Keeping Students Safe While Working Outdoors and Around Animals

1
Keeping Students Safe While Working Outdoors and
Around Animals

• Brenda Jacklitsch, MS
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and
  Health
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• National Association of Agricultural
• Educators Convention
• December 2008

The findings and conclusions in this presentation
have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy.
2
Percentage of Work-related Deaths by Industry

• Workers under age 18 compared with all workers,
  U.S., 19922000.
• Source Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
  Special Research Files, BLS, analysis by NIOSH
  2003. (http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-128/2
  003128.htm)

3
Preventing Deaths, Injuries Illnesses of Young
Workers

• Talk to students about work
• Talk to students about safety health hazards,
  students rights responsibilities as workers.
• Ensure the safety of school-based work experience
  programs
• Ensure that programs partnerships offer
  students work that is allowed by law is in safe
  healthful environments.
• Include worker safety health in the school
  curriculum
• Incorporate occupational safety health topics
  into curricula (e.g., safety health
  regulations, how to recognize hazards, how to
  communicate safety concerns, where to go for
  help).
• Information is available from NIOSH at
  www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/99-141.pdf .
• Know the laws
• If you are responsible for signing work permits
  or certificates, know the child labor laws. State
  laws may be more restrictive than Federal laws,
  they vary considerably from State to State.
• Visit http//www.dol.gov/dol/topic/youthlabor/agri
  culturalemployment.htm or http//www.osha.gov/SLTC
  /teenworkers/index.html.

4
Two Big Misconceptions

• Dont the Kids Already Know?
• Yes, Maybe, No.
• Its Common Sense!
• The problem with assuming something should be
  common sense is sometimes its not.

5
Topics
6
Section 1SAFE ANIMAL HANDLING
7
Before Handling Any Animal

• Consider Environmental Conditions.
• Weather - Too Hot or Cold?
• Surface terrain.
• Consider Animal Behavior.
• Gender breed differences.
• Individual animals history.
• Current degree of animals agitation anxiety.
• Mothers with offspring intact males.
• Understand utilize the animals flight zone.
• Be cautious with an animal that has separated
  itself from the herd.

1. ANIMAL HANDLING
8
Before Handling Any Animal

• Consider Available Equipment Facilities.
• Provide escape routes barriers for the animal
  yourself.
• Use appropriate restraints that are in good
  condition.
• Make sure you have what you need before getting
  the animal.
• First Aid Kit.

1. ANIMAL HANDLING
9
Before Handling Any Animal

• Consider Appropriate Handling Techniques.
• Personal skill levels vs. handling a particular
  animal.
• Be extra cautious around animals not often
  handled.
• Minimize noise number of visitors in area.
• Always have a buddy nearby that is paying
  attention.
• Use a calm voice.
• Alternate tasks to avoid repetitive motion
  injuries.
• Use proper lifting techniques.
• Try to stay away from the kicking zone.
• Never tie a lead rope to yourself or wrap one
  around your wrist.

1. ANIMAL HANDLING
10
Personal Protective Equipment

• Wear properly fitting clothes.
• Protective footwear.
• May want leather gloves or surgical gloves.
• Hearing Protection.

1. ANIMAL HANDLING
11
Hearing Protection

• Exposure to noise levels above 85 dB can cause
  hearing loss tinnitus.

1. ANIMAL HANDLING
12
Animal Handling?
QUESTIONS
13
Section 2ZOONOSES
14
ZOONOSES

• 2.1 What is a zoonotic disease?
• 2.2 Examples
• 2.3 Rabies
• 2.4 Vector-borne diseases

15
2.1 ZOONOTIC DISEASES
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What is a Zoonotic Disease?

• An infectious disease that can be transferred
  from animals to humans.
• Approximately 60 of all human pathogens are
  zoonotic.
• Zoonotic diseases can be caused by
• Parasite
• Fungi
• Bacteria
• Virus
• Prion

2.1 ZOONOTIC DISEASES
17
Parasite

• An organism living in, with, or on another
  organism.
• Examples
• Babesiosis
• Giardia

Babesia infected blood cells(http//www.vetmed.uc
davis.edu/VBDP/smear.htm)
2.1 ZOONOTIC DISEASES
18
Fungus

• A spore-producing organism that includes molds,
  mildews, mushrooms, yeasts.
• Examples
• Ringworm

