FRONT

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FRONT
PODIUM
OLSON
STANG
ZIMMER
OLSON
PFAFF
GULL
WONG
CHATTIN
HASKELL
WISTROM
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CORE V
HUMANITY IN THE UNIVERSE
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WHY ARE YOU TAKING SCIENCE IN CORE?

• SCIENCE WORKS
• AIRPLANES, CDs, RADIO, TV, ANTIBIOTICS
• SUCCESS PERSONAL SURVIVAL
• ONE EXAMPLE HUMAN ATTEMPTS AT FLIGHT
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?viMhdksPFhCMfeature
  related

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SO MANY FAILED

• WHY DID SO MANY FAIL?

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IF GOD MEANT HUMANS TO FLY
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HED HAVE GIVEN US WINGS
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.
IF GOD MEANT HUMANS TO FLY
HED HAVE GIVEN US A BRAIN
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MAYBE THEY FAILED BECAUSE

• TOO LITTLE KNOWLEDGE CAN BE DANGEROUS
• INCORRECT OBSERVATIONS
• NOT ENOUGH FACTS
• UNTESTED IDEAS
• WHAT WE CALL BAD SCIENCE

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WHY ARE YOU TAKING SCIENCE IN CORE?

• SCIENCE IS IMPORTANT TO HELP HUMANKIND FIND TRUTHS

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WHY ARE YOU TAKING SCIENCE IN CORE?

• TRUTH LEADS TO
• GOING TO HEAVEN - CHRISTIAN
• SUCCESSFUL SOCIETY - HUMANISM

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CORE TEACHES

• GREEK, HEBREW, ISLAMIC, EUROPEAN SEARCH FOR TRUTH
• HISTORY, RELIGION CULTURES
• WHAT WORKED
• INCORRECT IDEAS THAT LED TO DISASTER

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RELIGIONS MAIN PROBLEM

• MY WAY IS THE TRUTH
• WHO SAYS SO?
• GOD SAYS SO
• HOW DO YOU KNOW THAT?

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RELIGIONS MAIN PROBLEM
GOD TOLD ME
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NO! I DID NOT!
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A HOUSE BUILT ON SAND Matt 726-28

• HISTORIC UNTRUTHS
• SOME HUMANS ARE INFERIOR TO OTHERS THIS LED TO
• SLAVERY IS NATURAL
• CRUSADERS CAN MURDER MOSLEMS
• WOMEN ARE LESSER BEINGS
• EUTHANIZE THE MENTALLY DEFECTIVE

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TRUTH THROUGH NATURE

• RELIGION BELIEVES CREATION NATURE - REVEALS
  PART OF GOD
• PHILOSOPHERS STUDIED NATURE TO GIVE THEM A
  REALITY CHECK ON TRUTH
• Nature is often called by theologians the other
  book of Creation

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THE RENAISSANCE

• THIS WAS EUROPES RENEWED ATTEMPT TO IMPROVE
  SOURCES OF TRUTH
• PHILOSOPHERS AND THEOLOGIANS LOOKED FOR A METHOD
  TO GIVE MORE CERTAIN PROOF OR QUICKER DISCOVERY
  OF MISTAKES
• Please note that Proof is used here as data in
  discovery of mistakes. Positive proof as in
  mathematics is not part of scientific method.

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How does science help?

• SCIENCE IS A METHOD TO ORGANIZE THOUGHT AND
  OBSERVATION
• THE HUMAN BRAIN IS NOT NATURALLY GOOD AT THIS
• We are too easily distracted from the immediate
  task
• So a method is necessary to get careful
  observations

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THE RENAISSANCE

• STUDIED THE ANCIENT GREEKS
• ONE GREEK METHOD FOR FINDING TRUTH WAS CALLED
  EMPIRICAL STUDY
• Aristotle by Lysippos

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EMPIRICAL STUDY

• EMPIRICAL STUDY STARTS WITH THOSE THINGS WHICH
  CAN BE SENSED (SEE, SMELL, TOUCH, HEAR)
• CAREFUL STUDY USING THE SENSES PRODUCES FACTS

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EMPIRICAL FACT

• A FACT IS A CAREFULLY DESCRIBED PIECE OF
  KNOWLEDGE FOUND BY USING THE SENSES (or their
  extension)
• WEIGHT, TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, TIMING SPEED ARE
  EXAMPLES OF measured FACTS
• NOTE WE CAN USE TOOLS TO HELP THE SENSES IMPROVE
  THE PRECISION OF DATA

