The Social Context of Computing

1
The Social Context of Computing

• Group 1

2
Introduction to the Social Implications of
Computing

• John Basias

3
History of computing

• The first fully functioning electronic digital
  computer was Colossus (1943)
• 'first generation' computers
• weighed 30 tons and contained 18,000 electronic
  valves

4
Second generation Computing

• Transistor was invented in 1947
• 'Second Generation' and computers made their
  debut the late 1950s and early 1960s
• still bulky and strictly the domain of
  Universities and governments

5
'Third and Fourth Generation' computing the great
leap foward

• Jack St. Claire Kilby's invention of the
  integrated circuit or microchip in the 1950s
• 1963 technology was integrated creating the first
  3rd generation computers
• Smaller more efficient were used by smaller
  businesses
• Still unavailable or affordable at the individual
  level

6
'Third and Fourth Generation' computing the great
leap forward (cont.)

• November 15th, 1971, Intel released the 4004, the
  world's first commercial microprocessor and the
  RAM chip
• Dawn of the fourth and latest generation of
  computing

7
Effects

• Drive toward improvement and applicability
• The creation of operating systems in the 1980s
  that directly translated conceptual action into
  computer code
• Cheap affordable computing became possible to a
  much larger audience
• Revolutionized the job market restructured the
  inner operations of many businesses. Outdated a
  lot of technology.
• The emergence of hacking and viruses as threats

8
The Dawn of the Internet

• Origionally ARPANET started by the US Dept. of
  Defense for research into networking sometime in
  1969
• Became an object of interest by the 1970s to
  large companies and Universities
• It wasnt until 1980s that technology advanced
  far enough for there to be any use of this
  network
• DNS 1984 replacing IP addressing
• HTTP and was invented in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee
  
• Graphical interface and web browsers appeared in
  the early 1990s

9
Effects

• Great shift in social status and social
  boundaries over the net
• individual have the liberty to exchange, view
  ideas and information anonymously
• How do we define boundaries? Ethical and moral
  issues

10
Effects (cont.)

• New Age of Hacking - everyone is at greater
  risk - viruses are potentially more
  destructive - spyware
• Priavacy
• Internet policing and enforcement and regulation
  of the netwok - the development of software
  and hardware to protect against hacking
  firewalls virus protection

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Social Implications of Networked Communications

• Matt Berger

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Networked Communications

• Take many forms.
• E-mail, message boards, IRC.
• Primary advantage convenience factor.
• Social Implications
• Community, local and global.
• Social Skills.
• The future of computer-mediated communication.

13
Community

• Beneficial Effects
• Study has shown that networked communications
  increase both local and global community
  involvement.
• Not intuitive would expect less local
  involvement.
• Anonymity fosters a global community.
• Discrimination is now not a factor.
• Potential for this to spread into real life
  interaction.

14
Community

• Detrimental Effects
• Internet communities are not situated anywhere.
• Creates a certain level of unease and mistrust.
• Transition from group-based societies to
  network-based societies.
• Internet communities contain a very weak level of
  connectivity.

15
Social Skills

• Advantages of Anonymity
• The freedom a person has.
• One can gain confidence in using an Internet
  persona.
• Advantageous to normally anti-social people.
• Easier for them to express their thoughts could
  extend to real life interactions.

16
Social Skills

• Disadvantages of Anonymity
• Undergoing an Internet persona to insult others.
• Freedom of Internet communication encourages
  this.
• Constant level of distrust.
• Obstructs the possibility of developing healthy
  relationships.
• Computer-mediated communication is simply a poor
  substitute for physical interaction.

17
Future of Networked Communications

• Advances under a matter of convenience.
• Should always be aware of the social
  consequences.
• For instance recent controversy of using web
  logs as valid information sources.
• Ultimately, will never be a substitute for
  standard person-to-person communication.

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Growth of, Control of, and Access to the
Internet

• Luis M. Callejo

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Growth of the Internet

• Trends of Growth
• Adaption into Society
• Growing Ethical Considerations
• Cyber ethics
• Growth of Applications
• Website vs. Peer to Peer

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Control of the Internet

• Autonomous System
• Peering
• Border Gateway Protocol
• Concerns about security

21
Access to the Internet

• Access to Information
• Cyberethics
• Presentation of Information
• Directories
• Automation

22
Conclusion

• What will determine the future of the Internet?
• Development of Cyberethics
• Demands on Architecture

23
Gender Related Issues of Computing

• Nick Cavuoto

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History of Women in Computing

• Ada Byron
• Edith Clarke
• Grace Murray Hopper
• World War II opened the door

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Traditionally

• Math and Technology Men
• Humanities Women
• Video Games also are a factor

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At the Job

• Stereotypes in the work place
• Sex appeal
• Corporations with women at the helm are more
  successful

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What to do?

• AWC (Association for Women in Computing)
• Parents
• Teachers

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International Issue

• Kefei Chen

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Informational Technology (IT) and National
Culture

• Comparing the different approaches for managing
  IT between Japanese Culture and Western Culture.

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Informational Technology (IT) and National
Culture

• How do they decide what are their business needs?
  