Ringworm (CDC/Dr. Lucille K. Georg)
2.1 ZOONOTIC DISEASES
19
Bacteria

• Unicellular microorganisms that can live in
  soil, water, plants, or animals.
• Examples
• Lyme Disease
• Anthrax
• Brucellosis

Anthrax lesion on arm of wool factory worker
(CDC/Dr. Philip S. Brachman)
2.1 ZOONOTIC DISEASES
20
Virus

• A sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable
  to grow or reproduce outside a host cell.
• Examples
• West Nile Virus
• Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)
• Rabies

Transmission electron micrograph of West Nile
virus (CDC/ P.E. Rollin)
2.1 ZOONOTIC DISEASES
21
Prion

• A protein particle that causes various
  neurodegenerative diseases.
• Examples
• Scrapie
• Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy(Mad Cow
  Disease)

BSE-infected cow brain tissue (Holes caused by
infection) (CDC/Al Jenny)
2.1 ZOONOTIC DISEASES
22
Examples of Zoonotic Diseases
KEY Bovine Equine Swine Ovine Camelids
Rabbits Poultry
2.1 ZOONOTIC DISEASES
23
2.2 RABIES
24
RABIES

• Caused by a virus.
• Affects mammals.
• You can get rabies from the saliva of infected
  mammals.
• Bites scratches.
• The rabies virus damages nerve cells.

2.2 RABIES
25
Symptoms
2.2 RABIES
26
Recommendations

• Look before you reach.
• Shake out work boots before wearing.
• Dont touch or pick-up wild animals or strange
  dogs or cats.
• Wear gloves use a shovel when disposing of dead
  animals.
• Make sure pets are vaccinated.
• Report any animal acting strangely.
• If you are bitten by an animal, wash with soap
  water, seek medical care.

2.2 RABIES
27
2.3 VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES
28
VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES

• Vector-borne diseases are spread to humans or
  other animals by an insect or other arthropod.
• Arthropods include insects, arachnids,
  crustaceans.
• Mosquito-borne Tick-borne diseases.

2.3 VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES
29
U.S. Vector-borne Diseases

• Tick-borne
• Lyme Disease B
• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) B
• Babesiosis P
• Ehrlichiosis B
• Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness (STARI)
  B
• Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever B
• Tularemia B
• Anaplasmosis P
• Colorado Tick Fever V

• Mosquito-borne
• West Nile Virus Infection (WNV) V
• Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) V
• St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) V
• Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) V
• La Crosse Encephalitis V

KEY Bacteria Parasite Virus
2.3 VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES
30
Mosquito-borne Disease Transmission
2.3 VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES
31
Tick-borne Disease Transmission
2.3 VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES
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When Are People at Highest Risk?

• Warmer Months

2.3 VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES
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Symptoms

• Mosquito-borne Dz.
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Muscle/Joint Pain
• Stiff Neck
• Disorientation
• Muscle Weakness
• Encephalitis
• Meningitis

• Tick-borne Dz.
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Joint Pain
• Body/Muscle Aches
• Rash

2.3 VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES
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Mosquito Recommendations

• Deter mosquitoes.
• Remove sources of standing H2O.
• Store equipment that could collect H2O.
• Change H2O troughs every 4-5 days scrub sides.
• Ponds should have aerators or fish.
• Avoid working at dusk dawn.
• Remove standing H2O items that collect H2O.
• Wear proper clothing.
• Long sleeves long pants.
• Use repellent.
• Products containing gt20 DEET for skin.
• Permethrin for clothing.
• Know symptoms of mosquito-borne diseases.

2.3 VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES
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Tick Recommendations

• Deter ticks.
• Remove leaf litter.
• Keep grass mowed short.
• Set rodent traps or poisons properly store
  food.
• Discourage deer with barriers.
• Wear proper clothing.
• Long sleeves long pants.
• Tuck pants into socks or boots.
• Light-colored clothing for easy tick spotting.
• Use repellent.
• Products containing gt20 DEET for skin.
• Permethrin for clothing.
• Check skin clothes for ticks daily.
• When washing clothes, use a hot dryer setting to
  kill ticks.
• Know symptoms of tick-borne diseases.