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EMPIRICAL IDEAS

• ARE CALLED HYPOTHESES
• ARE CREATED USING ONLY FACTS
• WE CAN NOT STUDY
• PURE IDEAS LIKE VALUE OF LIFE, GOODNESS or EVIL
• THE SUPERNATURAL GOD, MIRACLES
• HYPOTHESES ARE TESTED BY FACTS

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SCIENTIFIC IDEA HYPOTHESIS

• A HYPOTHESIS CAN BE USED TO
• EXPLAIN - THE SUN SEEMS TO MOVE BECAUSE THE
  EARTH TURNS
• TELL PURPOSE - BIRDS HAVE WINGS FOR FLYING
• SHOW CONNECTION - PEOPLE GET PNEUMONIA BECAUSE
  THEY ARE EXPOSED TO BACTERIA
• IDENTIFY THESE FACTS MEAN A MURDER WAS
  COMMITTED

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SCIENCE STUDIES NATURE

• RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY INVENTED SCIENCE AS THE
  BEST WAY TO STUDY NATURE
• SCIENCE IS A PRECISE METHOD OF DISCOVERY,
  THINKING AND TESTING
• SCIENCE USES EMPIRICAL STUDY
• IT HAS RULES - IF YOU DO NOT FOLLOW THE RULES OF
  SCIENCE IT IS NOT SCIENCE (E.G. WHAT MAKES AN
  EVENT SOCCER?)

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IS THIS SOCCER?

• Thanks to Bill Watterson for Calvin and Hobbes

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HYPOTHESES (RULES)

• MUST BE LOGICAL USING ALL PERTINENT FACTS
• MUST BE FALSIFIABLE WE MUST SEEK TO DISCOVER
  IF THE IDEA IS FALSE
• NOTE SCIENCE IS THE ONLY FIELD THAT REGULARLY
  TRIES TO PROVE ITS IDEAS WRONG

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HYPOTHESES (RULES)

• MUST BE OPEN TO CHANGE IN THE LIGHT OF NEW FACTS
• FACTS RULE NOT THE IDEA
• MISTAKE - PEOPLE GET AN IDEA BASED ON A FEW FACTS
  AND THEN THAT IDEA BECOMES UNSHAKABLE

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RENAISSANCE CHANGES

• WHY DID SO MANY IDEAS CHANGE DURING AND AFTER THE
  RENAISSANCE?
• NEW TOOLS WERE INVENTED TO AID THE SENSES
• FREEDOM OF THOUGHT SHARING OF IDEAS
• Peer review is part of modern science
• TESTING WAS USED TO IMPROVE IDEAS

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NEW TOOLS FORBETTER FACTS

• LENSES - CAN SEE THE INVISIBLE
• ACCURATE CLOCKS FOR BETTER TIMING

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FREEDOM OF THOUGHT

• UNIVERSITIES
• PRINTED BOOKS
• SHARING IDEAS
• PROTECTION FROM
  EXECUTION
• BUT
• MORE WAS NEEDED

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BREAKTHROUGHS TO BETTER IDEAS

• A NEW STEP WAS ADDED TO EMPIRICAL THINKING -
• TESTING

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TESTING

• A MEANS TO DETERMINE THE FALSEHOOD OR (probable)
  TRUTH OF AN IDEA
• TESTS SEEK NEW FACTS RELATED TO THE NEW IDEA
• FALSIFIABILITY ATTEMPT TO SHOW THE IDEA IS
  FALSE - DO NOT ACCEPT AN IDEA UNTIL IT PASSES ALL
  TESTS
• The probability of truth increases with each
  passed test.
• Science is NEVER 100 certain of a hypothesis

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USING THE 3 STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD

• 1. OBSERVATIONS
• IT HAS FEATHERS, WINGS, A BEAK
• 2. HYPOTHESIS - ITS A BIRD
• 3. TEST - IF IT LAYS EGGS ITS A BIRD. IF IT
  DOES NOT LAY EGGS IT IS NOT A BIRD

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EXAMPLE 1
IM A BIRD! HONEST!

