The Cold War

1
The Cold WarThe New Europe

• How did World War II affect the world?

2
From Friends to Enemies?

• What Happened?

3
What was the Cold War?

• The Cold War was
• The post-WW2 struggle between the US and USSR
  over political differences that was carried on by
  both direct and indirect means around the world
• It involved
• Propaganda
• Espionage
• Diplomacy
• War by proxy
• Covert operations
• Open Confrontation

4
Cold War Europe

• from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
  Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across
  the continent
• -Winston Churchill

5
What were the roots of the Cold War?

• Ideological Differences
• Democracy vs. Totalitarian Communism
• Capitalism vs. Marxist Communism
• WW2 Experiences
• USSR experienced GREAT loss
• People (20 million), Land, Infrastructure
• Allied Decision Making
• Western delay in 2nd front gtgt mistrust
• US GB ties Atlantic Charter War Strategy
• End of war realities
• Death, Destruction, Occupation, Reconstruction

6
What were the roots of the Cold War?

• The Conferences
• Munich 1938
• Soviets left out gtgt Nazi-Soviet Pact
• Tehran 1943
• Big Three
• West promises to open 2nd front
• Stalin promises to help vs. Japan
• Yalta 1945
• Big Three
• Land Concessions to USSR in Pacific
• UN Proposed by FDR
• USSR promises free elections in Eastern Europe
• Potsdam 1945
• New Leaders Truman, Atlee (GB) Stalin
• Stalin refuses free elections ? US GB
• Reparations OK from occupied areas
• Increased tensions competing visions perceived
  needs

7
What were the roots of the Cold War?

• Competing Visions Goals
• US
• Democratic Self-Determination Free Trade
• Strong Germany Europe
• USSR
• Promote Global Communism
• Weak Germany, Buffer Zone Reparations
• Soviet Recovery Status
• The UN Post-WW2 World
• Formed 1945 in SF
• Purpose
• Promote World Peace Cooperation
• Organization
• Security Council (5 Permanent w/ veto 6
  Rotating)
• General Assembly

8
Containment Post-WW2 American Foreign Policy

• Containment
• George Kennan US
• Stop spread of Communism globally
• Truman Doctrine
• policy of the US to support free peoples who are
  resisting attempted subjugation
• Greece Turkey
• Marshall Plan
• aid to reconstruct
• Europe
• Available to all nations

9
Post-WW2 Soviet Foreign Policy

• COMINFORM 47
• Spreading communism worldwide
• Ended political collaboration in Europe
• Hard Line control by Moscow
• Tito Yugoslavia
• Resisted Soviet domination
• Communist state
• Josip Tito President for life
• Soviet Control of Eastern Europe
• Pro-Soviet regimes
• Single party rule
• Military cooperation
• Collectivization
• Communist Party domination

10
Germany Berlin Cold War Focal Point

• The German Q
• US v. USSR views
• 1 or 2 Germanys?
• Deutschmark (DM) created
• Berlin
• Soviet Blockade
• Allied options?
• Airlift for 1 yr
• FRG GDR created

11
Choosing Sides Aligning Europe

• Treaty of Brussels 48
• B-N-Lux-F-GB
• NATO 49
• Defensive
• ? US Policy
• COMECON 49
• Soviet bloc economic ties
• Warsaw Pact 55
• Defensive
• Aligned
• v.
• Non-aligned nations

12
Israel the Middle East

• Zionist Movement
• Theodor Herzl 1897
• Balfour Declaration
• GB support of a
• Jewish homeland
• in Palestine
• Holocaust Realities
• Global sympathy
• Displaced persons
• Immigration
• UN Resolution
• Palestine divided
• Arabs reject plan
• Israel declares independence
• 5/14/48 David Ben-Gurion

13
The Arab Israeli WarsThe Struggle for
Existence

• 1948 vs. Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt Iraq
• Israelis win
• Palestinian refugee camps
• Egypt seizes Gaza Jordan seizes West Bank
• 1967 vs. Egypt
• Six Day War
• Egypt plans attacks with Soviet supplied weaponry
• Israel strikes 1st
• Israelis gain Jerusalem, West Bank, Golan Hts.
  Sinai
• 1973 vs. Egypt
• Yom Kippur War
• Borders remain
• Whose land is it?
• What should be done to maintain peace?

