Title: Rise of Civilization in China, Black Africa and the New World: Chapter 2
1Rise of Civilization in China, Black Africa
and the New WorldChapter 2
- Part 1 Early Chinese Civ.
- Neolithic Villages
- The Three Early Dynasties
- Xia
- Shang
- Zhou
- Confucianism and Taoism
2Early Chinese Civilization 7000-A.D.1
Henan
3Timeline
Longshan Period
E. Neolithic
Three Dynasties
Empire
M. Neolithic
EGYPT
SUMER (up to Early Dynastic)
6000 B.C.
4000 B.C.
2000 B.C.
A.D. 1
4China
Yellow River Yangzi River
5North vs. South
- North China
- Cold Winters
- Soils are dry and permeable
- Agriculture requires drought resistant crops
- South China
- Warmer and wetter
- Waterlogged fields
- Agriculture thrives on rice
6Early Neolithic villages
- Ca. 7000-4500 B.C.
- The development of civilization in China was
largely indigenous. - North China (Cishan)
- Small agricultural villages comprised of
pithouses (sem-subterranean structures) and large
storage pits - Ceramic vessels, grinding stones, stone tools
- Bones of dogs, pigs, chickens
- Millet
- South China (Hemedu)
- Large, dispersed villages comprised of plank
houses set on stilts - Ceramics vessels, bone tools
- Bones of dogs, pigs, and water buffalo
- Rice
7Middle Neolithic
- Ca. 4500-2700 B.C.
- Major centers sprout up throughout China,
including along the Yellow River - Liangzhu Jades
- Jade is a general term for a family of
translucent green stones - Considered more valuable than gold in China until
modern times - Elites often buried with large caches of jade
beginning in this period - Niuheliang Temple
- Life sized clay statues with jade eyes buried
with ruler
Bi - symbol of heaven
8Longshan Phase (Chalcolithic)
- Ca. 2700 - 2000 B.C.
- Significant changes took place in North Chinese
social organization, including increases in
social ranking. - Development of high-temperature kilns (up to 1200
degrees C or 2192 degrees F) - Based on continuous forced airflow
- Wood fueled
- Allows the production of early glazewares which
will ultimately become china - Also allows copper smelting ? hence the
Chalcolithic - Settlements walled by rectangular enclosures
- Hang tu (rammed earth) used to make walls up to
40 ft thick and 12 ft high - Earliest writing
- Several potsherds from this time have rudimentary
characters - Pyromanic Scapulomancy divination through
burning animal shoulder blades (popular until
late in Chinese history
9San-dai (Three dynasties)
- Ca. 2000 1027 B.C.
- First Chinese state
- Historical records recorded before 200 B.C. are
extremely rare - Reason 1 most documents were recorded on
perishable material - Reason 2 The first emperor Qin decreed that all
historical documents were to be destroyed (except
those from his state) - However, the remaining historical evidence and
archaeological evidence has been used to develop
a sequence of three major dynasties - Xia, Shang, Zhou
10Xia dynasty
- Xia dynasty (2000 1800 B.C.) is the first
hereditary dynasty in recorded Chinese history. - Bronzeworking became an increasingly important
activity. - Warfare and ritual were important as well.
- Palatial house foundations found at Erlitou were
associated with ritual burials. - City dominated bronze trade
- The decline of the Xia dynasty roughly
corresponded with the rise of the Shang dynasty. - Next to last king supposedly died on the day of a
full eclipse (pinpointed to 1876 B.C.)
11Shang Dynasty
- Shang dynasty overthrough Xia in the 8th century
B.C. - Little change in archaeological record
- Construction of many large cities
- Shang cites are, on average, 20 times larger than
predecessors (800 acres vs. 40) - Elite residences walled-in from surrounding
communities - Higher proportion of jade and other elite goods
- Spread of Shang civilization
12An-yang
- Towards the end of the Shang dynasty, the capital
was moved north to An-yang. - An-yang was a large ceremonial and administrative
center with monumental architecture surrounded by
craft areas. - Residential areas surrounded the center of the
site. - An-yang consisted of three groups of buildings,
the largest of which was about 200 feet long.