2.3 VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES
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Proper Tick Removal

• Remove the tick as soon as you notice it.
• Use fine-tipped tweezers to firmly grasp the tick
  very close to your skin.
• Avoid crushing the tick.
• With a steady motion, pull the tick away from
  your skin.
• Do not be alarmed if the ticks mouthparts
  remain in the skin. The tick can no longer
  transmit bacteria.
• Clean your skin with soap H2O or alcohol.

DO NOT use petroleum jelly, a hot match, nail
polish, or other products to remove a tick.
http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/lyme/ld_tickremova
l.htm
2.3 VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES
37
2.1 Zoonotic Diseases?2.2 Rabies?2.3
Vector-borne Diseases?
QUESTIONS
38
Section 3WILDLIFE
39
WILDLIFE

• 3.1 Stinging Insects
• 3.2 Fire Ants
• 3.3 Venomous Snakes
• 3.4 Venomous Spiders

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Section 3.1 STINGING INSECTS
41
STINGING INSECTS
Thousands of people are stung by insects each
year. 90100 people die each year as a result
of allergic reactions.
3.1 STINGING INSECTS
42
Stinging Insects

• Most abundant in the warmer months.
• Nests hives may be found in trees, under roof
  eaves, or on equipment such as ladders.

3.1 STINGING INSECTS
43
Sting Prevention

• Wear light-colored, smooth-finished clothing.
• Wear clean clothing bathe daily. (sweat may
  anger bees)
• Wear clothing that covers as much as possible.
• Avoid banana-scented toiletries, perfumed soaps,
  colognes.
• Avoid flowering plants.
• Keep work areas clean.
• Social wasps thrive where humans discard food.
• Remain calm still.
• Swatting may cause it to sting.
• If you are attacked, run away.
• Bees release a chemical when they sting, which
  attracts other bees.
• Go indoors.
• Shaded area is better than an open area to get
  away from the insects.

3.1 STINGING INSECTS
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First Aid

• Have someone stay with the person stung in case
  of an allergic reaction.
• Wash the site with soap water.
• Remove the stinger using gauze wiped over the
  area or by scraping a fingernail over the area.
• Never squeeze the stinger or use tweezers.
• Apply ice to reduce swelling.
• Dont scratch the sting as this may increase risk
  of infection.

3.1 STINGING INSECTS
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Section 3.2 FIRE ANTS
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FIRE ANTS

• Imported fire ants first came to the U.S. around
  1930.
• Now there are 5-times more ants per acre in the
  U.S. than in their native South America.

3.2 FIRE ANTS
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Sting Bite Prevention

• Do not disturb ant mounds.
• Be careful when lifting items (including animal
  carcasses) off the ground.
• May be found on trees or in water look over the
  area before starting to work.
• People with severe allergic reactions to insect
  bites or stings should carry an EpiPen wear
  medical ID jewelry stating their allergy.

3.2 FIRE ANTS
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First Aid

• Rub off ants briskly.
• They attach to the skin with their jaws.
• Antihistamines may help.
• Follow directions on packaging.
• Drowsiness may occur.
• Seek emergency medical attention if a sting
  causes severe chest pain, nausea, sweating, loss
  of breath, serious swelling, or slurred speech.

3.2 FIRE ANTS
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Section 3.3 VENOMOUS SNAKES
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VENOMOUS SNAKES

• 7,000 8,000 people per year receive venomous
  bites in the United States.
• 5 of those people die.

3.3 VENOMOUS SNAKES
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Rattlesnakes

• Many species in the U.S.
• Largest venomous snake in the U.S.
• Can strike up to 1/3 their body length.
• Use rattles or tails as a warning.
• Babies more dangerous cant control how much
  venom they inject.
• Found sunning near logs, boulders, or open areas.
  
• Mountains, prairies, deserts, beaches.
• Across the U.S.

3.3 VENOMOUS SNAKES
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Copperheads

• Vary in color from reddish to golden tan.
• Colored bands are hourglass-shaped.
• Adults are 1836 in.
• Not usually aggressive, often freezes when
  frightened.
• Forests, rocky areas, swamps, or near sources of
  water.
• Eastern U.S. to as far west as Texas.

3.3 VENOMOUS SNAKES
53
Coral Snakes

• Often confused with nonvenomous king snakes.
• If the red bands touch yellow bands, then it is
  venomous.
• Coral snakes hide in leaf piles or burrow into
  the ground.
• Wooded, sandy, or marshy areas of the Southern
  U.S.

