INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING

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INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING

• FEG 300
• Douglas Daley
• SUNY ESF

The scientist seeks to understand what is. The
Engineer seeks to CREATE what never was.
-Theodore von Karman
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What is Engineering?1

• The creative process of applying
• Scientific and mathematic principles
• Experience
• Judgement / Common sense
• To address a need (problem)
• That results in a new product, process or system

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What is an Engineer?
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What is an Engineer?

• Educated
• Licensed/registered professional
• Problem Solver/Designer addresses societys needs
• Creative Individual (intuitive)
• Applies science
• Uses design process
• Team member/leader
• Decides and recommends
• Draws and specifies

• Has technical expertise and experience
• Evaluates alternative solutions based on
  reliability, cost, manufacturability, ergonomics
  and marketability

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Engineer vs. Technologist1

• Technologist
• Shares theoretical background with engineer
• Practical experience in application,
  implementation, sales of engineers design
• Engineer
• Develops conceptual design
• Research and application of scientific concepts
• Design of new products and systems

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Engineering a Profession6

• What is a Profession?
• Education high academic standards
• Regulated/Licensed
• Code of Conduct
• Public Service, Public Benefit, Public Trust
• Continuing Education and Experience
• Personal Responsibility, Judgement, Discretion
• Intellectual, Competent, Confident

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Engineering Education - Formalized

• United States Military Academy (founded 1802).
  Superintendent Sylvanus Thayer made civil
  engineering the foundation of the curriculum
  between 1817 and 1833. The first civil
  engineering program in the U.S.
• Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (founded 1824)
  for the purpose of instructing persons, who may
  choose to apply themselves, in the application of
  science to the common purposes of life."

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Education ABET Program Criteria5

• Engineering programs must demonstrate that their
  graduates have
• (a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics,
  science, and engineering
• (b) an ability to design and conduct experiments,
  as well as to analyze and interpret data
• (c) an ability to design a system, component, or
  process to meet desired needs
• (d) an ability to function on multi-disciplinary
  teams
• (e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve
  engineering problems

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ABET Program Criteria (contd)

• (f) an understanding of professional and ethical
  responsibility
• (g) an ability to communicate effectively
• (h) the broad education necessary to understand
  the impact of engineering solutions in a global
• and societal context
• (i) a recognition of the need for, and an ability
  to engage in life-long learning
• (j) a knowledge of contemporary issues
• (k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and
  modern engineering tools necessary for
  engineering practice.

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Professional Registration

• Required in fields involving public safety
• State evaluates education and experience and
  administers standard examinations
• Graduate from a 4 year EAC (ABET) accredited
  engineering program
• Pass Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam
• Gain 4 years of professional experience
• Pass Principles and Practice of Engineering exam

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NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers Engineers'
Creed
As a Professional Engineer, I dedicate my
professional knowledge and skill to the
advancement and betterment of human welfare. I
pledge To give the utmost of performance To
participate in none but honest enterprise To
live and work according to the laws of man and
the highest standards of professional conduct
To place service before profit, the honor and
standing of the profession before personal
advantage, and the public welfare above all other
considerations. In humility and with need for
Divine Guidance, I make this pledge. Adopted by
National Society of Professional Engineers, June
1954 Accessed at http//www.heimer.com/frameset/of
fsite.asp?urlhttp//www.nspe.org/ August 2002
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Application of Engineering Experience

• Historically, engineering was largely empirical,
  using experience to create new advances
  technology (a.k.a. trial and error or tinkering)
• Engineering allowed cultural and societal
  advances to occur
• Water Supply (Hydraulics) Egyptian irrigation,
  Roman aqueducts, Dutch windmills, canals
• Commerce (Navigation) English Longitude Act 1714
• overcome economic losses due to lost ships
  foundering
• technological limitations in material science
• John Harrison awarded prize for chronometer
  (development and trials 1715 - 1764)

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Cultural Advancement Ancient 3,4

• Society needed water for industry and growth
• Civil/Structural Engineering
• Clockwise from top left
• Pont du Gard - Nimes (Fr)
• Segovia (Spain)
• Moselle (Fr)
• Merida (Spain)

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Engineering and the Public Health

• Great Plague (summer 1665) killed over 60,000
  London residents

• Sewage Disposal/Treatment (Paris, London - 1860s,
  Blue Plains 2002 - 370 MGD)

• Water Closet, promoted by T. Crapper
  http//www.thomas-crapper.com/history02.htm

• Water Supply (Croton Aqueduct - 1842 - 35 MGD -
  New York - Current 1512 MGD)

• Waste Disposal (11,000 TPD - Fresh Kills Landfill)

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Interstate and Defense Highway System

• http//www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/rw96j.htm

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Dams Water Supply, Power, Flood Control
Glen Canyon Dam
Grand Coulee Dam
Hoover Dam
http//www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/History/index.htm
l
http//www.canyon-country.com/lakepowell/gcdam.htm
http//users.owt.com/chubbard/gcdam/html/photos/..
/../highres/dam08.jpg
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20th Centurys Greatest Engineering Achievements2