13Anyang Tombs
14Shang social system
- Kings were at the top of the hierarchy and were
considered divine. - The king and his court received grain and other
forms of tribute, that they used to support a
lavish lifestyle. - Elaborate burials of kings occurred.
- The lower class consisted of farmers and
craftworkers. - At the bottom of the lower class were the war
captives, who were kept as slaves or served as
sacrificial victims for rituals and temple
dedications.
15Shang bronze
- Shang civilization is famous for its bronzework.
- Bronze was used to make food and drinking
vessels, weapons, chariot and cavalry fittings,
and musical instruments. - Large ceremonial vessels were also made.
- Indications are that the origins of bronzeworking
was indigenous.
16Shang writing
- Chinese writing was formalized during Shang
times. - By the late Shang era, Chinese written language
had developed to include over 3,000 symbols. - Chinese writing was related closely to the
political, military, and ritual activities of the
upper class and had little to do with mercantile
matters. - Only writing that preserves is found on ritual
artifacts
17Shang subsidence
- Basic subsistence patterns changed little from
earlier times. - Millet, supplemented with rice and wheat, was the
main crop in North China. - Stone hoes, harvesting knives, and wooden digging
sticks remained the primary cultivation
implements. - Irrigation may have occurred.
- Changes in labor practices constituted the most
dramatic shift in the Shang economy. - More people were engaged in farming, raising
production per unit of land. - The importance of agricultural labor may have
encouraged rural families to grow, leading to
large-scale population growth.
18Limits of Shang influence
- The borders of the Shang state are not known, but
late Shang rulers had at least some control over
a fairly large area in northern China. - Influence varied according to distance from the
capital. - Shang rulers traveled widely and were assisted by
a complex hierarchy of nobles. - Local lords were responsible for collecting taxes
and supplying men for public projects. - Armies as large as 30,000 soldiers were assembled
to fight barbarians.
19Sanxingdui
- Large city located west of Shang controlled China
- Has characteristics of Shang cities
- Two sacrificial pits
- Specific layering of artifacts
- Layer of elephant tusks
- Bronze ritual vessels
20Zhou Dynasty
- The Zhou dynasty (1022 BCE to the third century
BCE) marks the beginnings of imperial China and
its traditions. - Wu united the states of Yellow and Wei River
valleys - Longest Lasting Dynasty
- The society was highly stratified at its center.
- Away from the core, areas were divided into
partially independent provinces, and
administration was enacted by lords who had great
control over their domains. - During the Three Dynasties, the Chinese state was
built on a hierarchical network of large lineages.
21Major Transformations
- Changes in Chinese populations and technology
occurred during the Zhou dynasty. - Great cities were built, the largest of which had
over a quarter of a million people. - Large irrigation works were constructed, and
wet-rice irrigation became increasingly
important. - By 600 B.C., iron casting was practiced and iron
agricultural tools were in use. - Changes in agricultural technology enabled rapid
increases in population density.
22Xianyang Zhou Capitol
- The Chinese empire was ruled from the capital
city of Xianyang. - Shih Huang Ti forced over 100,000 royal and
wealthy families from throughout the empire to
move to the city from their local areas, which
weakened their power. - Luxurious palaces that were replicas of royal
residences in their homelands were built in
Xianyang. - The move also concentrated economic and political
power in a single capital.