3.3 VENOMOUS SNAKES
54
Cottonmouths

• Average length is 555in.
• Adults are dark tan, brown, or nearly black, with
  vague black or dark brown crossbands.
• Juveniles have bold crossbands of brown or orange
  with a yellow tail.
• Found in or around water.
• Do not scare easily will defend themselves.
• Wetland areas, rivers, lakes, etc., in the
  southeastern U.S.

3.3 VENOMOUS SNAKES
55
Bite Prevention

• Do not try to handle any snake.
• Stay away from tall grass piles of leaves when
  possible.
• Avoid climbing on rocks or piles of wood.
• Be aware that snakes tend to be active at night
  in warm weather.
• Wear boots long pants when working outside.

3.3 VENOMOUS SNAKES
56
First Aid

• Remember the color shape of snake.
• Keep still calm. (slows the spread of venom)
• Seek medical attention as soon as possible.
• Apply first aid if you cant get to the hospital
  right away.
• Lay or sit down with the bite below heart level.
• Wash the bite with soap water.
• Cover the bite with a clean, dry dressing.
• Dont pick up the snake or try to trap it.
• Dont apply a tourniquet.
• Dont slash the wound with a knife.
• Dont suck out the venom.

3.3 VENOMOUS SNAKES
57
Section 3.4 VENOMOUS SPIDERS
58
VENOMOUS SPIDERS

• Widow spiders have more potent venom than most
  spiders,
• prior to the development of antivenom, 5 of
  bites
• resulted in fatalities.
• Bettini S. "Epidemiology of Latrodectism".
  Toxicon 104 93102.

3.4 VENOMOUS SPIDERS
59
Black Widow

• Found in southern western U.S.
• Red hourglass on abdomen underside.
• Found in woodpiles, under eaves, fences, other
  areas where debris has accumulated.
• Build webs between objects.
• Often 2 puncture marks in the bite.
• Pain at the bite area that spreads to the chest,
  abdomen, or entire body.

3.4 VENOMOUS SPIDERS
60
Brown Recluse

• Found in the Midwestern southern U.S.
• Brown with a dark violin-shape on its head.
• Found in secluded, dry, sheltered areas
  (underneath structures, logs, or in piles of
  rocks, leaves, or shoes).
• Bites may cause a stinging sensation with
  localized pain.
• Small white blister usually develops.
• Venom causes a severe lesion by destroying skin
  tissue (skin necrosis).

3.4 VENOMOUS SPIDERS
61
Hobo Spider

• Found in U.S. Pacific Northwest.
• Large brown with yellow markings on abdomen.
• No dark bands on their legs.
• Build funnel webs in holes, cracks, recesses.
• Found in retaining walls, window wells, stacks of
  wood or bricks, or between boxes.
• Do not climb but are fast runners.
• More likely to bite if threatened.
• Moderate to severe, slow-healing wound will
  develop.

3.4 VENOMOUS SPIDERS
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Bite Symptoms

• Itching or rash
• Pain in bite area
• Muscle pain or cramping
• Red to purple wound or blister
• Increased sweating
• Difficulty breathing
• Headache
• Nausea and vomiting
• Fever
• Chills
• Anxiety or restlessness
• High blood pressure
• Death (rare)

3.4 VENOMOUS SPIDERS
63
Bite Prevention

• Shake out clothing, shoes, or equipment before
  use.
• Wear long-sleeved shirt, long pants, hat, gloves,
  boots.
• Minimize empty spaces between stacked materials.
• Remove reduce debris.
• Trim or eliminate tall grasses.
• Store apparel equipment in tightly closed
  plastic bags.
• Keep tetanus boosters up-to-date (every 10
  years). (Bites can become infected with tetanus
  spores.)

3.4 VENOMOUS SPIDERS
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First Aid

• Stay calm.
• Identify the type of spider if it is possible to
  do so safely.
• Wash the bite area with soap water.
• Apply a cold, damp cloth to the bite area to
  reduce swelling.
• Elevate bite area if possible.
• Do not attempt to remove venom.
• Immediately seek professional medical attention.