14
Arab Israeli Conflict

• 72 Munich Olympics
• Black September
• Terrorist Group
• Captures 11 Israeli Athletes
• Murders all 11
• PLO
• Yasir Arafat
• Palestinian State
• Terror
• Intifada 87 - today
• Civil Disobedience Uprisings
• Pressure Israel to recognize Palestinian rights

15
Arab Israeli Peace Attempts

• 79 Camp David Accords
• Anwar Sadat Menachem Begin
• Israeli recognition
• Sinai back to Egypt
• Palestinian Rights
• 81 Sadat assassinated
• 93 Oslo Accords
• Yitzak Rabin Yasir Arafat
• Palestinian self-rule in Gaza West Bank
• Rabin assassinated 95

16
ChinaCivil war in 30sNationalists v.
CommunistsJoint Effort v. Japan in WW2Civil War
resumes 40sCold War

• Communists
• Mao Zedong
• Long March
• Peasant support
• Support of USSR
• Wins 1949 domino
• Peoples Republic of China mainland

• Nationalists
• Chiang Kai-Shek
• Corruption
• Ineffective Leader
• Support of USA
• Loses, flees
• Republic of China aka Taiwan

17
Korea Cold War by Proxy

• Korea Divided _at_ 38th
• USSR gt N. Korea
• USA gtgt S. Korea
• NK invades SK
• UN Police Action
• US troops
• Douglas MacArthur
• Stalemate
• Armistice 1953
• Was it worth it?

18
The Khrushchev Era De-Stalinization

• Stalin dies 53
• Nikita Khrushchev emerges
• De-Stalinization
• Secret Speech 56
• Denounce Stalin
• Remove Stalin supporters
• Purge Memory of Stalin
• Destroy monuments
• Peaceful Competition

19
Cold War Crisis Points

• Hungarian Uprising 1956
• Imre Nagy
• Sought greater independence from USSR
• Sought coalition with non-communists
• Sought Hungarian neutrality
• Seizure
• Protesters seize radio station HELP!
• No US response??
• Soviet response
• Soviet tanks crush uprising
• Nagy executed gt New Pro-Soviet leader Janos Kadar
• Result
• Cold War boundaries solidified in E. Europe
• US - Soviet spheres accepted in Europe

20
Cold War Crisis Points

• Suez Crisis 56
• Nasser nationalizes canal
• Egypt-Israeli War
• GB F seize canal
• GB F I v. E USSR?
• No US support
• Canal returned
• Crisis Averted

21
Cold War Crisis Points

• Sputnik 57
• Soviet victory Western fear
• Kitchen debates w/ Nixon
• U-2 Incident
• US spy-plane shot down
• US lies gt no apology gt ? tension
• Communist Split
• Soviet vs. Chinese
• Doctrine Spheres of Influence
• Berlin Wall 61
• Vienna Conference w/ JFK
• US response gt Wall
• Cuban Missile Crisis 62
• Soviet nukes in Cuba gt Quarantine
• Khrushchev resigns

22
Cold War Crisis PointsThe Brezhnev Era

• Policy Changes
• ?repression ?freedoms
• Arrest of A. Solzhenitsyn
• Czechoslovakia 1968
• A. Dubcek softens Czech communism
• Soviet invasion gtgt Brezhnev Doctrine
• Détente
• Ike, JFK, LBJ Brinkmanship
• Nixon realpolitik détente gtgt ? tension
• Nixon visits China USSR gtgt SALT I Treaty
• Afghanistan 1979
• Muslim revolt vs. Afghan Communist regime
• Soviet invasion gtgt 10 Year War gtgt Soviets leave
  89
• Moscow Olympics boycotted by US allies
• Ruins Soviet economy
• US supports Taliban Osama Bin-Laden vs. USSR

23
Cold War Crisis Points Poland 1980s Solidarity
Movement

• Economic Failure of Communist Party
• Food Product Shortages
• Pope John Paul II Polish Pope Paves Way for
  Reform
• ? Meat Prices gtgt Protests gtgt STRIKES!
• Aug 80
• Lech Walesa Workers gained right to organize
• Independent union Solidarity - formed
• Sept 80
• Polish Communist Leadership replaced
• Solidarity officially recognized
• Radio broadcast of Catholic Mass WOW!
• Summer 81
• Secret Ballot Elections held WOW!
• Crackdown!
• Martial Law declared by Gen. Jaruzelski 1981 83
• Avoided Soviet invasion

24
Cold War De-ColonizationTransforming Colonies
to Countries

• GB India
• Mohandas K Gandhi
• Passive Resistance Civil Disobedience
• 1920s 1940s gtgt Indian Independence
• Indian National Congress
• Textile Boycott Salt March
• Indian Independence Partition
• Muslim League Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• Pakistan Muslim / India Hindu
• Tensions persist Kashmir

25
Cold War De-ColonizationTransforming Colonies
to Countries

• British Africa
• Maintain Economic Ties to GB
• Development
• Democracy
• Gold Coast gtgt Ghana 1957
• Kwame Nkrumah
• Coup 66 gtUnstable since
• Nigeria
• Ethnic conflict w/in Fed System
• Civil War Biafra 63 70
• Military ltgt Civilian Rule unstable
• Kenya
• Jomo Kenyatta Mau Maus
• Independence 63
• Corruption Ethnic Conflicts