23The Eastern Zhou Period
- The latter half of the Zhou period was
characterized by political change and upheaval. - Western Zhou divide into petty kingdoms
- Zhou dynasty moves East Eastern Zhou Period
771-221BCE - Spring and Autumn Period (771 to 481)
- Move to eastern capitol of Luoyang
- Political fragmentation
- Warring States Period (480 to 221 BCE)
- Civil War
- By the third century B.C., the descendants of
western Zhou kings ruled an increasingly small
area outside their original homeland. - The Zhou polity weakened and other states rose in
influence. - Eventually the Zhou was eclipsed by the Qin and
the rise of unified China
24Shih Huang Ti Qin Dynasty
- Shih Huang Ti unified China into a single
imperial kingdom in 221 B.C. - He inherited the throne of the Qin kingdom at the
age of thirteen. - Shih Huang Ti frequently engaged in battle,
eventually conquering six other major kingdoms. - He declared himself Chinas first emperor.
25Shih Huang Ti (cont)
- Other actions helped Shih Huang Ti solidify his
political power and centralize authority. - He established Chinas first army, which may have
contained more than a million people. - He destroyed the feudal structure to weaken
regional autonomy. - Confucian philosophy was prohibited since it was
seen as a threat. - The Chinese legal system was increasingly
codified, and Chinese character writing was
standardized.
26Great Wall
Courtesy Linda Nicholas
27Great Wall
- Shih Huang Ti built the Great Wall along Chinas
northern periphery by joining walls that had been
constructed by earlier feudal states. - Some have suggested that the wall was constructed
for defensive purposes. - Others have proposed that the wall was a means of
preventing Chinas heavily-taxed peasants from
escaping taxes and conscription. - The 1,500-mile wall was built by 700,000
conscripts.
28(No Transcript)
29The Terracotta soldiers
- At Xian, a little less than a mile from Mount Li
lies a three-acre gallery of terracotta soldiers. - This symbolized the past practice of kings being
buried with living warriors, women, servants, and
horses. - Eight thousand figures have been exposed, along
with wooden chariots and horses. - The soldiers are arranged in battle formation.
- A rich artifact assemblage accompanies the army.
30Terracotta soldiers
31Confucius
32Confucius (Kung Fu-Tzu) (551-479 BC)
Reading from the Analects (Online Anthology)
Family name Kung Personal name
Zhong-ni Kung Fu-Tzu (Kong Fu-zi) Master
Kung Confucius Latinization of Kung Fu-Tzu
33Confucius claimed to derive his teachings from
the Ancients, whose wisdom is embodied in The
Five Classics (Wu Jing)
The primary sources of Confucian thought
- The I Jing (Book of Changes)
- The Shu Jing (Book of History)
- The Shih Jing (Book of Odes poetry)
- The Li Ji (Book of Rites)
- The Chun-chiu (Spring Autumn Annals)
34The ancient State of Lu
Confucius was born spent most of his life here.
35Central concepts in Confucian thought
Metaphysics (vision of reality)
- DAO (Way) - the Ultimate the One the
Absolute the underlying Power the Source (Not
this does NOT mean that confucianism and Daoism
are similar They are opposites) - Chi (Ch'i, Qi) primordial vital matter and
energy, the stuff of which all is made - Yin/Yang - the dual expression of DAO neither is
superior to the other (see next slide) - The Plural World - the universe Heaven Earth
an ever-changing expression blend of Yin Yang
36Yin Yang
female dark cool earthly soft changeable moist pas
sive negative evil
Heaven sun
Yin
male bright hot heavenly hard steadfast dry active
positive good
Yang
Earth moon
37"A basic difference between the
- Chinese conception of yin and yang and other
classical philosophical dualismsis that whereas
most dualisms are forever in conflict, yin and
yang always act in harmony, and both are
considered to be necessary to maintain the order
of the universe."
38Theology
- Confucianism later merged with pre-existing
Chinese Folk religion - Ancestor Worship
- Shang-Ti (God), the original ancestor
- Heaven (Tian, Tien) - the divine realm (Human
beings who have died live on with Shang-Ti as
ancestors (ti) in Heaven.) - Continuity interchange between Heaven (the
divine realm) and Earth (the human realm), i.e.,
between the ancestors those living on Earth
(The ancestors are to be worshipped, and
sacrifices are to be offered to them they, in
turn, will guide and protect us, especially with
regard to our futures (divination practices).
