Animal, Plant

1
Animal, Plant Soil Science

• Lesson C2-6
• The Circulatory and
• Respiratory Systems

2
Interest Approach

• Ask students to explain the purpose of the
  circulatory system and to name the major organs
  in it. List the purpose and organs on the board.
  Have students identify what substance is
  circulated in the system. Ask students if they
  have scratched themselves and bled. Why is it
  important to avoid unprotected contact with
  blood? Blood can carry diseases that can be
  transmitted to individuals with whom it comes
  into contact. (Note Explain appropriate safety
  practices if any blood items will be used in the
  class. It is best to use prepared slides of blood
  if microscope skills will be included in the
  lesson.) Move from the interest approach into the
  objectives and content of the lesson.

3
Objectives

• Identify components of the respiratory system,
  and describe the functions of the organs that
  compose the respiratory system.
• Identify components of the circulatory system
  (including identification of major veins and
  arteries), and describe the functions of the
  organs that compose the circulatory system.

4
Objectives

• Define blood, and describe the components of
  blood.
• Explain bloods role in the exchange of materials
  throughout the body, and describe its other
  functions.
• Explain how an animal maintains an adequate
  supply of blood.
• Identify the uses of blood analysis in livestock
  and companion animal production.

5
Terms

• anemia
• antibody
• arteries
• arterioles
• atrium
• bleeding
• blood
• blood analysis
• blood count

• blood poisoning
• blood transfusion
• blood typing
• capillaries
• circulatory system
• coagulation
• fibrin
• heart
• hemoglobin

6
Terms

• hormone
• larynx
• marrow
• pathogen
• plasma
• platelets
• red blood cells

• respiratory system
• veins
• ventricles
• venules
• white blood cells

7
What are the components of the respiratory
system, and what are the functions of the organs
that compose the respiratory system?

• The respiratory system consists essentially of
  lungs and the passages that enable air to enter
  and exit the lungs.
• These passages include the nostrils, nasal
  cavity, pharynx, larynx, and trachea.
• The respiratory system rapidly delivers oxygen to
  the tissue fluid that bathes all living cells,
  removes carbon dioxide waste from cells, and
  helps regulate pH.

8
(No Transcript)
9
What are the components of the respiratory
system, and what are the functions of the organs
that compose the respiratory system?

• A. Air moves into the nostrils (external openings
  of the air passages) and then flows past the
  pharynx to the trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
• This process filters debris, warms air, and adds
  moisture.
• The trachea and bronchi are lined with cilia that
  beat upward, carrying mucus, dust, and particles.
  
• When air reaches the lungs, it is at body
  temperature and is saturated with water.

10
What are the components of the respiratory
system, and what are the functions of the organs
that compose the respiratory system?

• B. Hard and soft palates separate nasal cavities
  from the mouth.
• Air and food passages cross in the pharynx.
• The danger of choking,
  however, is offset by an
  alternative path for
  breathing during
  congestion and
  increased air intake
  during
  exercise.

11
What are the components of the respiratory
system, and what are the functions of the organs
that compose the respiratory system?

• C. Air flows past the pharynx through the glottis
  into the larynx, which is protected by the
  epiglottis.
• At the edges of the glottis are vocal cords.
• As air passes across the vocal chords, tissues
  vibrate and create sounds.
• From the larynx, air flows down the trachea to
  the bronchi.
• The larynx controls inspiration and expiration of
  air and prevents inhalation of foreign objects.
• It is essential for voice production.

12
What are the components of the respiratory
system, and what are the functions of the organs
that compose the respiratory system?

• D. The trachea walls are reinforced with C-shaped
  rings of cartilage.
• As food is swallowed, the larynx rises, and the
  glottis is closed by a flap of tissue called the
  epiglottis.
• The backward movement of the soft palate covers
  the entrance to nasal passages.
• As a result, food is directed downward.
• The trachea divides into two bronchi.
• The C-shaped rings of cartilage diminish as
  bronchi branch.
• Within lungs, each bronchus branches into
  numerous bronchioles that conduct air to alveoli.

13
(No Transcript)
14
What are the components of the respiratory
system, and what are the functions of the organs
that compose the respiratory system?

• E. The lungs are the most important part of the
  respiratory system.
• The lungs are shaped like
  cones, with the base resting
  against the cranial side of
  the diaphragm
  and the apex
  within or close to the
  thoracic inlet.
• The lungs are elastic and
  spongy.

15
What are the components of the respiratory
system, and what are the functions of the organs
that compose the respiratory system?

• They are divided into lobes by deep fissures in
  the ventral part of the lung.
• The divisions can vary by species.
• For example, the horse has no real subdivision,
  but most domestic animals have a cranial lobe and
  a caudal lobe on both the right and left lungs in
  addition to an accessory, or intermediate, lobe
  on the right lung.

16
What are the components of the circulatory
system, and what are the functions of the organs
that compose the circulatory system?

• The circulatory system is defined as an organ
  system that moves substances to and from cells.
• It often helps stabilize body temperature and pH.
  
• The circulatory system typically consists of a
  heart, blood vessels, and blood.