3.4 VENOMOUS SPIDERS
65
3.1 Stinging Insects?3.2 Fire Ants?3.3 Venomous
Snakes?3.4 Venomous Spiders?
QUESTIONS
66
Section 4OTHER OUTDOORHAZARDS
67
OTHER OUTDOOR HAZARDS

• 4.1 Poisonous Plants
• 4.2 Cold Stress
• 4.3 Heat Stress
• 4.4 UV Radiation

68
Section 4.1 POISONOUS PLANTS
69
POISONOUS PLANTS

• When exposed to an amount that is
• less than 1 grain of table salt
• of urushiol (the itchy chemical in sap),
• 80-90 of adults will develop a rash.

4.1 POISONOUS PLANTS
70
Poison Ivy

• Hairy vines with 3 leaves on each stem
• Small shrub with 3 leaves on each stem
• Yellow or white flowers
• May have berries

4.1 POISONOUS PLANTS
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Poison Oak

• Usually a shrub with leaves of three
• May have yellow or green flowers
• May have berries

4.1 POISONOUS PLANTS
72
Poison Sumac

• Woody shrub
• Each stem has 7-13 leaves arranged in pairs
• May have berries

4.1 POISONOUS PLANTS
73
Why does it Itch?

• Urushiol oo-ru-shee-ol
• A chemical in the sap.
• Damaged plants leak this sap.
• The sap sticks onto your skin causes an
  allergic reaction.

4.1 POISONOUS PLANTS
74
Exposure

• Direct contact with the plant.
• Indirect contact. (Touching tools, livestock, or
  clothing that have urushiol on them.)
• Inhalation of particles containing urushiol from
  burning plants.

4.1 POISONOUS PLANTS
75
Symptoms

• Red rash (within a few days)
• Possible bumps, patches, streaking, or weeping
  blisters
• Blister fluids are not contagious!
• Swelling
• Itching

4.1 POISONOUS PLANTS
76
Prevention

• Wear long sleeves, long pants, boots, gloves.
• Wash exposed clothing separately in hot water
  with detergent.
• Dont burn plants that may be poisonous.
• Barrier skin creams may offer some protection
  before contact. (ex. lotion w/ bentoquatum)
• Wash off reapply creams twice a day.
• Clean tools with alcohol.
• Wear disposable gloves during this process.

4.1 POISONOUS PLANTS
77
First Aid

• Rinse skin with lots of H2O, rubbing alcohol,
  poison plant washes, degreasing soap or
  detergent.
• Scrub under nails with a brush.
• Apply wet compresses, calamine lotion, or
  hydrocortisone cream to reduce itching
  blistering.
• Do not apply to broken skin.
• Oatmeal baths may relieve itching.
• An antihistamine (Benadryl) can be taken to help
  relieve itching.
• Drowsiness may occur.
• In severe cases or if rash is on the face or
  genitals, seek professional medical attention.
• Call 911 or go to a hospital emergency room if
• Severe allergic reaction (ex. swelling or
  difficulty breathing).
• Exposed to the smoke of a burning plant.

4.1 POISONOUS PLANTS
78
Section 4.2 COLD STRESS
79
COLD STRESS

• Each year nearly 700 people in the U.S. die of
  hypothermia.http//www.mayoclinic.com/health/hypo
  thermia/DS00333
• 37 of Hypothermia-related deaths in the U.S.
  between 1999-2000 were work-related.
• http//www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5510a5.
  htm

4.2 COLD STRESS
80
Hypothermia

• Symptoms
• Early Symptoms
• Shivering
• Fatigue
• Loss of coordination
• Confusion and disorientation
• Late Symptoms
• No shivering
• Blue skin
• Dilated pupils
• Slowed pulse breathing
• Loss of consciousness
• First Aid
• Alert supervisor request medical assistance.
• Move into a warm room or shelter.
• Remove their wet clothing.
• Warm the center of the body first (chest, neck,
  head, groin).
• Use skin-to-skin contact under loose, dry layers
  of blankets, clothing, towels, or sheets.

4.2 COLD STRESS
81
Frostbite

• Symptoms
• Reduced blood flow to hands and feet (fingers or
  toes can freeze)
• Numbness
• Tingling or stinging
• Aching
• Bluish or pail, waxy skin
• First Aid
• Get into a warm room.
• Unless necessary, do not walk on frostbitten feet
  or toes.
• Immerse the affected area in warm water (the
  temperature should be comfortable to the touch
  for unaffected parts of the body).
• Warm affected areas using body heat (ex. the
  armpit can be used to warm fingers.
• Dont rub or massage the frostbitten area doing
  so may cause more damage.
• Dont use a heating pad, heat lamp, stove,
  fireplace, or radiator for warming. Affected
  areas are numb and can be easily burned.