When we die, we will join the ancestors in Heaven
and become ancestors ourselves.)
Spiritism (spirits every-where, good shen
evil gui).
39Anthropology(Human Nature the Human
Predicament)
- Human nature
- naturally inherently good - need for
cultivation via education - naturally social political - development
perfection of human nature within the social
political realm
- The human predicament
- suffering as a result of failure to follow the
Way of the Ancestors - Disharmony conflict between Heaven Earth,
between the ancestors us and between humans
here on earth - Solution of problem of suffering reestablish
harmony
40Confuciuss primary goal
Confucius say
- order, harmony, peace, happiness in this life
here on earth
(Only a passing secondary interest in
transcendental salvation.)
41Theory of Value
- The value of art (aesthetics) - the moral
political purposes of art (especially music) - Right conduct (ethics) - the center of Confucian
philosophy - Social political theory (theory of government)
- the need for morally intellectually virtuous
rulers civil servants
42Li - Propriety (proper conduct)
- The Five Constant Relationships
- parent-child
- husband-wife
- elder sibling-younger sibling
- elder friend-younger friend
- ruler-subject
- The Rectification of Names (Zheng-ming) (proper
use of language) (Analects, 205) - The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong) Avoid the
extremes of too much and too little.
43Filial Piety (Xiao, Hsiao)(devotion to
reverence for parents family)
- The institution of the family is the foundation
of a well-ordered civilized society (grounded
mainly on respect of children for parents) - Respect for age (experience wisdom)
(Analects, 205-6)
44Ritual Propriety
- proper practice of traditional rites
- (Political ceremony, worship of ancestors,
Heaven, Earth, misc. animistic spirits funeral
services sacrifices in honor of parents etc.)
45Wen learning the arts (Literally, Writing,
Metaphorically, Civilization)
- The importance of culture in the creation
maintenance of a well-ordered society
- Studying learning
- The arts - especially music
(Confucius composed a Book of Music Yueh
Jing, which is sometimes referred to as a sixth
classic.)
46Confuciuss Political Philosophy
- Emperor is the ultimate father
- Te - the union of power virtue
- The characteristics of a good ruler (or civil
servant) - moral goodness (virtue propriety)
- rationality
- moderation
- Benevolence
- Those who follow receive/retain the
- Mandate of Heaven
(Analects, 209-11)
47Lao Tzu(6th century BC?)and the
- Tao Te Ching
- (Dow Deh Jing)
Also known as Laotse, Laozi, Li Erh, Li Tan,
Lao Tan.
48Taoist Critique of Confucianism
- Confucian Virtues and regulations
- humaneness and righteousness
- like web-toes, extra-fingers, and other physical
superfluity - not a part of human nature their existence is of
no meaningful value - not attributes of humanity because they were used
to pursue honor and wealth, thus were the sources
of greed - along with the rites and music, caused confusions
in the world - what made people superior men what caused
people to twist their nature and die for - Good person
- one who accepts the given characteristics and
knows his/her own self - One who accepts the nature of things as one finds
it
49Taoism
- Taoism valued speculative thought
- Questioned and sometimes repudiated Confucian
values - rejected all other artificial devices of
civilization - mocked ritual and propriety and decried group
conventions - pessimistic about society
- man is not capable of keeping order and safety in
society - social man is a misguided being
- sought nature as refuge from mans world
- scorned government, feared progress and
civilization - wary of technical skills
- naturalism
50According to tradition,Lao Tzu (The Old Boy)
- was born in 604 BC in the Chu Province,
- had a long career as the royal historian-librarian
-archivist in the Chou capital of Lo-yang, - (after becoming disillusioned as a result of
the increasing decline of the Chou dynasty) left
China for Tibet or India late in the 6th (or
perhaps early in the 5th) century BC. - Before leaving, however, he recorded his
philosophical insights in a short book, the Tao
Te Ching (also known as the Lao Tzu), which is
one of the foundational classics of
Philosophical Taoism.
