Imperialism

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Imperialism

• Unit 6 Notes

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Unit 6 Key Terms

1. imperialism
2. nationalism
3. direct rule
4. indirect rule
5. protectorate
6. sphere of influence
7. Social Darwinism
8. White Mans Burden
9. Berlin Conference
10. Great Game

• Zulu War
• Boer War
• jewel of the crown
• Sepoy Rebellion
• Raj
• Opium War
• Taiping Rebellion
• Open Door Policy
• Boxer Rebellion

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Key Terms

• indirect rule European colonial policy in which
  the traditional or local governments in the
  colonies are allowed to govern themselves but
  only with the blessings of the mother country
  typically there were no government agents (i.e.
  viceroys, royal governors) from the mother
  country
• Social Darwinism belief that it was natural for
  stronger cultures to overtake weaker ones
  survival of the fittest
• Great Game name given to the conflict/rivalry
  between Great Britain and Russia over control of
  Central Asia, particularly Afghanistan

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Imperialism in 1914
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Driving Forces Behind Imperialism

• Industrialization
• primary cause of imperialism
• industrialized nations needed raw materials from
  less developed countries
• new territories meant more trade and more profit
• Political and Social Forces
• competition for colonies was driven by
  nationalism
• imperialism was justified by Social Darwinism
• The White Mans Burden

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The White Mans Burden

• poem by Rudyard Kipling published in 1899
• example of Social Darwinism
• implied that it was the duty of Europeans (all
  white people) to civilize people of other nations
  or cultures by introducing Christianity and
  Western culture

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The White Mans Burden
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Methods of Imperialism

• countries governed their colonies in different
  ways
• direct rule
• indirect rule
• protectorate
• sphere of influence

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Imperialism in Africa

• early exploration of Africa was difficult because
  of disease and geographic barriers
• the discovery of missionary David Livingstone by
  news reporter Henry Stanley sparked European
  interest in the continent
• under King Leopold II, Belgium gained control of
  the Congo and brutally exploited local rubber
  plantations
• other nations soon followed Belgium by claiming
  sections of Africa

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Imperialism in Africa

• the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 set the rules
  for the division of Africa
• meeting of 14 nations (no African nations)
• divided the continent with no regard to ethnic or
  language boundaries
• by 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained
  independent of European control

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Imperialism in Asia

• Europeans wanted several things from Asia
• land to grow cash crops like tea or cotton
• raw materials like tin, rubber, and oil
• trading posts (many established by the British
  East India Company)
• British holdings
• India
• Singapore
• Malay Peninsula
• Afghanistan

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The British Empire
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Imperialism in China
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Different Reactions to Imperialism

• Africa
• British, Dutch (Boers or Afrikaners), and
  Africans (Zulus) all wanted South Africa
• British defeated the Zulus in the Zulu War in
  1879
• Boer War (1899-1902) between British and Boers
  began as gold was found in the region
• India
• known as the jewel in the crown the most
  prized British territory
• supplied raw materials and potential markets to
  sell finished products

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Different Reactions to Imperialism

• India (continued)
• British expansion suppressed (put down) local
  culture
• in 1857, the Sepoy Rebellion began after rumors
  that gun cartridges were greased with pig and cow
  fat (this was extremely offensive to Hindus and
  Muslims)
• British took direct rule of India (a period known
  as the Raj) after the rebellion
• China
• China wanted to remain isolated
• British attempts to trade with China resulted in
  the Opium War

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Different Reactions to Imperialism

• China (continued)
• at the same time of the Opium War, the Taiping
  Rebellion was going on in China people wanted
  to establish a kingdom with no poverty
• foreign countries took advantage of internal
  struggles in China led to the Open Door Policy
• Boxer Rebellion was a reaction to Open Door
  Policy and foreign intervention in China
  Chinese Boxers killed Chinese Christians and
  foreigners until the rebellion was put down

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Imperialism Statistics
Great Britain France Belgium Netherlands Germany (1914)
Area in Square Miles 94,000 212,600 11,800 13,200 210,000
Population 45,500,100 42,000,000 8,300,000 8.500,000 67,500,000
Area of Colonies 13,100,000 4,300,000 940,000 790,000 1,100,000
Population of Colonies 470,000,000 65,000,000 13,000,000 66,000,000 13,000,000
Region Percentage Controlled
Africa 90.4
Polynesia 98.9
Asia 56.5
Australia 100.0
Americas 27.2
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Review Questions

• How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to
  the rise of imperialism?
• caused nations to search for new places to
  colonize for 2 reasons (1) new markets to sell
  goods and (2) raw materials to make products
• How did nationalism contribute to the rise of
  imperialism?
• nationalism led to feelings of cultural
  superiority the idea that other cultures
  benefitted from imperialism
• ruling other people increased a nations power
  and glory

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Review Questions

• What methods of rule did Europeans use to govern
  foreign peoples?
• direct rule
• indirect rule
• protectorate
• sphere of influence
• How do you think the search for new colonies in
  Africa, Asia, and Oceania may have affected
  relations among European industrial nations?

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Review Questions

• Explain the meaning of the phrase The sun never
  sets on the British Empire.
• the British Empire was so vast (large) that at
  any point of time the sun was up in some area
  that they controlled
• Based on the map on page 152, what places in
  India remained free of British rule?
• Goa was controlled by the Portuguese
• Based on the map on page 153, which two nations
  held the most territory in Africa?
• France and Great Britain

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Review Questions

• What were some arguments in favor of imperialism?
• it ended local warfare
• it helped develop farming, industry, and
  transportation
• it brought schools and hospitals
• it spread new ideas about human rights

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Review Questions

• What were some arguments against imperialism?
• it created bitter feelings between the imperial
  nation and the people they ruled
• it created feelings of superiority
• in many cases, native people were shut out
  completely of government
• the flooding of the market with cheap
  manufactured goods destroyed local industries