4.2 COLD STRESS
82
Trench Foot

• Symptoms
• Reddening of the skin
• Numbness
• Leg cramps
• Swelling
• Tingling pain
• Blisters or ulcers
• Bleeding under the skin
• Gangrene (the foot may turn dark purple, blue, or
  gray)
• First Aid
• Remove shoes/boots wet socks.
• Dry the feet.
• Avoid walking on feet, as this may cause tissue
  damage.

4.2 COLD STRESS
83
Chilblains

• Symptoms
• Redness
• Itching
• Possible blistering
• Inflammation
• Possible ulceration in severe cases
• First Aid
• Avoid scratching.
• Slowly warm the skin.
• Use corticosteroid creams to relieve itching
  swelling.
• Keep blisters ulcers clean covered.

4.2 COLD STRESS
84
Prevention

• Wear appropriate clothing.
• Layering provides better insulation.
• Dont wear tight clothing (reduces blood
  circulation).
• Beware of clothing that restricts movement.
• Protect the ears, face, hands feet.
• Waterproof insulated boots.
• Hat. (Reduces heat that escapes from your head.)
• Move into warm locations during breaks.
• Limit time outside on extremely cold days.
• Carry cold weather gear. (extra socks, gloves,
  hats, jacket, blankets, change of clothes,
  thermos)
• Include thermometer chemical hot packs in
  first aid kit.
• Avoid touching cold metal surfaces with bare
  skin.
• Monitor your physical condition.

4.2 COLD STRESS
85
Section 4.3 HEAT STRESS
86
HEAT STRESS

• From 1979-2003, excessive
• heat exposure caused 8,015 deaths in the U.S.
• During this period, more people died from extreme
  heat than from hurricanes, lightning, tornadoes,
  floods, earthquakes combined.
• http//emergency.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/hea
  t_guide.asp

4.3 HEAT STRESS
87
Heat Stroke

• Symptoms
• Hot, dry skin
• Hallucinations
• Chills
• Throbbing headache
• High body temperature
• Confusion/dizziness
• Slurred speech
• First Aid
• Call 911 and notify their supervisor.
• Move the sick person to a cool shaded area.
• Cool the person using methods such as
• Soaking their clothes with water.
• Spraying, sponging, or showering them with water.
  
• Fanning their body.

4.3 HEAT STRESS
88
Heat Exhaustion

• Symptoms
• Heavy sweating
• Extreme weakness or fatigue
• Dizziness, confusion
• Nausea
• Clammy, moist skin
• Pale or flushed complexion
• Muscle cramps
• Slightly elevated body temperature
• Fast and shallow breathing
• First Aid
• Rest in a cool, shaded or air-conditioned area.
• Drink plenty of water or other cool beverages.
• Take a cool shower, bath, or sponge bath.

4.3 HEAT STRESS
89
Heat Syncope

• Symptoms
• Light-headedness
• Dizziness
• Fainting
• First Aid
• Sit or lie down in a cool place when they begin
  to feel symptoms.
• Slowly drink water, clear juice, or a sports
  beverage.

4.3 HEAT STRESS
90
Heat Cramps

• Symptoms
• Muscle pain or spasms usually in the abdomen,
  arms, or legs.
• First Aid
• Stop all activity, and sit in a cool place.
• Drink clear juice or a sports beverage.
• Do not return to strenuous work for a few hours
  after the cramps subside (further exertion may
  lead to heat exhaustion or heat stroke).
• Seek medical attention if any of the following
  apply
• The person has heart problems.
• The person is on a low-sodium diet.
• The cramps do not subside within one hour.

4.3 HEAT STRESS
91
Heat Rash

• Symptoms
• Heat rash looks like a red cluster of pimples or
  small blisters.
• It is more likely to occur on the neck upper
  chest, in the groin, under the breasts, in
  elbow creases.
• First Aid
• Work in a cooler, less humid environment when
  possible.
• Keep the affected area dry.
• Dusting powder may be used to increase comfort.

4.3 HEAT STRESS
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Prevention

• Wear light-colored, loose-fitting, breathable
  clothing (ex. Cotton).
• Avoid non-breathing synthetic clothing.
• Gradually build up to heavy work.
• Schedule heavy work during the coolest parts of
  day.
• Take more breaks.
• In the shade or a cool area when possible.
• Drink water frequently.
• Drink enough water that you never become thirsty.
  
