Chapter 12 Race And Ethnicity

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Chapter 12Race And Ethnicity

• Key Terms

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• Ethnic groups A social category of people who
  share a common culture.  
• RacializationA process whereby some social
  category such as social class or nationality
  takes on what are perceived in the society to be
  race characteristics.

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• RaceA group treated as distinct in society on
  the basis of certain characteristics that have
  been assigned social importance in society.  
• Racial formationThe process by which groups come
  to be defined as a race.

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• Dominant groupGroup that assigns a racial or
  ethnic group to subordinate status in society is
  called the dominant group.
• Minority groupAny distinct group in society that
  shares common group characteristics and is forced
  to occupy low status because of prejudice and
  discrimination.

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• StereotypesOversimplified set of beliefs about
  members of a social group or social stratum that
  is used to categorize individuals of that group.
  
• Salience principleStates that we categorize
  people on the basis of what appears initially
  prominent and obvious about them.

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• Stereotype interchangeability Holds that racial,
  gender, cultural, and class stereotypes,
  especially negative ones, are often
  interchangeable among groups.
• PrejudiceThe evaluation of a social group, and
  individuals within that group, based on
  conceptions about the social group that are held
  despite facts that contradict it, and that
  involve prejudgment and misjudgment. 

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• EthnocentrismThe belief that one's group is
  superior to all other groups.  
• DiscriminationOvert negative and unequal
  treatment of the members of some social group or
  stratum solely because of their membership in
  that group or stratum. 

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• Residential segregationSpatial separation of
  racial and ethnic groups into different
  residential areas.
• RacismThe perception and treatment of a racial
  or ethnic group or member of that group as
  intellectually, socially and culturally inferior
  to that group.

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• Aversive racismRacism that can be subtle,
  covert, and nonobvious.
• Dominative racismInternational, overt racism,
  involves verbal racial slurs or physical
  assaults.

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• Institutional racismNegative treatment and
  oppression of one racial or ethnic group by
  societys existing institutions based on the
  presumed inferiority of the oppressed group.
• Scapegoat theoryArgues that, historically,
  members of the dominant group in the United
  States have harbored various frustrations in
  their desire to achieve social and economic
  success.

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• Authoritarian personalityCharacterized by a
  tendency to rigidly categorize other people, as
  well as tendencies to submit to authority,
  rigidly conform, be intolerant of ambiguity, and
  inclined to superstition.
• Racial-ethnic discriminationUnequal treatment of
  a person based on race or ethnicity. May be
  combined with other forms of discrimination,
  producing the double jeopardy effect.

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• AssimilateProcess by which a minority becomes
  socially, economically and culturally absorbed
  within the dominant society.  
• Gendered racism theoryRefers to the interactive
  or combined effects of racism and sexism in the
  oppression of women of color.

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• Anti-SemitismExtreme anti-Jewish prejudice.
• Cultural pluralismDefined as different groups in
  society keeping their distinctive cultures while
  coexisting peacefully with the dominant group.

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• SegregationThe spatial and social separation of
  racial and ethnic groups.
• Urban underclassA grouping of people, largely
  minority and poor, who live at the absolute
  bottom of the socioeconomic ladder in urban
  areas.

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• Affirmative actionRace specific policy for
  reducing job and education inequality.