26
Cold War De-ColonizationTransforming Colonies
to Countries

• SE Asia
• Philippines 46 (US)
• US Economic Military ties
• Marcos Dictatorship
• Democracy since 86
• Burma (Myanmar) (GB) 48
• Internal Conflict gtgt Military Dictators
• Aung San Suu Kyi gt protests
• Malaysia Singapore (GB) 57
• Democracy gtgt Stable Economy ?
• Indonesia (Dutch) 49
• Post-WW2 Guerilla War vs. Dutch
• Dictatorship Sukarno gtgt Suharto
• Democracy 2001!

27
Cold War De-Colonization

• France the Algerian Revolt
• 1 mil French 9 mil Arabs
• French refuse to share power
• Ahmed Ben Bella (FLN) REVOLT! 54
• Independence 62
• Socialist gt Military Coup
• Civil War Military v. Islamists

28
France Vietnam Cold War by Proxy

• French Indochina
• WW2 J takes it!
• Post-WW2
• F wants it back!
• Ho Chi Minh Vietminh seek independence
• Dien Bien Phu F lost
• Geneva Conference 54
• Split _at_ 17th
• US backs Ngo Dinh Diem (SV)
• Ho Chi Minh (NV)
• US involvement 61 thru 73
• Advisors gt Air gt Infantry Escalation gt
  Vietnamization gt Withdrawal
• SV surrenders 4/30/75
• Vietnam remains Communist

29
Cold War Gorbachev Era Soviet Collapse

• Soviet Internal Issues
• Economic Stagnation
• Corruption
• Military Expenses
• Gorbachevs Reforms
• Perestroika Restructuring
• ? Govt Role / ?Free Market No economic ?
• 88 New Constitution Open elections, autonomy?
• Glasnost Openness
• ?Censorship ?Free Expression ? Debate
• The Results
• ? Communist Authority
• Freedom NOW!

30
Cold War End

• Reagan Administration
• ? Rhetoric
• USSR is Evil Empire
• Mr. Gorbachev, Tear Down This Wall
• ? Military Spending
• SDI or Star Wars Space Based Defense
• ? Trade Embargo with USSR
• Sold Wheat to USSR

31
1989 A Big Year

• Poland
• Solidarity wins elections!
• Hungary
• Opens borders w/Austria
• Germany
• Berlin Wall comes down
• Czechoslovakia
• Vaclav Havels Velvet Revolution
• Romania
• Violent Revolt
• USSR No Soviet interference
• China Tiananmen Square

32
Post Cold War USSR

• Gorbachev 1990
• Share political power
• Old School Yeltsin Republics
• The Break-Up 1991
• Baltic States - Lithuania
• August Coup Attempt
• Yeltsin denounces
• CIS created 12/91

33
Post- Cold War Yeltsin Era

• Reforms gt From Russia with Love
• Russian Democracy Free Market
• Privatization gt Oligarchs
• Turmoil in CIS
• Yeltsin as a Survivor
• Impasse gt Suspended P / Deposed Y
• West Army Supports Y
• Resigns gt V. Putin is successor
• Internal Conflict
• Chechnya Beslan Disaster

34
Collapse of Yugoslavia

• Creation of Yugoslavia Post WW1
• Multi-ethnic regions
• Monarchy gt Constitutional Monarchy gt Communist
  dictatorship
• Leadership
• Marshall Tito dictator
• Slobodan Milosevic dictator
• The Break-up 1990s
• Serbs reassert supremacy
• Croatia Slovenia declare independence
• Civil War 1991 Serbs v. Croats
• Civil War 1992
• Division of Bosnia-Herzegovina
• Ethnic Cleansing / Genocide
• Bombing of Sarajevo gt UN gt NATO
• The Result
• Dayton Accordspeace??
• Ongoing Conflict gtgt Kosovo

35
The Cold War Radical Islam

• Rooted in Arab Nationalism
• Reject Western ideas
• Create an Islamic Society
• Wahhabism, Taliban, etc.
• Oil creates Haves Have-nots
• 79 Iran Revolution
• Ayatollah Khomeini vs. Westernization
• US Hostage Crisis 444 Days
• Fundamentalist Regime
• 79 Soviet Afghan War
• Jihad vs. Soviets US backs Taliban
• Taliban establishes Fundamentalist regime
• 91Persian Gulf War
• US bases on holy soil in Saudi Arabia
• Jihad vs. USA Osama bin Ladin
• WTC Embassies USS Cole 9/11 gtgtgt
• War on Terror