• High Performance Materials
• Nuclear Technologies
• Laser and Fiber Optics
• Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies
• Health Technologies
• Household Appliances
• Imaging Technologies
• Internet
• Space Exploration
• Interstate Highways

• Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
• Telephone
• Computers
• Agricultural Mechanization
• Radio and Television
• Electronics
• Safe and Abundant Water
• Airplane
• Automobile
• Electrification

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Breakthrough Technologies

• Biotechnology
• Nanotechnology
• Materials Science and Photonics
• Information and Communications Technology
• Logistics

NAE. The Engineer of 2020. National Academy of
Sciences. 2004.
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Continuing Challenges

• Physical Urban Infrastructure
• Highways, bridges, tunnels, power
• Information and Communication
• Environment
• Sustainable development, Green Engineering,
  energy, clean water
• Aging population

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Failure Design, Construction, Operation, or
Maintenance?
http//www.cnn.com/2007/US/08/09/bridge.collapse.a
p/index.htmlcnnSTCPhoto
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Space Shuttle Challenger Design Failure
http//images.jsc.nasa.gov/search/search.cgi?selec
tionsSTS51LbrowsepageGokeywordsnullpageno38
hitsperpage5
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Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse
Design/Construction Process Failure
http//ethics.tamu.edu/ethics/hyatt/hyatt2.htm
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Professional Context for Engineers in the Future

• Systems perspective
• Integrate components
• Multidisciplinary teams work on complex projects
• Flexibility, receptive to change, mutual respect,
  global markets
• Complexity
• Integrate social elements into systems analysis
• Customerization
• Public policy
• Business, military, health
• Public understanding of engineering and
  technology
• Potential or unintended dangers

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Attributes of the Engineer in 2020

• Strong analytical skills
• Practical ingenuity
• Creative
• Effective communication
• Business and management skills
• High ethical standards
• Dynamic, resilient, flexible, agile
• Lifelong learner

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Characteristics of a Good Engineering Design

• Works all the time (reliable)
• Meets technical requirements
• Meets cost requirements
• Requires little or no maintenance
• Is safe
• Creates no ethical dilemma (moral/public/environme
  ntal health issue)

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Application of Engineering Science Dynamics
Kinetics

• Isaac Newton (1642- 1727)
• First Law of Motion A particle will remain at
  rest or in motion at a constant velocity unless
  an unbalanced external force acts on it
  (conservation of momentum).
• Acceleration of a particle is directly
  proportional to the force acting on it and
  inversely proportional to the particle mass
  (Fma)
• 1 Newton (force) (1 kg)(1 m/s2)

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Application of Engineering Science

• Fluid Mechanics
• Hydraulic Systems (dams, jets, food)
• Newtonian Fluids
• Conservation of Matter and Energy
• Thermodynamics
• Heat force produces work
• Power system analysis and design
• Analysis by Newton relationships
• First Law the work done by or on a system
  depends only on the end states

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Engineering Education Forest Engineering at ESF

• Botany, Physics, Chemistry, Calculus
• Writing, Graphics, History, Fine Arts
• Economics, Probability and Statistics,
  Management, Decision Analysis
• Fluid Mechanics, Statics, Dynamics,
  Thermodynamics, Ecology, Dendrology
• Hydrology and Hydraulics, Mechanics of Materials,
  Structures, Soil Mechanics
• Surveying, Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry
• Transportation Systems, Water Pollution, Design
  Elective

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Citations

• 1. American Society of Engineering Education.
  Engineering Your Future. Web site accessed
  August 14, 2002 at http//www.asee.org/precollege/
  welcome.cfm
• 2. National Academy of Engineering. Greatest
  Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century.
  http//www.greatachievements.org/greatachievements
  /
• 3. Roman Aqueducts http//www.ac-nancy-metz.fr/ia5
  7/jussy/netsco/English/autre-aqu.htm
• 4. UNSECO, Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct)
  http//whc.unesco.org/sites/344.htm
• 5. Accreditation Board for Engineering and
  Technology, Inc., Engineering Accreditation
  Commission, CRITERIA FOR ACCREDITING ENGINEERING
  PROGRAMS, 2002-2003, http//www.abet.org/images/Cr
  iteria/2002-03EACCriteria.pdf, August 2002
• 6. Cottingham, J. Richard. Should all engineers
  be licensed? National Society of Professional
  Engineers. http//www.nspe.org/lc1-cottingham.asp.
  August 2001

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Citations (contd)

• 7. New York City Department of Sanitation, About
  Fresh Kills Landfill http//www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/h
  tml/fkl/ada/about/1_0.html, August 16, 2002
• 8. DC Water and Sewer Authority. Blue Plains
  AWTP. Washington, D.C. http//www.dcwasa.com/defau
  lt.cfm, August 16, 2002
• The Croton Aqueduct. http//www.nyhistory.org/sene
  ca/croton.html
• New York City Department of Environmental
  Protection. New York City's Water Supply System -
  History. http//www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/history.
  html
• Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. History.
  http//www.rpi.edu/About/Welcome/history.html.
  August 16, 2002