• strategic alignment vs. strategic instinct
• How will they know whether IT investments are
  worthwhile?
• value for money vs. performance improvement
• When they are trying to improve a business
  process, how does technology fit into their
  thinking?
• technology solutions vs. appropriate technology
• How should IT users and IT specialists connect in
  their organization?
• IT user relations vs. organizational bonding
• How can they design systems that improve
  organizational performance?
• system design vs. human design

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IT and Economy

• IT consumers and IT producers in Asia

32
IT and Economy

• Japan Model of IT Industrial Development

33
Internet Users
34
Internet Users

• Key factors that determine the use of information
  technologies on an international basis
• Income
• Cost of connection Monthly
• Education
• Gender
• Age
• Language

35
Internet Users

• Example
• An African country Zambia
• Reasons of low internet usage
• High Cost of the internet
• Low Computer Penetration
• Shortage of Trained Personnel
• Lack of Awareness of Information Technology

36
Computer Crime

• Hodan Egal

37
Computer Crime

• Computer Crime is defined as any illegal act
  where special knowledge of computer is essential
  for its perpetration, investigation, or
  persecution.

38
Types of Attacks

• Military and Intelligence attacks
• Business Attacks
• Financial Attacks
• Terrorist Attacks
• Grudge Attacks
• Fun Attacks

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Military and Intelligence Attacks

• Computer store information ranging from the
  positioning of Air Force satellites to plans for
  troop deployment throughout the world.
• In June 1988, computer cracker Kevin Mitnick
  (code-named Condor) broke in remotely to a
  defense Department network. He allegedly stole a
  pre-release version of Digital Equipment
  Corporations VMS V5.0 operating system software
  and temporarily stored on a Navy computer at the
  Patuxent Naval Air Station.

40
Business Attacks

• Business are increasingly the target of both
  competitors and the curious, although most
  business crimes are still committed by employees.
• e.g. In December 1987, apple found a virus in
  its electronic mail system. The virus succeeded
  in shutting down the system and erasing all
  Apples voice-mail.

41
Financial Attacks

• Banks are always a tempting target for computer
  criminals.
• e.g. Back 1998, seven criminals hatched a plot
  against the First National Bank of Chicago. The
  group used a wire transfer scheme to move 25.37
  million belonging to Merrill Lynch and Co, 25
  million belonging to United Airlines and 19.75
  million belonging to the Brown-Forman Corporation
  to a New York bank and then to two separate banks
  in Vienna.

42
Terrorist Attacks

• Even terrorist have gone high-tech.
• Terrorist were striking at the
• computer industry, but not for the first
• time

43
Grudge Fun Attacks

• Not all computers criminals are
• seeking information.Some simply
• want to wreak damage and
• destruction.
• At one extreme, computer crime can
• be much more profitable than other
• forms of fraud and terrorism.

44
Federal Approaches

• This section explores the major federal
• statutes, enforcement strategies and
• constitutional issues regarding computer
• related crimes.
• Federal Criminal Code
• Enforcement Strategies

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Prevention of Computer Crime

• There are many approaches to protect computer
  system from attack.
• Identifying Risks
• Physical Security
• Personal Security
• Communication Security
• Operations Security

46
Conclusion

• Computer Crime will increasingly be a
• challenge faced by all industrialized nations.
• Solutions that rely solely on international
• coordination to investigate and prosecute
• computer criminals will not work.

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Computer Crime Prevention

• Sean Egan

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Preventing Computer Crime

• Use secure software
• Have a sane password policy
• Understand how computer crime works

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Use Secure Software

• Regardless of how safe you are, using insecure
  software puts you at risk
• Don't use buggy software
• Microsoft Windows/IE/Outlook/etc. suck
• Even bug-free software is dangerous if poorly
  designed
• Telnet vs. SSH

50
Have a Sane Password Policy

• Passwords are often the only thing keeping
  intruders out of your system
• Choose good passwords
• Consider passphrases
• Handle with care
• Change passwords often
• Keep passwords secret

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Understand How Computer Crime Works

• Keep informed about software vulnerabilities
• BugTraq mailing list
• Operating system announcements
• Automatic updates
• Honeypots
• Used to safely monitor illicit activity in the
  wild
• Not limited just to single computers

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Conclusion

• Be responsible computer users
• Make smart choices about software
• Exhibit responsible behavior about password usage
• Educate yourself

53
Diversity in the Workplace

• Philip Fong

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Diversity

• Acknowledging, understanding, accepting, valuing,
  and celebrating differences among people with
  respect to age, class, ethnicity, gender,
  physical and mental ability, race, sexual
  orientation, spiritual practice, and public
  assistance status

55
Affirmative Action

• Established by Kennedy Administration
• Counteract racial discrimination
• Reverse Discrimination
• Now nearly obsolete

56
Glass Ceiling

• Barrier that inhibits women and minorities from
  top-tier job positions
• The result of conscious and unconscious
  stereotyping and discrimination

57
Gender Roles

• Imposed by tradition and society
• Men Power suit, power tie, power steering.
• Women 50 times more likely to stay at home to
  take care of children

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Age

• Elderly employees are paid more with lucrative
  benefit packages
• More expensive to keep in the work force
• Older employees are more educated important to
  countrys productivity growth

59
Diversity is the Future

• Monochrome work force will not survive into the
  future
• Diverse work force promotes creativity,
  productivity, and competitiveness
• Diversity reinforces that employees are hired
  based on skill and talent, not on demographic
  differences

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Diversity is the Future (cont.)

• Projected that women will eventually make up 50
  of the entire labor force
• 85 of new workers in 2005 include women and
  minorities
• Human resource departments
• trained to manage diverse workplace
• trained to hire the best talent