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Title: John Calvin for Dummies


1
John Calvin for Dummies
  • Background to the Reformation

2
Theories of the Reformation
  • Background to the Reformation

3
Theories Why?
  • Old Fashion Revolution One ruling elite
    replaced another
  • Insignificant  Did not permanently change
    anything and no different from what all religions
    are seeking.
  • Genuine Clearest re-presentation of Gospel
    since New Testament

4
Contexts of the Reformation
  • Background to the Reformation

5
Political
  • Kings and national consciousness became stronger

6
England
  •  
  • War of Roses (Lancaster and York) united England.
  • Henry VII (1495) initiated House of Tudor.
  • England had national church but not Catholic
    because they rejected papal control.

7
Spain
  • Marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand united Spain
    (1469).
  • While not papal, Roman Catholic Church was
    national by 16th century.
  • The Reformation made no progress in Spain because
    of strength of Catholic political rulers.
  • By time of Reformation, Charles, son of
    Ferdinand, was King.

8
Germany
  • Maximillian (Germany) married Mary (Burgundy
    the Netherlands). Their child was Philip who
    married Joanna (Spain). Their child was Charles
    V who became Holy Roman Emperor, 1519. By
    inheritance became most powerful ruler since
    Charlemagne. A cosmopolitan man, someone has
    said he spoke French to the ladies, Italian to
    the men, German to his horse and Spanish to God.
    While technically Germany was under the Holy
    Roman Empire (descending from Charlemagne, 800s),
    there were 365 sovereign states within German
    territory, including ecclesiastical states.
  • Council of Constance cured Great Schism 1417 and
    established one pope over the Empire with
    authority immediately from Christ.

9
France
  • When the Hundred Years War ended in 1453, France
    developed a sense of national unity. The
    Catholic Church was national and papal. It was
    the home of the Babylonian (Avignon) captivity
    (1309-78).
  • Francis I became king in 1515 while Calvin was
    writing from Geneva (dedicatory preface to
    Institutes).

10
Social Factors
  • After the Plague, cities began to grow again. By
    1500, five cities in the world were over 100,000.
    By 1600, twelve cities were over 100,000.
    Genevas population was 15,000 Wittenberg never
    had more than 3500.
  • Reformation succeeded in cities because the
    populace was more open to change
  • People were able to make money without inheriting
    it.
  • Kings became more powerful than popes.

11
Ecclesiastical Factors
  •  Papal corruption
  • Secularized Cardinal speaking of Medicci Pope
    he would have been a good pope had he believed
    in God. Medicci Pope said, Now that we have
    attained papacy, let us enjoy it.
  • Lucrative sold indulgences, taxed papal
    estates, higher clergy taxed lower clergy

12
Ecclesiastical Factors
  • Members 
  • Sacramental system was mechanical and only
    reminded of Christs merit in order to inspire
    members merit.
  • Lacked assurance and feared death sought relief
    through indulgences, masses for the dead and
    viewing relics/pilgrimages.

13
Progress of the Reformation
  • Background to the Reformation

14
Germany
15
Discovery of Grace
  • Augustinian monk (1505)
  • Professor of Bible at University of Wittenberg
    (1512)
  • Ninety-five theses (1517)
  • Tower experience (1518)
  •  

16
Justification
  • Debates Scripture Alone
  • Bulls
  • Against Luthers teaching (June 1520)
  • For excommunication (Jan. 1521)
  • Writings between Bulls
  • Appeal to German Nobility against the pope
  • Babylonian Captivity of the Church repudiated
    sacramental system fuzzy on confession
  • Freedom of the Christian Man most beautiful
    what it means to be a Christian

17
Conflicts
  • State
  • Diet of Worms (1521)
  • Temporal ban at Wartburg (1521-22) under ban of
    State for treason, interdicted by Frederick for
    safekeeping at Wartburg
  •  

18
Conflicts
  • Devil
  • Inkwell at Wartburg
  • dark night of the soul regularly battled
    spiritual depression, played lute and flute for
    comfort, and Katie was an aid (From the way you
    were acting, I thought God had died)

19
Conflicts
  • Radicals
  • Andrew Karlstadt tried to push Reformation
    faster, but Luther urged moderation
  • Peasants hereditary rights to things like
    firewood, etc. were being taken away
  • Luthers Admonition to Peace said the nobles
    were guilty of oppression and the peasants were
    guilty of insurrection

20
Conflicts
  • Erasmus
  • On Free Will (1524) bondage of the will is one
    of the useless doctrines we can do without,
    afraid it would give rise to licentiousness
  • On the Bondage of the Will (1525) if brilliant
    man like Erasmus cannot develop freedom of the
    will, proves it is a lie
  • Zwingli
  • Marburg (1529) dispute over Christs presence
    in Supper. After gaining respite from Francis
    the Pope and the Turks, Charles V turned his
    attention against the Protestants. They sought
    at Marburg to strengthen themselves by unifying.
    Agreed on 15 of 16 points but left divided.

21
Conflicts
  • Self
  • Coarse language and conduct
  • Tolerated secret bigamy of Philip of Hesse
    Protestant elector who could not divorce first
    wife, nor give up second
  • Harsh toward Jews when grew impatient that they
    were not converting.

22
Switzerland
  • Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) was third man of the
    Reformation in terms of prominence though his
    life and work occurred between Luthers
    (1483-1546) and Calvins (1509-1564).  
  • Founder of the Reformed Tradition, that is,
    international, non-sectarian consensus on
    Scriptural principles as opposed to Lutheran.
    That emphasis was continued by his son-in-law
    Bullinger who at the Consensus Tigerinus pulled
    together Calvin and Zwinglian works on Lords
    Supper.

