Introduction to Animals

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Introduction to Animals
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Bell Ringer

• What is the function of the chloroplast?

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Objectives

• Identify shared characteristics in animals
• Distinguish radial and bilateral symmetry
• Summarize the importance of a body cavity in
  animals
• Identify how scientists determine evolutionary
  relationships between animals

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Characteristics of Animals

• Heterotrophy
• Mobility
• Multicellularity
• Diploidy
• Sexual reproduction
• Blastula Formation
• Tissue

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Heterotrophy

• All animals are heterotrophs
• Animals cannot make their own food

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Mobility

• Animals have the ability to perform rapid,
  complex movements
• Animals move by using muscle cells
• Swim, walk, crawl, run, fly

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Multicellularity

• All animals have more than one cell

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Diploidy

• Diploidy-two copies of each chromosomes
• All animals have two copies of each chromosome.
  One copy from mom and one from dad.

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Sexual Reproduction

• Almost all animals reproduce sexually by
  producing gametes.
• Sperm cells of all animals have a flagella and
  they are highly mobile.

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Blastula Formation

• Blastula- a hollow ball of cells
• Cells within the blastula eventually develop into
  three distinct layers of cells
• Ectoderm
• Endoderm
• Mesoderm

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Blastula
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• Ectoderm- Outer layer of skin, nervous system,
  sense organs
• Endoderm- Lining of digestive tract, respiratory,
  system, digestive organs, urinary bladder
• Mesoderm- Most of the skeleton, muscles,
  circulatory system, reproductive organs

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Tissues

• The cells of all animals except sponges are
  organized into structural and functional units
  called tissues
• Tissues- groups of cells with a common structure
  that work together to perform a certain function

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Bell Ringer

• What are the three distinct cellular layers that
  the Blastula forms into?

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Body Symmetry

• All animals have their own Body Plan.
• Different types of Body Plans
• Asymmetry
• Radial Symmetry
• Bilateral Symmetry

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Asymmetry

• Asymmetry- irregular in shape.
• Asymmetry is the simplest body plan in the animal
  Kingdom
• Example Sponges

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Asymmetry
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Radial Symmetry

• Radial Symmetry- Body parts arranged around a
  central axis.
• Most animals that exhibit radial symmetry are
  aquatic.
• Example Starfish or Sea Anemone

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Radial Symmetry
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Bilateral Symmetry

• Bilateral Symmetry-A body design in which there
  are distinct right and left halves.
• In Bilateral Symmetry there are
• Dorsal Surfaces(Top)
• Ventral Surface(Bottom)
• Anterior End(Front)
• Posterior End(Back)

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Bilateral Symmetry
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Bell Ringer

• What are the three different types of symmetries?

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Cephalization

• Most bilaterally symmetrical animals have evolved
  an anterior concentration of sensory structures
  and nerves.
• This is called Cephalization
• Animals with cephalic ends are often active and
  mobile.

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Cephalization
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Internal Body Cavity

• Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals have three basic
  internal body plans
• Acoelomates
• Pseudocoelomates
• Coelomates
• Coelom-Body cavity a fluid filled space found
  between the body wall and the digestive tract.

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Acoelomate

• Aceolomate-No Body cavity

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Pseudocoelomate

• Pseudocoelomate-A body cavity that is located
  between the mesoderm and endoderm.

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Coelomate

• Coelomate-Have a body cavity located entirely
  within the mesoderm.
• Provides an internal space where mesoderm and
  endoderm can be in contact during embryonic
  development.
• This helped complex organs evolve, why?

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Coelomate

• Earthworms are coelomates
• True coelom wraps around the digestive tract to
  protect organs.
• Provides are firm base for animals muscles to
  push against.

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Body Segmentation

• Segmented animals are composed of repeating
  segments.

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Challenge

• Earth worms are segmented animals that can live
  without certain segments, why do you think that
  is?

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Phylogenetic Tree

• Kingdom Animalia contains 35 divions
• Phyla
• Scientists use a Phylogenetic tree to visualize
  classification
• The animal kingdom can then be divided into
  vertebrates and non-vertebrates

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