unity.

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Regional organizations3. Council for Arab
Economic Unity
1. Organization of the Islamic Conference
(OIC). 2. Arab League (LAS). 3. Council for Arab
Economic Unity. 4. Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC). 5. Gulf Cooperation
Council (GCC). 6. Economic Cooperation
Organization (ECO). 7. Greater Arab Free Trade
Area (GAFTA).

• Created in 1964.
• Twelve member countries Egypt, Iraq, Jordan,
  Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Palestine, Somalia,
  Sudan, Syria, and the two Yemens.
• Purpose
• To create a unified Arab customs area.
• To coordinate regional trade policies with the
  world.
• To coordinate regional economic development.
• To formulate programs for joint Arab development
  projects.
• To achieve monetary unity.
• Rights
• Freedom of movement of individuals and capital.
• Freedom of exchange of domestic and foreign
  goods.
• Freedom of residence, work employment, and
  practicing economic activities.
• Freedom of transport, transit, and civil airport
  facilities.
• Freedom of ownership and inheritance.

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Regional organizations4. Organization of Arab
Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OAPEC)
1. Organization of the Islamic Conference
(OIC). 2. Arab League (LAS). 3. Council for Arab
Economic Unity. 4. Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC). 5. Gulf Cooperation
Council (GCC). 6. Economic Cooperation
Organization (ECO). 7. Greater Arab Free Trade
Area (GAFTA).

• ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????
• Created in 1968.
• Member countries Kuwait, Libya and Saudi
  Arabia, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Qatar,
  Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates.
• Purpose To provide support for the Arab oil
  industry.

Founding member states Withdrew in 1986
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Regional organizations5. Gulf Cooperation
Council (GCC) ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????
1. Organization of the Islamic Conference
(OIC). 2. Arab League (LAS). 3. Council for Arab
Economic Unity. 4. Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC). 5. Gulf Cooperation
Council (GCC). 6. Economic Cooperation
Organization (ECO). 7. Greater Arab Free Trade
Area (GAFTA).

• Created in
• member countries Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar,
  Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.
• Purpose
• To formulate similar regulations in various
  fields such as economy, finance, trade, customs,
  tourism, legislation, and administration.
• To foster scientific and technical progress in
  industry, mining, agriculture, water and animal
  resources.
• To establish scientific research centers.
• To set up joint ventures.
• To encourage cooperation in the private sector.
• To strengthen ties between their peoples.
• To establish a common currency, the Khaleeji, by
  2010.

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Regional organizations6. Economic Cooperation
Organization
1. Organization of the Islamic Conference
(OIC). 2. Arab League (LAS). 3. Council for Arab
Economic Unity. 4. Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC). 5. Gulf Cooperation
Council (GCC). 6. Economic Cooperation
Organization (ECO). 7. Greater Arab Free Trade
Area (GAFTA).

• Created in 1977.
• Ten member countries Afghanistan, Azerbaijan,
  Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Pakistan,
  Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.
• Purpose (Treaty of Izmir, 1996)
• To remove trade barriers within the ECO region.
• To pursue increased economic cooperation to gain
  a greater share of world trade.
• Gradual and smooth economic integration.
• To accelerate the development of transport and
  communications infrastructures between member
  states and with the outside world.
• Joint programs for human resource development.
• Regional cooperation to eradicate drug abuse.
• Ecological and environmental protection.
• Facilitate interaction and cooperation between
  ECO and other international organizations as well
  as financial institutions.
• To further strengthen historical and cultural
  ties among the peoples of the ECO region.

Founding member states
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Regional organizations7. Greater Arab Free Trade
Area (GAFTA)

• The Agadir Agreement for the Establishment of a
  Free Trade Zone between the Arabic Mediterranean
  Nations (AAEFTZAMN).
• Signed in Rabat, Morocco in 2004.
• Signatories Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Tunisia.
• Purpose first step in the establishment of the
  Euro-Mediterranean free trade zone put forward at
  Barcelona in 1995.
• Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) (?????
  ??????? ??????? ????? ??????).
• Began in 1997.
• 17 Member countries Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq,
  Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman,
  Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria,
  Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen.
• Purpose
• Reduce the customs tariffs on Arab products by
  10 annually.
• Standardize product specifications to facilitate
  the movement of their products from one country
  to another.
• Create an Arab free trade zone.

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Supra-regional organizationsRegional
Mediterranean steps toward cooperation

• Barcelona Euro-Mediterranean Conference.
• Held in 1995, 2005.
• Members
• 15 EU members Austria, Belgium, Denmark,
  Germany, Spain, Finland, France, Greece, Ireland,
  Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, United
  Kingdom.
• 12 Mediterranean countries Algeria, Cyprus,
  Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco,
  Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Palestinian Authority,
• 1 observer USA.
• Purpose
• Security and stability in the Mediterranean.
• Cooperation.
• To promote democracy, good governance, and human
  rights.
• To achieve mutually satisfactory trading terms
  with member states.
• Three stages
• Economic. To increase the prosperity of the
  region.
• Political. To promote good governance and
  democracy.
• Cultural. To promote cultural exchange and the
  strengthening of civil society.

25 members in 2005 10 members in
1995 6 observers in 2005
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Supra-regional organizationsRegional
Mediterranean steps toward cooperation

• Mediterranean Union (MU).
• Proposed by French President Sarkozy in 2007.
• Operates independently of the EU.
• Arab Maghreb Union (AMU). ????? ?????? ??????.
• Created 1989.
• Members Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco,
  Tunisia.
• Purpose economic union.

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Prospects for unity in the Arab world are poor

• The great geographic length of the Arab world.
• The shallow geographic depth of the Arab world.
• Discontinuity of settled populations.
• Inadequate communications.
• Lack of economic integration.
• Lack of social integration between town and
  country.
• The diversity of political regimes within the
  Arab world.
• Localism, ethnic separatism, nationalism,
  religious zealotry and militancy, and the
  ambition of leaders.

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Prospects for closer relationships with Europe
seem bright

• Turkey and Europe appear headed toward
  unification.
• North Africa and Europe seem to be heading toward
  greater unification.