51(No Transcript)
52A second major primary source of Philosophical
Taoism is
- The Book of Chuang Tzu,
- by
- Chuang Tzu
- (also known as Chuang Chou)
- (c. 369-286 BC)
53Taoism Evolved both into a
Taoism starts as a philosophy but Later
(More so than Confucianism)
54 TAO DOW DAO
1. The ultimate, transcendental Ground of
Being 2. The way or law of nature 3. A life in
accord with the way or law of nature
55The TAO is
a metaphysical first principle that embraces and
underlies all being, a vast Oneness that precedes
and in some mysterious manner generates the
endlessly diverse forms of the world . . . .
Unknowable as the tao may be in essence, one
must somehow learn to sense its presence and
movement in order to bring ones own life and
movements into harmony with it. The aim of the
text . . . is to impart to the reader, through
hints, symbols, and paradoxical utterances, such
an intuitive grasp of the tao and the vital
ability to move with it rather than counter to
it. (Burton Watson)
56Te (Duh)
- denotes a moral power or virtue characteristic
of a person who follows the correct course of
conduct . . . . In Taoism, te is the virtue or
power that one acquires through being in accord
with the tao, what one gets from the tao.
(Burton Watson)
57Yin Yang
The power (Te) of the TAO is expressed in the
cosmos in accordance with the Yin/Yang principle.
58Yang and Yin (Revisited)
59The cosmos(universe, nature)
Taoist metaphysics - Ontology/Cosmology -
TAO - TE - Yin/Yang - The natural
order
- is an ever-changing expression blend of Yin and
Yang, full of the power (Te) of the TAO.
60Taoist theology
- The TAO is the highest reality. It is the Ground
of Being but it is not God or a god. It is
the absolutely transcendent and incomprehensible
Source of the natural world (the universe). The
TAO is beyond sensation, beyond thought, beyond
imagination, beyond words, etc. It is knowable
only through direct mystical experience or
intuition. - Gods, good spirits, and demons exist as
expressions of the power (Te) of the TAO. These
spiritual powers can be accessed and harnessed
through various magical rituals.
61Philosophical Anthropology The Taoist perspective
on human nature the human predicament
- Humanity is merely one of the Ten Thousand
Things manifested in nature, one animal species
among others. - However, human beings (unlike other animals) have
the power of free choice. This enables them to
act contrary to nature (contrary to the TAO), to
become alienated from the Way.
- Humans can choose to separate themselves from the
natural order, and they can pursue things they
want in addition to things they need. - This leads to an unnatural existence filled with
various kinds of pain suffering.
62The Solution to The Human Predicament
- Back to nature back to the TAO.
- The practice of wu-wei (non-stress, effortless
action, action without friction conflict,
swimming with the current) -- the simple, natural
life. - Go with the flow.
- Chillax
63Lao-tzus Critique of Confucianism (Quotations)
- The person of superior integrity
- Does not insist upon (a display of) his
integrity. - The person of inferior integrity
- Never loses sight of his integrity
- For this reason, he lacks integrity.
- .
- When the Way is lost, afterward comes integrity.
- When integrity is lost, afterward comes
humaneness. - When humaneness is lost, afterward comes
righteousness. - When the righteousness is lost, afterward comes
etiquette. - Etiquette is the attenuation of trustworthiness,
- And the source of disorder .
- Foreknowledge is but the blossomy ornament of the
Way, - And the source of ignorance.
64Lao-tzus Critique of Confucianism (II)
- Let there be a small state with few people,
- Where military devices find no use
- Let the people look solemnly upon death,
- And banish the thought of moving elsewhere.
- They may have carts and boats,
- But there is no reason to ride them
- They may have armor and weapons,
- But they have no reason to display them.
