U'S' FOREIGN POLICY IN THE COLD WAR ERA:

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U.S. FOREIGN POLICY IN THE COLD WAR ERA TRUMAN
TO KENNEDY
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THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR 1940's 1950's

• COMMUNISTS TAKE CONTROL OF CHINA
• SOVIET UNION BECOMES A NUCLEAR POWER
• KEY EVENTS, 1940s
• DEVELOPMENT OF THE HYDROGEN BOMB
• KOREAN WAR AND JOHN FOSTER DULLES MASSIVE
  RETALIATION POLICY
• FRENCH INDOCHINA WAR ENDS AT DIEN BIEN PHU WITH A
  COMMUNIST VICTORY
• GENEVA AGREEMENTS AND THE DIVISION OF VIETNAM

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OCTOBER 1ST 1949 THE COMMUNISTS WON THE CHINESE
CIVIL WAR AND THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA IS
ESTABLISHED WITH THE USSR AS ITS MAIN ALLY. IN
THE US LOSING CHINA BECOMES A POLITICAL ISSUE.
MAO ZEDONG, COMMUNIST LEADER OF CHINA
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TAIWAN
CHIANG KAI SHEK LEADER OF NATIONALIST CHINA WAS
FORCED TO FLEE TO THE ISLAND OF TAIWAN TO ESCAPE
THE COMMUNISTS
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IN FEBRUARY OF 1950 THE TWO GREAT COMMUNIST
POWERS SIGNED THE SINO-SOVIET PACT. THIS CREATED
A BILATERAL DEFENSE COMMITMENT AND SETTLED
BOUNDARY ISSUES. THE USSR ALSO AGREED TO PROVIDE
LIMITED AID TO CHINA.
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IN 1949 THE USSR EXPLODED AN ATOMIC BOMB AND
BECAME THE SECOND NUCLEAR POWER
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1945 COLD WAR TIMELINE AUGUST 26 KOREA UNITED
STATES ANNOUNCES ITS INTENTION TO OCCUPY
JAPANESE-HELD KOREA SOUTH OF THE 38TH PARALLEL
SOVIET UNION TO OCCUPY THE NORTH. SEPTEMBER 2
VIETNAM HO CHI MINH'S TROOPS SEIZE POWER IN
HANOI AND PROCLAIM AN INDEPENDENT
VIETNAM. SEPTEMBER 22 VIETNAM FRENCH FORCES
RETURN TO VIETNAM. NOVEMBER 5 HUNGARIAN
ELECTION COMMUNIST PARTY WINS ONLY 17 PERCENT OF
THE VOTE. STALIN MOVES TO ERADICATE OPPOSITION
AND TO CONSOLIDATE THE SOVIET POSITION IN
HUNGARY. NOVEMBER 29 YUGOSLAVIA BECOMES A
FEDERATED REPUBLIC UNDER MARSHAL TITO.1945-1946
IRAN AMERICA AND GREAT BRITAIN WITHDRAW THEIR
TROOPS FROM IRAN THE SOVIET UNION DOES NOT
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1946 COLD WAR TIMELINE FEBRUARY 28 RUSSIA
POLICY SECRETARY OF STATE JAMES F. BYRNES
INTRODUCES NEW "GET TOUGH WITH RUSSIA" POLICY AT
OVERSEAS PRESS CLUB, NEW YORK. MARCH 5 IRON
CURTAIN WINSTON CHURCHILL, IN A SPEECH AT
WESTMINSTER COLLEGE, FULTON, MISSOURI, SAYS AN
"IRON CURTAIN" HAS COME DOWN ACROSS EUROPE. JUNE
30 POLAND NATIONAL REFERENDUM APPROVES
COMMUNIST REFORMS. DECEMBER 20 VIETNAM VIET
MINH FORCES CLASH WITH FRENCH FORCES IN BEGINNING
OF 8-YEAR FRENCH INDOCHINA WAR.
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1947 COLD WAR TIMELINE MARCH 12 TRUMAN
DOCTRINE TRUMAN ASKS CONGRESS TO SUPPORT "FREE
PEOPLES WHO ARE RESISTING ATTEMPTED SUBJUGATION
BY ARMED MINORITIES OR OUTSIDE PRESSURES."
CONGRESS GRANTS 400 MILLION IN AID TO GREECE AND
TURKEY TO DEFEND AGAINST COMMUNIST
GUERRILLAS.MAY 31 HUNGARY IS TAKEN OVER BY
COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT.JUNE 5 MARSHALL PLAN
SECRETARY OF STATE GEORGE C. MARSHALL CALLS ON
EUROPEAN NATIONS TO DRAFT PLAN FOR EUROPEAN
ECONOMIC RECOVERY, OFFERING AID IN PLANNING AND
"LATER SUPPORT." EASTERN EUROPE WALKS OUT OF
INITIAL PARIS MEETING AT SOVIET BEHEST. THE
FOLLOWING MARCH, CONGRESS VOTES TO FUND THE
MARSHALL PLAN TO AID 16 EUROPEAN NATIONS.JULY
CONTAINMENT POLICY GEORGE F. KENNAN, WRITING
ANONYMOUSLY IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS, ARTICULATES
AMERICA'S POLICY TO BLOCK PEACEFULLY THE
EXPANSION OF SOVIET POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC
INFLUENCE INTO VULNERABLE AREAS AROUND THE
WORLD.JULY 26 NATIONAL SECURITY ACT CREATES
