The Developing Person Through the Life Span 8e by Kathleen Stassen Berger

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The Developing Person Through the Life Span 8eby
Kathleen Stassen Berger

• Chapter 2 Theories of Development
• What Theories Do
• Grand Theories
• Newer Theories

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Developmental Theory

• Developmental Theory
• a group of ideas, assumptions, generalizations
  that interpret and illuminate the thousands of
  observations made about human growth
• provides a framework for understanding how and
  why people change as they grow older.

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What Theories Do

• Theories produce a hypothesis.
• Theories generate discoveries.
• Theories offer practical guidance.
• Theories are NOT facts.

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Grand Theories

• Grand Theories of the Early 20th Century
• Psychoanalytic Theory
• Behavioral Theory
• Cognitive Theory
• Newer Theories
• Sociocultural Theory
• Universal Perspective
• Humanism and Evolutionary Theory

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• A theory of human development that holds that
  irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often
  originating in childhood, underlie human
  behavior.
• Psychoanalytic theory originated with Sigmund
  Freud (1856 1939)

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Freuds Psychosexual Stages of Development

App. Age Stage
0-18 months ORAL STAGE lips, tongue, gums are focus of pleasurable sensations
18ms. -3 years ANAL STAGE Anus is the focus of pleasurable sensations, toilet training most important
3-6 years PHALLIC STAGE Phallus (penis) most important. Boys proud/Girls wonder whats wrong
6-11 years LATENCY not really stage. Period during which sexual needs quiet
Adolescence GENITAL STAGE Genitals are the focus, young person seeks sexual satisfaction
Adulthood Genital stage last throughout adulthood
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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Erik Erikson (19021994)
• Described eight developmental stages, each
  characterized by a challenging developmental
• crisis.
• His first five stages build on Freuds theory
  but he also described three adult stages.

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development

App. Age Conflict
Infancy 0-1 year Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
Early Childhood 1-3 years Autonomy vs. Shame
Preschool 3-6 years Initiative vs. Guilt
School Age 6-12 years Industry vs. Inferiority
Adolescence 12-19 years Identity vs. Confusion
Young Adulthood 20-25 years Intimacy vs. Isolation
Middle Adulthood 26-64 years Generativity vs. Stagnation
Maturity 65-death Integrity vs. Despair
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Behaviorism

• A theory of human development that studies
  observable behavior.
• Also called learning theory as it describes
  the laws and processes by which behavior is
  learned.
• Conditioning - the processes by which responses
  become linked to particular stimuli and learning
  takes place.
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Social Learning

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Behaviorism

• Classical conditioning - Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
• (also called respondent conditioning), a process
  in which a person or animal learns to associate a
  neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus,
  gradually reacting to the neutral stimulus with
  the same response as to the meaningful one.
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vHZPXVb0W3Hc

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Behaviorism

• Operant Conditioning

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Behaviorism

• Operant conditioning - B.F. Skinner (19041990)
• (also called instrumental conditioning) a
  learning process in which a particular action is
  followed either by something desired or by
  something unwanted.
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vy-g2OmRXb0g
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vAK32448CgKE

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Behaviorism

• Social Learning Theory- Albert Bandura
• An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the
  influence that other people have over a persons
  behavior.

Modeling- people learn by observing other people
and then copying them. Self-Efficacy- how
effective people think they are when it comes to
changing themselves or altering their social
context. http//www.youtube.com/watch?vYclZBhn40
hU
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Cognitive Theory

• Jean Piaget (18961980)
• Thoughts and expectations profoundly affect
  action.
• Focuses on changes in how people think over time.
• Cognitive development occurs over
• four age-related periods
• Constructivist Perspective of Learning

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Cognitive Theory
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vTRF27F2bn-A
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Cognitive Theory

• Cognitive Equilibrium
• A state of mental balance, no confusion
• Interpret new ideas through past ideas
• Easy equilibrium not always possible
• If new experience is not understandable,
• cognitive disequilibrium can occur
• Assimilation
• Accommodation

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Cognitive Theory

• Information Processing
• Not a single theory but a framework
• Inspired by how a computer works
• How people think before they respond
• How attention and thought
• affects mental function
• Relationship between one
• persons thinking and
• anothers

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Newer Theories

• Sociocultural Theory
• Leo Vygotsky (1896-1934)
• Development results from a persons interaction
  with their social and cultural surroundings
• Culture is integral to development
• Apprenticeship in thinking
• how cognition is taught by
• the older and more skilled

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Sociocultural Theory

• Zone of proximal development
• Made up of the skills, knowledge, and concepts
  that the learner is close to acquiring
• Learner needs help to master
• Learning must be individualized

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The Universal Perspective

• Humanism
• Abraham Maslow (1908-1970),
• Hierarchy of Needs
• Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
• Stresses the potential of humans for good
• All people have the same needs
• Emphasize what people have in common

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The Universal Perspective

• Evolutionary Theory
• Based on Darwins ideas
• Humans are more alike than different
• Human development influenced by drives to survive
  and reproduce
• Selective adaptation process by which people
  adapt to their environment

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Eclectic Perspective

• Eclectic perspective
• The approach taken by
• most developmentalists
• Aspects of each of the various theories of
  development are applied
• rather than adhering
• exclusively to one