• TEST 1 SUPPORTS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ITS A BIRD

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TESTING CAN BE DONE AS

• (THIS IS IN YOUR NOTES)
• EXPERIMENT - AN ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM
• FIELD STUDY WATCH NATURAL ACTION
• MATHEMATICS - MATH FORMULAS CAN SHOW VALIDITY (or
  set up models)
• PREDICTION - A VALID HYPOTHESIS CAN PREDICT
  FUTURE FINDINGS
• USEFULNESS - A VALID HYPOTHESIS CAN BE USED
  SUCCESSFULLY

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MODERN SCIENCE

• IS THE USE OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• USES ALL THREE MAJOR STEPS
• 1. CAREFUL OBSERVATION FACTS
• 2. SIMPLEST LOGICAL HYPOTHESIS USING ALL
  PERTINENT FACTS
• 3. HYPOTHESIS IS RIGOROUSLY TESTED
• THESE FORM THE ESSENCE OF SCIENCE METHOD

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EXAMPLES OF TESTING-NATURE STUDY EXPERIMENT

• SINCE BIRDS USE WINGS TO FLY AND THIS BIRD HAS
  WINGS, THIS BIRD CAN FLY.

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TESTING

• NATURE STUDY - WATCH CHICKENS IN THEIR NATURAL
  ENVIRONMENT AND SEE IF THEY FLY

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TESTING

• NATURE STUDY - WATCH CHICKENS IN THEIR NATURAL
  ENVIRONMENT AND SEE IF THEY FLY

I CANT FLY WHEN SOMEONE IS WATCHING ME!
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TESTING

• EXPERIMENT - AN ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM USED TO
  EXAMINE A PART OF A HYPOTHESIS
• LET US TEST IF THIS BIRD CAN FLY

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• EXPERIMENT

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• EXPERIMENT

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• EXPERIMENT

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• EXPERIMENT

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• EXPERIMENT RESULT
• A NEW FACT
• THIS PARTICULAR BIRD COULD NOT FLY

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TESTING

• BUT A HYPOTHESIS CAN NOT BE PROVEN BY A SINGLE
  TEST
• MORE EXPERIMENTS -
• DO THE EXPERIMENT WITH A LARGER SAMPLE OF CHICKENS

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• EXPERIMENT

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• EXPERIMENT

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• EXPERIMENT

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• EXPERIMENT

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• EXPERIMENT RESULTS
• FALSIFIABILITY
• MULTIPLE TESTS
• SHOW CHICKENS CAN NOT FLY
• THE HYPOTHESIS THAT CHICKENS CAN FLY APPEARS
  FALSE

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SO WHAT?

• PRE RENAISSANCE WAS MIRED IN SUPERSTITION
• THEY COULD NOT BUILD TRUTH ON FALSEHOOD

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.
BURN HER! SHES A WITCH!

• .

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PSEUDOSCIENCE (nonsense science)

• USE SOME OBSERVATIONS BUT IGNORE FACTS THAT
  DISAGREE WITH YOUR IDEA
• EXAMPLE SOME PEOPLE DO NOT WANT TO BELIEVE WE
  LANDED ON THE MOON THEY IGNORE THE FACT THAT
  THE RADIO TRANSMISSIONS CAME FROM THE MOON

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PSEUDOSCIENCE and misapplication

• A scientist said it, therefore it is science
• If a statement is not the result of Scientific
  Method, its not science regardless of who says
  or believes it
• If a scientist pontificates on politics or
  religion, its no different than an educated
  non-scientist doing it
• E.g., a scientist who asserts that atheism is
  more scientific than Christianity is full of it

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PSEUDOSCIENCE

• ANOTHER EXAMPLE
• SOME DO NOT UNDERSTAND WHAT SCIENCE MEANS BY
  THEORY (Theory is NOT a WAG.)
• Evolution is JUST a theory.
• IN SCIENCE A THEORY HAS PASSED ALL TESTS best
  available explanation
• And includes a broad range of phenomena
• Still not 100 certain
• Its not a FACT but its much more than a
  GUESS!
• UNIVERSAL GRAVITY IS JUST A THEORY
• Fact of gravity
• Theorie(s) of gravity

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A HOUSE BUILT ON ROCK Matt 724-26

• THE NEW SCIENCE WORKED ? Main point!
• MICROBES CAUSE DISEASE
• SURGICAL INFECTION in 1800s WAS DUE TO DIRTY
  DOCTORS NOT SIN
• DISINFECTANTS DECREASED INFECTION

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SCIENCE SUCCESSES

• A VALID HYPOTHESIS CAN BE USED TO CREATE MORE
  VALID HYPOTHESES
• TRUTH BUILDS ON TRUTH
• WILL YOU BUILD YOUR HOUSE ON SAND OR ON ROCK?

