French and Indian War

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French and Indian War

• Called the French and Indian War in North
  America, but it was part of the Seven Years War
  of Europe
• France and Britain battled for colonial
  domination in North America
• Very costly for Britain and contributed to the
  taxation of the colonies in North America
• France lost its land claims in North America east
  of the Mississippi River

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American Revolution

• Colonists declared independence from Britain
• American Revolution -1775 to 1783
• Ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris
• Britain lost control of the colonies and claims
  to land (except Canada)
• United States territory extended to the
  Mississippi River

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LOUISIANA PURCHASE
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CHANGING HANDS
BETWEEN 1650 AND 1800 SEVERAL GOVERNMENTS
SPAIN, BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND RUSSIA CLAIMED TO
OWN LAND IN NORTH AMERICA 1802 - OWNERSHIP OF A
LARGE PART OF THE WEST CHANGED. FRANCE SOLD
828,000 SQUARE MILES OF LAND WEST OF THE
MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO THE UNITED STATES.
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Land stretched from Mississippi River to Rocky
Mountains and from Gulf of Mexico to Canadian
border.
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Napoleon Bonaparte

• Napoleon got back the land from Spain in 1800.
  Wanted to assert French presence in area but
  selling land was necessary
• Lost troops in Haiti (yellow fever epidemic)
  used up many resources
• Knew pioneers continued moving west
• French Navy not strong enough to control land
  area
• Napoleon wanted to consolidate resources to focus
  on conquering England - needed to sell Frances
  land to raise funds
• Rejected US attempt to buy New Orleans and
  instead offered to sell Frances entire North
  American possessions as the LOUSIANA PURCHASE

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THE PURCHASE

• US Minister to France, ROBERT LIVINGSTON and
  JAMES MONROE, appointed by Jefferson to negotiate
  on behalf of the US, reached an agreement with
  the French Minister to the purchase of the
  Louisiana territory.
• The agreement exceeded their authority, but they
  agreed to the purchase.

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• The Senate ratified the treaty on October 20, by
  a vote of 24 to 7
• Spain, upset by the sale but without military
  power to stop it, returned Louisiana to France
• France officially transferred the territory to
  the US on December 20th
• US took formal possession on December 30th, 1803

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U.S. BEFORE AND AFTER THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE
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13 states were eventually carved from the
Louisiana Purchase

• Use the Map It handout and outline the
  Louisiana Purchase
• Label the 13 states within your outline
  showing which states were eventually created
• Complete the map worksheet (you may have to
  use an outside source to find the cities listed)

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U.S. TERRITORY 1783-1853
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MANIFEST DESTINY

• Used to describe beliefs in the 1840s about
  territorial expansion
• Pioneers believed they had a divine obligation to
  stretch the boundaries all the way to the Pacific
  Ocean
• Phrase manifest destiny coined by newspaper
  editor John OSullivan

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Columbia personification of the United States,
guiding and protecting western settlers while
driving away Native Americans and bison (by
painter John Gast)
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Exploring Louisiana Purchase

• Jefferson asked Congress to appropriate funds for
  an expedition crossing the Louisiana territory
  and proceeding to the Pacific Ocean
• Meriwether Lewis was appointed commander and
  William Clark his associate commander

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Exploring the Louisiana Purchase

• President Jefferson was very interested in
  learning about the new territory
• geography of the west
• plants
• animals
• soil
• rocks
• weather
• Why was this important to Jefferson and the
  settlers as they began to move west?

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EXPEDITIONS

• SPARKS mission was to explore the Red River
• Confronted by the Spanish and did not complete
  the journey
• PIKE-WILKINSON
• 1805 - Pike was to explore the upper Mississippi
  River
• 1806 Pike explored the Missouri River, across
  the Kansas Plains, followed the Santa Fe Trail
  south to the Arkansas River

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WILKINSON separated from Pike and explored the
ARKANSAS RIVER into what is now Oklahoma

• His journal provided a look at what Indian life
  was like in the Oklahoma area
• Osage villages
• hunting camps of Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek

• PIKE continued west to the Rocky Mts.
• Pikes Peak, Colorado is named for him

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SIBLEY EXPEDITION
Jefferson wanted to know about the rumored SALT
mountain on the Plains He sent Indian agent
Sibley to make friends with the Indians and find
the mountain Sibley found an area glistening
like a brilliant field of snow
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LONG EXPEDITION

• LONG made 5 expeditions, traveling 26,000 miles
• His mission was to establish a military post on
  the western boundary of Arkansas
• this became Ft. Smith in 1817
• explored parts of eastern Oklahoma
• wanted to find the sources for the Red and
  Arkansas Rivers and headed toward the Rocky Mts.
• thought he had discovered the source of the Red
  River but it was the Canadian River
• hot and dry declared the region unsuitable for
  agriculture

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ADAMS-ONIS TREATY, 1819

• No boundaries for the Louisiana Territory
• United States and Spain came to an agreement
• Spain sold Florida to the US for 5 million
• borders were set between Spanish territory and
  the Louisiana territory
• Spain gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory

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THREE FORKS AREA

• Americans continued moving West
• 1817 trading post established on the Verdigris
  River a few miles north of what is now Muskogee
• Waterways extremely important for early commerce
  and trading posts established near them
• Arkansas, Verdigris, and Grand Rivers joined at
  a point northeast of present day Muskogee and
  became a hub of activity

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• THREE FORKS AREA was a meeting point for fur
  trappers, traders, the nearby Osage Indians
• trappers and hunters stocked up on supplies
• Osage Indians traded furs, fowl, honey, bear
  oil, and buffalo robes for beads, blankets,
  knives, trinkets, and cloth
• By the 1830s game was becoming scarce and fur
  trade slowing down
• salt, lead, pecans, grain shipped out of the
  Three Forks area
• Western Creeks traded produce such as dried
  fruit, peanuts, ginseng

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TRADE ROUTES

• Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821
• Traders to the north hoped to open up trade
  routes with Santa Fe (now in N. Mexico)
• Several different traders headed west hoping to
  establish trade
• Glenn-Pryor party ended up trading in
  southeastern Colorado in the Pueblo area
• James party learned Santa Fe was open for trade
  and set up a business in the Market Square of the
  settlement

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SANTA FE TRAIL
WILLIAM BECKNELL, a Missouri trader left the
state with a caravan of wagons carrying
merchandise and headed toward Santa Fe The route
he took eventually became known as the Santa Fe
Trail Hundreds of settlers followed the same
trail as they headed west
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Ruts are still visible where countless wagons
followed the Santa Fe Trail
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RIVER TRANSPORTATION
Keelboat similar to one that would be used on
Oklahoma waterways to carry goods for trade
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Dugout canoes were large logs that were dug
out. They could carry limited supplies but were
a reasonable way to travel when the water was low.
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Steamboats were used to carry shipments of cotton
along the Red River