Title: Columbian Exchange
1Columbian Exchange
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3Columbian Exchange AndHow did it change the
World?
4Impact on Native Americans
- Europeans were learning of the profitability of
the plantation system relying on what? - Economic benefit of using local forced labor
- Disease Europeans, unknowingly brought
measles, mumps, chickenpox, smallpox, typhus and
others. - The local people had no built-up natural immunity
to these diseases yet.
5Impact on Africans
- With decline of native work force, labor was
needed from elsewhere. - Slave trade exploded, especially in W. Africa
- Over the next 300 years (1500-1800) appx 10
million people were taken
6Impact on Europeans
- Europeans began to cross the Atlantic creating
one of the largest voluntary migrations in world
history. - Overseas expansion inflamed national rivalries in
Europe causing conflict. - Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 (Spain Vs. Portugal)
- Growth of trade markets completely changed the
world - FOREVER!
7The Columbian Exchange
- Voyages launched large-scale contact between
Europe and Americas. - Interaction with Native Americans led to sweeping
cultural changes. - Contact between the two groups led to the
widespread exchange of plants, animals, and
diseasethe Columbian Exchange.
The introduction of beasts of burden to the
Americas was a significant development from the
Columbian Exchange. The introduction of the horse
provided people in the Americas with a new source
of labor and transportation.
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10Effects of the Columbian Exchange
- Different Foods
- Exchange of foods, animals had dramatic impact on
later societies - Over time crops native to Americas became staples
in diets of Europeans - Foods provided substantial nutrition, helped
people live longer
- Economics and Gastronomics
- Activities like Texas cattle ranching, Brazilian
coffee growing not possible without Columbian
Exchange cows, coffee native to Old World - Traditional cuisines changed because of Columbian
Exchange
- Italian Food Without Tomatoes?
- Until contact with Americas, Europeans had never
tried tomatoes - Most Europeans thought tomatoes poisonous
- By late 1600s, tomatoes had begun to be included
in Italian cookbooks
11The Exchange can be positive or negative in its
effects
- In the exchange that started along the coast of
Newfoundland and was made widespread by Columbus,
disease was the most negative for the Native
American population - Fatality rate over a period of two to three
generations was 95 for many tribal groups - In some cases, as in the Mohegans case, the
fatality rate could be 100 percent
12Europeans believed that it was Gods will that
Indians died
- No germ theory at the time of contact.
- Illness in Europe was considered to be the
consequence of sin - Indians, who were largely heathen or
non-Christian were regarded as sinners thus
subject to illness as a punishment
13- The Introduction of New Diseases
- Native Americans had no natural resistance to
European diseases - Smallpox, measles, influenza, malaria killed
millions - Population of central Mexico may have decreased
by more than 30 percent in the 10 years following
first contact with Europeans
- Devastating Impact
- Native American population continued to decline
for centuries - Inca Empire decreased from 13 million in 1492 to
2 million in 1600 - North American population fell from 2 million in
1492 to 500,000 in 1900but disease not only
factor in decrease of population - Intermittent warfare, other violence also
contributed
14Old World Diseases
- European disease was particularly virulent
- Smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough,
chicken pox, bubonic plague, scarlet fever and
influenza were the most common diseases - Nearly all of the European diseases were
communicable by air and touch. - The pathway of these diseases was invisible to
both Indians and Europeans
15Effects Widespread
- Effects of Columbian Exchange felt not only in
Europe, Americas - China
- Arrival of easy-to-grow, nutritious corn helped
population grow tremendously - Also a main consumer of silver mined in Americas
- Africa
- Two native crops of Americascorn, peanutsstill
among most widely grown - Scholars estimate one-third of all food crops
grown in world are of American origin
16Mercantilism
17Balance of Trade
- Mercantilists built wealth two ways
- extract gold, silver from mines at home, in
colonies - sell more goods than it bought from foreign
countries, creating favorable balance of trade - With favorable balance of trade, country received
more gold, silver from other nations than it paid
to them - Increased its power weakened foreign competitors
18Controlling Sources
- Third approach for favorable balance of trade,
- Controlling Sources
- Nation that controlled own sources would not need
to import from competing nations - Why important
- Country did not need to spend own money to obtain
raw materials - Foreign countries considered rivals, might become
active enemy, cut off supply of raw materials - European nations worked to become more
self-sufficient - Nations began to establish colonies
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20Colonies
Building colonial empires essential to
mercantilist system
21Summarize What were the main principles of
mercantilism?
- Answer
- nation's strength depended upon its wealth
- needed a favorable balance of trade
22Commercial Revolution
- What The transition (change) from Mercantilism
then to Capitalism IS the - COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION
- When 16th -17th centuries
- Who/Where Europeans European countries
colonies - Why? changes in commerce (trade) money making
methods - Changes in the power structure btwn countries
- Why Care?Influenced todays financial dealings
(the way we do business)
23Commercial Revolution
- CAUSE
- new wealth dramatic growth in overseas trade
new business and trade practices - EFFECTS
- set the stage for the development of CAPITALISM
- Basis of todays financial practices
24The Rise of Capitalism
Increasing trade between Europe and colonies
created new business and trade practices during
the 1500s and 1600s. These practices would have a
great impact on the economies of European nations.
25- Rising Prices (INFLATION)
- Investors took risks of investing in overseas
trade because of inflation - Inflation steady increase in prices
- Demand for goods increased due to growing
population, scarcity of goods rising demand
drove prices higher
- Money Supply
- Increase of money supply another factor in higher
prices (INFLATION) - Shiploads of gold, silver flowed into Europe from
Americas to be made into new coins - Over time, increase of money in circulation
pushed prices for goods still higher
26A New Business Organization
- New Ventures
- Overseas business ventures often too expensive
for individual investors - Investors began pooling money in joint-stock
companies
- Joint-Stock Companies
- Investors bought shares of stock in company
- If company made profit, each shareholder received
portion
- Shares
- Profit, loss based on number of shares owned
- If company failed, investors lost only amount
invested
- Financing Colonies
- British East India Company, one of first
joint-stock companies - 1600, imported spices from Asia
- Others formed to bear cost of establishing
colonies
27So What is CAPITALISM
- Economic System based on
- private ownership
- investment of wealth for profit
- Free Trade
- Cause overseas colonization trade lots of
merchants getting RICH! - And they continued to invest in trade to get
RICHER (increase profits) - AND then they re-invested more to get even
RICHER!