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APPLICATION

• LETS APPLY WHAT IVE TALKED ABOUT TO A MODERN
  ISSUE
• HOW IS IT WE CAN FLY?
• I mean in an airplane ?
• WE CAN FLY BECAUSE OF THOSE WHO PROPERLY USED
  SCIENTIFIC METHOD

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THE STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD

• STEP 1 - DETAILED SENSORY OBSERVATIONS TO GAIN
  FACTS
• STEP 2 - MAKE A HYPOTHESIS USING ALL PERTINENT
  FACTS
• STEP 3 - DO INDEPENDENT TESTS OF THE HYPOTHESIS

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Icarus Myth

• BIRDS FLY BY FLAPPING FEATHERED WINGS People
  thought that birds flew by beating their wings
  downwards
• OOPS!
• Nutters in YOUTUBE Clip

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ARCHIMEDES

• OBSERVATIONS
• SOME OBJECTS
  FLOAT IN WATER
• OTHERS SINK BUT
  HAVE LESS WEIGHT
• MATH OF DENSITY
• HYPOTHESIS
• UPTHRUST vs DOWNWARD PULL
• THINGS RISE WHEN UPTHRUST IS GREATER THAN
  DOWNWARD PULL

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SLOPPY SCIENCE

• CHEATING GOLDSMITH THOUGHT ONLY OF WEIGHT
• USED LEAD INSTEAD OF GOLD
• LEAD HAS DIFFERENT DENSITY (11.4 vs 19.3)
• ARCHIMEDES USED DENSITY TO SHOW THE CROWN WAS
  MOSTLY LEAD
• GOLDSMITH LOST HIS HEAD BECAUSE HE DID NOT KNOW
  ALL OF THE FACTS

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ARCHIMEDES
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LEONARDO Da VINCI

• CAREFUL OBSERVATIONS
• BIRD AND BAT WINGS - STRENGTH WITH LIGHT WEIGHT
• LIGHTER NEEDS LESS LIFT

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Da Vinci HYPOTHESIS 1

• HIS IDEAS THAT WINGS COULD BE STRONG YET LIGHT
  WERE CORRECT
• BUT HE WAS WRONG IN HIS IDEA THAT FLIGHT WAS
  BECAUSE WINGS PUSH THE AIR DOWN

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Da VINCI - HYPOTHESIS 2

• LEONARDO thought that birds flew by beating their
  wings down
• Leonardo spent twenty-five years building
  flapping wing machines they never flew

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BERNOULLI

• Daniel Bernoulli 1700 1782 (dont memorize)
• OBSERVATIONS ON BLOOD FLOW
• HYPOTHESIS FASTER FLOW HAS LESS
  PRESSURE (on artery wall)
• TESTS
• EXPERIMENTS
• NATURE STUDIES

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BERNOULLI

• HYPOTHESIS WORKS THE SAME FOR AIR (any fluid)
• MOVING AIR HAS LESS PRESSURE - CAN CAUSE UPTHRUST
• BLOW OVER PAPER
• STILL AIR UNDER PAPER HAS MORE PRESSURE THAN
  MOVING AIR ABOVE THIS UPTHRUSTS THE PAPER

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Lighter-than-Air Flight

• Montgolfier Brothers, 1783
• Used Archimedes fluid density principles to make
  a hot air balloon
• Later Hydrogen was used
• Heavy-than-Air flight was the real deal

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FLYING WITH WINGS (Heavier-than-Air)

• George Cayley FATHER OF WINGED FLIGHT
• DETAILED OBSERVATIONS
• BIRD WING UPPER SURFACE IS CURVED
• BIRDS START FLIGHT BY DIVING INTO WIND
• UP AND DOWN FLAPPING PUSHES AIR BACK - PROVIDES
  FORWARD THRUST DOLPHIN KICK

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FLYING WITH WINGS (Heavier-than-Air)
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LIFT COMES FROM AIR MOVEMENT OVER THE WING