DOD, AND SEVERAL NEW AGENCIES, INCLUDING THE
NATIONAL MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT WITH THREE
SEPARATE DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY, THE NAVY AND
THE NEW U.S. AIR FORCE, NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
(NSC), CIA, AND THE JOINT CHIEFS OF
STAFF.OCTOBER 29 ISRAEL THE U.N. AUTHORIZES
THE CREATION OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL.DECEMBER 30
EASTERN EUROPE RUMANIA'S MONARCHY IS REPLACED BY
A COMMUNIST REGIME.
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1950's
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President Truman approves the development of the
hydrogen bomb. This new type of nuclear weapon is
at least 100 times more powerful then the atomic
bombs dropped on Japan in 1945.
THE FIRST US HYDROGEN BOMB WAS EXPLODED IN
NOVEMBER OF 1952. THE USSR EXPLODED ONE IN 1953.
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KOREAN WAR JUNE 1950 TO JULY 1953
The UN sent troops to fight the North Korean
forces but the bulk of the soldiers came from the
U.S.
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NORTH KOREA
38TH PARALLEL DIVIDING LINE BETWEEN NORTH AND
SOUTH KOREA
SOUTH KOREA
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The communist North Koreans pushed the South
Korean and unprepared U.S. armies all the way to
Pusan in the south where they were finally
stopped by U.S. firepower.
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GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR WAS PUT IN OVERALL
COMMAND OF UNITED NATIONS FORCES
Macarthur made a brilliant invasion at Inchon
which threatened to trap all the North Korean
forces fighting near the Pusan perimeter
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UN troops advanced rapidly and entered North
Korea in pursuit of fleeing enemy armies. On
October 19, 1950 Chinese communists troops
invaded North Korea and pushed the UN armies back
south of the 38th parallel.
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THE WAR IN KOREA TURNED INTO A STALEMATE
RESEMBLING WORLD WAR I TRENCH WARFARE.
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FORMER GENERAL DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER WAS ELECTED
PRESIDENT IN NOVEMBER 1952 WITH A PLEDGE TO GO TO
KOREA AND END THE WAR.
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John Foster Dulles was Eisenhower's Secretary of
State until 1959 when he resigned due to illness.
He had been a critic of Truman's Doctrine of
Containment arguing that it should be replaced by
a policy of liberation. He practiced
brinkmanship which he defined as "the ability
to get to the verge without getting into the war
is the necessary art. He was attacked for
intensifying the Cold War and damaging relations
with neutral as well as Communist nations.
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IN MARCH OF 1953 JOSEPH STALIN THE COMMUNIST
DICTATOR OF THE SOVIET UNION DIED. AFTER THIS THE
KOREAN PEACE NEGOIATIONS TOOK A MORE POSITIVE
TURN.
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On July 27th 1953, after three years of fighting,
an armistice was signed ending the Korean war.
Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel.
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Conclusion

• The war in Korea was a stalemate and it raised
  the bar with Communism
• MacArthur's March past the 38th Parallel brought
  a response from the Chinese fearing the United
  States was going to continue heading North
• With China joining the Conflict, what was going
  to be a short war, became a protracted war that
  was going to cost NATO dearly
• The war itself was a draw with only a cease fire
  signed and to this day the war is not officially
  over