23
Zwingli
  • Preacher and patriot
  • Man of the Land
  • Born January 1, 1484 to relatively prosperous and
    godly agrarian family. He was proud of his
    heritage and reminded that Adam and Eve were the
    first peasants.
  • The Reformation will proceed as surely as the
    Rhine.
  • Translation of Psalm 23, He leads me along the
    Alps.

24
Zwingli
  • Studied classics, Erasmus, the Greek and Hebrew
    Bible. Memorized the Epistles in Greek.
  • Ministry at Great Minster in Zurich (1519) 
  • Preaching Began in Matthew and preached through
    the New Testament. Thrilled the people.
  • Gifted musician, singer, composer
  • Reform at Zurich 
  • Sermon On the Choice and Freedom of Foods (1522)
    breaking point was indulgences in Germany
    sausages in Switzerland
  • Priests petition to Marry (1522) Bishop denied
    request, but Zwingli and nine others married.  

25
England
  • The course of the Reformation in England followed
    the ideas of Henry and his successive children
    Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth. 

26
England Early Influences
  • Wycliffe and the Lollards (1506-30) 50 Lollards
    were killed between 1506-30.
  • Erasmian Humanists (Thomas More, 1478-1535)
    Among there ranks were defenders and objectors to
    Catholic Church
  • New German Theology (Lutheran)
  • Cambridge (White Horse Inn) Latimer, Ridley,
    Foxe, Tyndale (maybe) formed study group to
    promote German theology.
  • William Tyndales (1494-1536), New Testament
    (1526) included Lutheran preface and notes.
    When Tyndale died he prayed Lord, open the
    King of Englands eyes 

27
Henry VIII
  • King of England (1509-47) He was the king, the
    whole king and nothing but the king. He desired
    to be the pope, the whole pope, and something
    more than the pope
  • Henrys divorce problem (Catherine of Aragon)
    received a papal dispensation to marry his
    brothers widow. 
  • Canonical Married in 1510. Sought divorce in
    1527. Problem with church because some supported
    earlier dispensation.
  • Political Rome just captured by Charles V and
    Pope Clement VII not willing to offend Charles
    (Catherines nephew) in order to please Henry.
  • Solution laws culminating in the Supremacy Act
    (1534) Thomas More executed because he refused
    to acknowledge Act of Supremacy
  • Creation of new church
  • Thomas Cromwell (1485-1540) Chief political
    advisor to Henry. Convinced him to put Coverdale
    Bible (based on Tyndales) in all churches
  • Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556) Archbishop of
    Canterbury quiet scholar, timid. Greatest
    accomplishment, appreciation of tradition and
    piety which produced Book of Common Prayer

28
Edward VI 1547-1553
  • Became king at nine years old  
  • Dramatic move to Protestantism 
  • Book of Common Prayer (1549) Lutheran
  • Forty-two Articles (1552) Calvinistic, basis of
    Thirty-Nine Articles
  • Second Book of Common Prayer (1552) Puritan 

29
Mary Tudor 1553-1558
  • Catholic, pro-Spanish (married Philip II of
    Spain) offended English, dismantled
    Protestantism
  • By 1554, England was Catholic again
  • Marian Exiles left England to save life, John
    Knox left
  • Martyrs (about 300), earned name Bloody Mary
  • John Foxes (1516-87) Acts and Monuments (Book
    of Martyrs) responsible for spreading
    anti-Catholic sentiments
  • Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley (1555) Today
    we shall light such a candle in England as will
    never be put out
  • John Hooper (1555) Life to come is more bitter
    and death to come is more sweet
  • Thomas Cranmer (1556) Signed document to
    recant, but burned anyway. Recanted recantation
    and charred hand, which signed document

30
Conclusion
  • Lovers of Jesus Christ

31
Not. . .
  • Lutheran
  • Protestant
  • Reformed
  • Evangelical
  • Catholic
  • Christian
  • But. . .

32
Lovers of Jesus Christ
  • Prophets
  • Disciples

33
Prophets Against Falsehood
  • We are before a spectacle exactly like that of a
    city struck by a severe epidemic and taken by
    assault by an enemy, that is sinking under the
    simultaneous impact of the double carnage and is
    being utterly consumed in a single fire. Blow
    your trumpet, watchman! To arms, shepherd!
    What? You do nothing? What? You remain
    inactive? What? You sleep? Now, when there is
    murder everywhere? . . .You must render an
    account to the Lord of so many dead, wretched
    man you are a homicide so many times, you are
    guilty of the blood shed, every drop of which the
    Lord will reclaim from your own hand. . . . But
    it is still not enough to call you a homicide and
    traitor to your own people. Behold a crime too
    great for any branding to punish as far as it
    depends on you, you sell Christ over again and
    crucify him anew. --Calvin

34
Disciples for Christ
  • To all lovers of Jesus Christ and of his Gospel,
    greetings.Preface to Olivetan Bible, 1535
  • We are all called to this inheritance without
    distinction of persons male or female, small or
    great, servant or lord, master or disciple,
    cleric of layman, Hebrew or Greek, Frenchman or
    Latin, none is rejected anyone who will with
    assured trust receive what is sent to him, who
    will embrace what is presented to him, in short,
    who will recognize Jesus Christ as what he has
    been given by the Father.
  • Preface, 1535
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