- Let the people go back to tying knots to keep
records - Let their food be savory, their clothes
beautiful, their customs pleasurable, and their
dwellings secure. - Though they may gaze across at a neighboring
state, - And hear the sounds of its dogs and chickens,
- The people will never travel back and forth,
- Till they die of old age.
65Taoist Critique of Confucianism (iii)
- Confucian pursuit of knowledge
- interfered with the innate characteristics of
things - created distinction between men and other beings
- men separated themselves from the birds and the
beasts - treated the birds and the beasts as their
possessions - created mechanic devices to hunt (or kill)
animals and nature - complicated life, provoked debates, and divided
people and all creatures - life should be as simple as the simplicity of
unhewn log - caused contention for profits and fame
- did not help people to realize and appreciate the
Tao, but would move people away from the Tao
66Nubia
67Nubia was a great civilization that developed
along the Nile River south of Egypt. They shared
many of the same cultural traits as Egypt such as
religion, architecture and art.
68These are the pyramid of Ancient Nubia. They were
used as tombs. Although they are similar to those
of Ancient Egypt, they have some differences.
Compare these pyramids with those of ancient
Egypt.
69Nubian Pyramids
70The Land of Nubia
For many centuries, the people and culture of
Ancient Nubia were a mystery to the world. Even
the Ancient Greeks wrote about an advanced
culture that was mostly unknown to other
civilizations of the time.
71One reason little was known about the culture was
that they did not write down their history until
late in ancient times. Another reason is that
they were isolated geographically. Outside people
would need to cross harsh desert or many
waterfalls, called cataracts, to reach Nubia.
T
I
K
N
W
D
Nubian writing was similar to Egyptian writing
but developed into a completely separate language
later in time.
72Ancient Nubia was a great kingdom that produced
many resources like gold, ivory, copper,
frankincense and ebony.
Nubia was also known as Kush and The Land of the
Bow. Nubian archers (warriors who used a bow and
arrow) were feared by all who saw them in battle.
Nubia had a long line of powerful kings. They
were often at war with Egypt, to the North. From
about 2,000 to 1,000 BC, Egypt controlled Nubia
but when Egypt weakened, Nubia came north and
conquered Egypt (800-700 BC.)
A frankincense tree. The resin was used to make
good smelling incense.
73Kush and Meroe
74Lower Nubia
75Lower Nubia Periods
- Lower Nubia lower reaches of Middle Nile (north
on map) - A Group Culture 3900 to 2900 BC
- C Group Culture 2500 to 1500 BC
- (direct Kushitic influence in this area between
1800-1500) - Colonial Period 1500 to 1100 BC
- Kush (Napata as capital) 900 to 664 BC
76Lower Nubia A Group Culture
- 3900 to 2900 BC Origins
- Few Settlements along Nile only
- Cemeteries near edge of desert
- Farming, collecting, hunting, pastoralism
- Trade with Egypt seen in grave goods some
social differences - Trade to Egypt Ivory, skins, ebony
77Lower Nubia A Group Culture
- 3900 to 2900 BC
- Many more prestige goods in graves in later times
- Perhaps kings by 3000 BC because there are
elaborate tombs - Elaborate ceramics
- Disappeared ca. 2900. Forced south by powerful
Pharoahs?