• Avoid drinks with caffeine large amounts of
  sugar.
• Personal protective equipment may increase your
  risk.
• Monitor your physical condition.

4.3 HEAT STRESS
93
Section 4.4 UV RADIATION
94
UV RADIATION

• 1 in 5 Americans will develop skin cancer in the
  course of a lifetime.Robinson JK. Sun Exposure,
  Sun Protection, and Vitamin D. JAMA 2005 294
  1541-43.
• About 65 of melanoma cases can be attributed to
  UV radiation from the sun. Armstrong, B.K., and
  A. Kricker, How much melanoma is caused by sun
  exposure?, Melanoma Research, 1993 3395-401.
• Melanoma is the 2nd most common form of cancer
  for 15-29 yr olds.Cancer Epidemiology in Older
  Adolescents Young Adults. SEER AYA Monograph
  Pages 53-63. 2007.

4.4 UV RADIATION
95
Sunburn First Aid

• Aspirin, Tylenol, or ibuprofen can relieve pain,
  headache, reduce fever.
• Drink water to replace fluid losses.
• Cool baths or wet cloths on burned areas may
  provide comfort.
• People with sunburns should avoid further
  exposure.
• Moisturizing creams, aloe, or 1 hydrocortisone
  cream may provide relief.
• If blistering occurs
• Lightly bandage or cover with gauze to prevent
  infection.
• Dont break blisters (slows the healing
  increases risk of infection).
• When skin peels, dried fragments may be removed
  antiseptic ointment or hydrocortisone cream may
  be applied.
• Seek medical attention if any of the following
  occur

4.4 UV RADIATION
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UV Protection

• Wear sunscreen with a minimum of SPF 15.
• SPF refers to the amount of time you will be
  protected from a burn.
• SPF 15 allows a person to stay out in the sun
  15-times longer than normally without burning.
• SPF rating applies to skin reddening protection
  against UVB exposure.
• SPF does not protect against UVA.
• UVA blocking products contain Mexoryl, Parsol
  1789, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, or avobenzone.

4.4 UV RADIATION
97
UV Protection

• Wear sunscreen (at least SPF 15).
• Sunscreens are affected by wind, humidity,
  perspiration, proper application.
• Throw out old sunscreens after 1-2 years.
• Apply a minimum of 1oz at least 20 min. before
  sun exposure.
• Dont forget ears, scalp, lips, neck, tops of
  feet, backs of hands.
• Reapply at least every 2 hrs. when getting out
  of the water or perspiring.
• May lose efficacy when applied with insect
  repellents.
• Follow the application directions on the bottle.
• Wear appropriate clothing.
• Dark clothing with a tight weave is more
  protective.
• Wear wide-brimmed hats sunglasses.

4.4 UV RADIATION
98
4.1 Poisonous Plants?4.2 Cold Stress?4.3 Heat
Stress?4.4 UV Radiation?
QUESTIONS
99
Ideas for the Classroom
100
Guest Speakers

• U.S. Fish Wildlife Services
• Info by State http//www.fws.gov/offices/
• Educator Info http//www.fws.gov/educators/educat
  ors.html
• Red Cross Instructor
• Info by State http//www.redcross.org/where/chapt
  s.asp
• Entomologist
• Contact local museums, zoos, or universities.
• Veterinarian

CLASSROOM IDEAS
101
Assignments

• Have a student present a summary of a different
  Zoonotic Disease at the beginning of each class.
• Interview adults in the Ag Industry about safety.
• Have you been in any accidents while working?
• What safety precautions do you use for ____
  situations?
• Give students different work scenarios and have
  them explain the hazards and what they should do
  to be safe.
• If you are working with live animals, have
  students demonstrate proper handling techniques
  appropriate behavior around each different
  species.

CLASSROOM IDEAS
102
Helpful Resources
103
NIOSH Resources Hazards to Outdoor Workers
http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/
RESOURCES
104
NIOSH Resources Avian Influenza
http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/avianflu/
RESOURCES
105
NIOSH Resources Young Worker Safety Health
http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/youth/
RESOURCES
106
QUESTIONS?
Contact Info Brenda Jacklitsch GWE6_at_CDC.GOV