• CAYLEY USED BERNOULLIS HYPOTHESIS
• LIFT COMES FROM AIR MOVING FASTER OVER THE TOP OF
  CURVED WINGS TO CAUSE UPTHRUST

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LIFT COMES FROM AIR MOVEMENT OVER THE WING

• TEST - FRISBEE

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FLYING WITH WINGS

• MORE HYPOTHESES from CAYLEY
• HE NAMED THE 4 FORCES OF FLIGHT LIFT, DRAG,
  THRUST, WEIGHT

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FLYING WITH WINGS

• PUTTING HYPOTHESES TOGETHER
• PROPER AMOUNT OF WING SURFACE - MORE LIFT
• USE DaVinci TYPE WINGS FOR STRENGTH WITH LESS
  WEIGHT
• USE BERNOULLI - AIR MOVEMENT OVER THE WING
  PROVIDES LIFT

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FLYING WITH WINGS

• TESTING
• Cayley built a machine that tested the wing lift
  on different glider models he designed.

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FLYING WITH WINGS

• FIRST HUMAN FLIGHTS JUMP OFF CLIFF INTO THE WIND
  TO GET AIR MOVING OVER THE WINGS
• SERVANTS 10 y.o. SON less weight
• COACHMAN The guy quit after the flight

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GLIDERS

• Otto Lilienthal - EXTENSIVE USE OF GLIDERS
• BECAME FAMOUS LOOKED COOL AND COURAGEOUS

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GLIDERSJUMP OFF CLIFFS INTO WIND

• Lilienthal HAD FLAWED HYPOTHESES ON
• WING STRENGTH
• LIFT FROM WINGS
• Lilienthal TESTED USING TRIAL AND ERROR
  APPROACH
• HE DIED IN GLIDER CRASH
• He ignored the discovery of a 5th flight force
  CROSS WIND http//www.youtube.com/watch?vGqpllWWU
  r_M

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MORE NONSCIENCE

• MANY PEOPLE DID TRIAL AND ERROR IN ATTEMPTS TO
  FLY (VIDEO AT START)
• THEY FAILED BECAUSE THEY DID NOT UNDERSTAND LIFT
• OR DRAG
• OR WEIGHT
• OR MAYBE THEY WERE JUST STOOPID like this kid
  who wants to fly
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vKP6crNy34tQ

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ARE YOU GETTING THE POINT?

• CAREFUL SCIENCE
• DETAILED OBSERVATIONS
• CORRECT HYPOTHESES
• TEST PROPERLY BEFORE YOU USE YOUR IDEA
• YOU SURVIVE AND
• OTHERS CAN BUILD ON YOUR WORK

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WRIGHT BROTHERS APPLY SCIENCE

• TO WING SHAPE MEASURED ACCURATE FACTS ON LIFT

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WRIGHT BROTHERS

• TEST - FIRST TO CREATE A WIND TUNNEL THEY TESTED
  THE FORCES SEPARATELY
• WING LIFT DRAG
• PROPELLOR THRUST
• THEN THEY PUT ALL THESE TOGETHER IN THEIR FIRST
  PLANE
• THEY KNEW THEY WOULD FLY SUCCESSFULLY BEFORE
  THEIR FAMOUS FLIGHT
• In 1903 http//www.youtube.com/watch?vuT2dQB_OgF
  E

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WRIGHT BROTHERS PHOTOS 15 CLIP
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WHY IS SCIENCE IN CORE?

• SCIENCE WORKS
• SCIENTIFIC METHOD CAN HELP SUCCESS IN BUSINESS,
  EDUCATION, RELIGION, SOCIETY
• MUCH OF OUR SURVIVAL TODAY --MEDICINE, FOOD
  PRODUCTION, WATER SUPPLY, etc.
• IS ONLY POSSIBLE FROM THE PROPER USE OF SCIENCE

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WHY IS SCIENCE IN CORE?

• E.g. WHO DO YOU WANT AS PILOT?
• SOMEONE LIKE THE HANG GLIDER PILOT or BICYCLIST?
• OR SOMEONE WHO PROPERLY USES SCIENCE?
• AND KNOWS ALL THE FORCES OF FLIGHT INCLUDING
  CROSS WINDS
• HINT WHEN THERE ARE CROSS WINDS YOU HAVE TO FLY
  SIDEWAYS AS WELL AS NOTHING is UP vs DOWN
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vQX3S5y_SooMfeature
  related