78Lower Nubia C Group Culture
- 2,500 to 1,500 BC
- Related to Kerma Culture in south
- Lived along banks of Nile
- Had similar cemeteries, many have been excavated
- Pastoralism (cows) important
- Lots of trade with Egypt
- At 2000 BC Egyptian hegemony extended in region
79Tumulus Tomb
80Cross-section of Tumulus Tomb
81Group C Burial, from Tumulus Structure
82Lower Nubia, Group C Culture First Egyptian
Occupation 2000 to 1800 BC
- Egyptian Middle Kingdom controlled this region
2000 to 1800 BC - Egyptian fortresses built near 2nd cataractas
protection against Kush to the south - ------------
- Heavy trade resumed in 1800 to 1500 period
richer graves
83Kush (aka Upper Nubia)
Located between 3rd 4th Cataracts
Kerma Town
84Upper Nubia or Kush Periods
- Upper Nubia (south on map)
- Early Kerma 2500 to 2050 BC
- Middle Kerma 2050-1785 BC
- Classic Kerma 1785 to 1500 BC
- Colonial Period 1500 to 1100 BC
- Napata Period 900 to 295 BC
- Meroitic Period 295 to 320 AD
85Upper Nubia Kerma
- Kerma Culture 2500 to 1500 BC
- Kerma town most important
- By Classic period (1785--1500 BC large tumulus
tombs for kings hundreds of human sacrifices - Spread control into lower Nubia after Egyptian
withdrawal in 1800
86Deffufa at Kerma c. 1785-1554 BC
Bonnets Excavations here of Classic Period
87Kush under Egyptian Domination
- Colonial Period 1500 to 1100 BC
- New Kingdom campaigns for 1 century created
province of Egypt - Lower region was Wawat Upper region was Kush
- Wawat directly colonized, many Egyptian cultural
features - Young people served in Egyptian Court
88Kush Egyptian Colonial Period 1500 to 1100 BC
- Many temples established in lower Nubia.
- Most famous is Abu Sembel honoring Ramesses II
- Egypt withdrew ca. 1000 BC
89Colonial Period at Abu Sembel
90Colonial Nubians at Thebes
91Jelbel Barkel Center of Amon Priesthood
Local Gods Worshiped here
92Kush Napata Period 900 to 295 BC
93Kush Napata as Capital of an Imperial Kingdom
- Napata Period 900 to 295 BC
- King Kashta started northern push ca. 770--750 BC
- King Piye conquered Delta region but lived in
Napata capital started 25th dynasty - 25th dynasty pushed out of Egypt by Assyrians ca.
664 - Kushite kings used title of Pharaoh
94King Piye Nubian Pharaoh of Egypt
95Kush Napata Period900 to 295 BC
- Kings built pyramids over tombs
- Smaller scale than Egypt
- 60-70 degree angles
- Some smooth, some stepped
- Wooden or stone coffins
- Mumification
- Deeply influenced by Egyptian values
96Kush Pyramids
97Nubian Pyramids
98Nubian Pyramids
Egyptian Pyramids
same
different
different
99A King of Kush
100Conoptic Jar
- Egyptian
- Influence
- Queen
- Alakhebasken
101Rams Head
- Incorporates
- Egyptian
- Themes
102Funerary Images modeled on Egypt
103Kush Napata Period900 to 295 BC
- Other Characteristics
- Commoner graves 2 classes, one Egyptian
influenced - Wealth of rulers derived from gold mined in
eastern desert
104Kush Meroitic Period 295 BC to 320 AD
- Capital moved to Meroe (between 5th and 6th
cataracts) - Reasons for shift unclear trade or independence
from religious centers in lower Nubia - 2nd century BC marks start of Meroitic script,
still untranslated - Geneologies important on tombs
105Meroe Map
106Meroitic Writing Never Decoded
107Temple Meroe
108Kiosks (Temples)
109Meroitic Gold Jakal
110Pyramids at Meroe
111Kush Meroitic 295 BC to 320 AD
- Royal tombs have pyramid shapes
- Chapels attached to E. faces - similar to Napata
- Later examples have rubble cores
- Human sacrifices (6) dogs, horses, camels
- Houses of burned and mud brick
- Many temples for Amon
112Meroe Pyramid Tombs
113Cups from Meroe
114Lions Temple Naqa
- Depictions on
- Temple face
- Show power
- Of Queens or
- Candake
115Painting showing power of Queens
116Relief Celebrating Meroitic Queen
117Meroitic Grave
118Elephant Sculpture
119Kush Meroitic 295 BC to 320 AD
- Local gods also worshiped
- Nubia a source of gold for Ptolemaic kings after
300 BC - Reestablished hegemony over lower Nubia after 23
BC - Eclipsed in region by Axum in 4th century AD
120Kingdom of Aksum, Ethiopia ca. 1800 yrs. B.P.
121Axum Stelae
122Axum Red Sea Trade ca. 200 to 600 AD
123Mesoamerican Civilizations
124Peoples of the Americas
- New questions about the origins of the peoples of
the Americas Kennewick Man China Thesis. - New theories about the time periods for migration
now pushed back to about 50,000 years ago,
rather than 10,000 years ago. - New theories about the ways that migration
occurred.
125Mesoamerican Culture Area
126Characteristics of Mesoamerican Civilizations
- Complex political and religious systems
- Ball courts alligned N/S with rings Ball Game
called Tlachtli by the Aztecs and Pok Ta Pok by
the Maya - Maize agriculture (processed with ash or lime)
- Solar calendrical system based on 18 months (20
days each) with 5 days added at the new year tied
to complex religious belief systems (365 days)
and Lunar (based on 260 days) Calendar round
of 52 years. - Obsidian use for sophisticated (surgical and
ceremonial) knife production - Ritual use of paper (amate) and rubber (used for
the ball game) - Pyramid construction
- Lip ornaments
- Chinampa and other forms of irrigated agriculture
- Domestication of New World plants such as
amaranth, avocados, beans, coco, corn, tomato,
papaya, peppers, etc.
127The Mesoamerican Calendar
- Solar calendrical system based on 18 months (20
days each) with 5 days added at the new year tied
to complex religious belief systems (365 days) - Lunar (based on 260 days)
- Calendar round of 52 years.
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129Olmec The Rubber People
- The Mesoamerican Mother Culture
- Basalt/Colossal Heads
- Human Imagery
- Early Writing
- Big Cats/Totemic Imagery
- Veneration of Green Stone
- Ritual Killing/ Cultural Disappearance
130OLMEC IMAGES FROM LA VENTA, SAN LORENZO AND THE
XALAPA MUSEUM, VERACRUZ
Were jaguar
131Bridging WorldsCommuning with the After World
- Olmec Heartland-- Isthmus of Tuantepec
- Laguna de Los Cerros--Sacred City
132Bridging WorldsSacred Pyramid La Venta
133Bridging Worlds La Venta, Middle Formative
Subterranean Mask
134Bridging Worlds
La Venta, Large scale Basal Celts
La Venta Offering 4 Standing Figures and Celts,
Middle Formative
135Basalt Colossal Heads San Lorenzo Monument 1
and 4Early Fromative Period
136Human Imagery
Early Naturalism Skull Shaping (Early Formative,
Ceramic, Las Bocas, Puebla)
137Human Imagery
Skeleton Woman--Early Formative, Laguna de los
Cerros, Veracruz
- Acrobat, Vessel--Early Formative, Tlatilco
138Human Imagery Baby Figurine, Ceramic, Early
Formative, Xochipala (Below)
- Darwfs, Hematite and Jade, Cerro de Las Mesas,
Veracruz, Middle Formative (Right)
139Human ImageryThe WrestlerLate
FormativeBasalt, Veracruz
140Early WritingRoyal LinageIconographic Design
141Early Writing Incised Jaguar Ceramic,
Tlapacoya,Early Formative (Left)Incised Mask,
Oaxaca, Middle Formative (Right)
142Big Cats Were Jaguar the Totemic Ancestor
143Big Cats Seated Figure Holding Were-Jaguar
InfantLas Limas (Jesus Carranza)Monument
1Middle Formative, Greenstone
144Big Cats, Veneration of GreenstoneRiding a
Jaguar, Middle Formative (Below)Votive
Offering(Unknown Providence)Middle Formative
(Right)