17
(No Transcript)
18
What are the components of the circulatory
system, and what are the functions of the organs
that compose the circulatory system?

• A. Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system,
  which generally confines the transport medium
  (blood) within its walls.
• The closed systems coevolved with the respiratory
  and lymphatic systems.
• In fish, blood flows in one circuit.
• In birds and mammals, it flows in two through a
  partitioned heart that works as two side-by-side
  pumps.
• The double circuit supports the high levels of
  activity typical of most vertebrates that evolved
  on land.

19
What are the components of the circulatory
system, and what are the functions of the organs
that compose the circulatory system?

• B. A muscular heart keeps blood circulating
  through the animal body.
• The heart is a four-chambered, hollow muscle used
  to pump blood.
• It is divided into four compartments the left
  and right ventricles and the left and right
  atria.
• Ventricles pump blood into arteries.
• The atrium is the chamber of the heart that
  receives blood.
• The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated
  blood (blood low in oxygen) to the lungs.
• The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood
  (blood rich in oxygen) all over the body.

20
(No Transcript)
21
What are the components of the circulatory
system, and what are the functions of the organs
that compose the circulatory system?

• C. There are three kinds of blood vessels
  arteries, capillaries, and veins.
• 1. Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
• Arteries have thick walls that are resilient.
• They expand to accommodate any sudden increase in
  blood volume that results after heart
  contractions.
• Arteries are deep under the skin and have no
  valves.
• They divide further into arterioles, which are
  small arteries with a constriction and dilation
  that are controlled by the nervous system to
  regulate blood pressure.

22
What are the components of the circulatory
system, and what are the functions of the organs
that compose the circulatory system?

• 2. Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels with
  a wall formed of one layer of simple squamous
  cells.
• Exchange with tissue fluid takes place in
  capillaries.
• Capillary beds are so prevalent that, in humans,
  all cells are within 60 to 80 m of a capillary.
• Only five percent are open at one time.
• When an animal eats, capillary beds of the
  digestive system open.

23
What are the components of the circulatory
system, and what are the functions of the organs
that compose the circulatory system?

• Capillaries are so narrow that red blood cells
  must pass through in single file.
• Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur across
  thin walls.
• Venules are vessels
  that take blood from
  capillaries and join to
  form a vein.

24
What are the components of the circulatory
system, and what are the functions of the organs
that compose the circulatory system?

• 3. Veins transport blood toward the heart.
• The wall of a vein is much thinner than
• that of arteries there is no blood pressure.
• One-way valves open in the direction of the heart
  and close to prevent back-flow.

25
What is blood, and what are the components of
blood?

• Blood is the liquid in the circulatory system of
  an animal organism.
• Organisms cannot live without blood.
• All animals have blood, but its nature varies
  from one species to another.
• The amount of blood in an animal varies with the
  species and size of the animal.

26
What is blood, and what are the components of
blood?

• A large animal has more blood than a small
  animal.
• An average adult human weighing 160 pounds (73
  kg) has about 5 quarts (4.7 L) of blood.
• (Animals that live at high altitudes have more
  blood than those at lower altitudes because air
  at higher altitudes has less oxygen. More blood
  is needed to meet the demands of the body for
  oxygen.)

27
What is blood, and what are the components of
blood?

• A. Blood consists of four major components.
• 1. Plasma is the liquid substance in which
  various solid materials are suspended and moved
  about.
• Plasma is 90 percent water.
• The other 10 percent consists of dissolved
  substances including glucose, hormones, wastes,
  minerals, vitamins, and proteins.

28
What is blood, and what are the components of
blood?

• The plasma suspends and transports the solid
  blood materials.
• Plasma composes 50
  to 60 percent of
  blood by volume.
• Plasma has a straw
  color when the solid
  materials are removed.

29
What is blood, and what are the components of
blood?

• 2. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are responsible
  for carrying oxygen from the lungs throughout the
  circulatory system.
• The oxygen is carried by a protein part of the
  blood known as hemoglobin.
• Red blood cells have a flexible membrane that
  allows them to squeeze through the very smallest
  blood vessel.
• Red blood cells do not repair themselves.
• New red blood cells are made in bone marrow.
• The dead red blood cells are removed by the
  spleen and liver.
• Scientists have found that one animal may possess
  a trillion blood cells.

30
What is blood, and what are the components of
blood?

• 3. White blood cells (leukocytes) are responsible
  for fighting disease and removing harmful
  substances from the body.
• Four different kinds
  of white blood cells
  are found in blood.
• Some white blood
  cells surround and
  digest infectious
  bacteria.

31
What is blood, and what are the components of
blood?

• Other white blood cells produce antibodies.
• An antibody is a kind of protein that destroys
  bacteria, viruses, and other substances that
  invade the body.
• Animals that are diseased produce increased
  numbers of white blood cells.
• The pus that forms in an infected wound is a
  large mass of white blood cells that has been
  fighting the infection.

32
What is blood, and what are the components of
blood?

• 4. Platelets (thrombocytes) are the structures in
  blood that are responsible for clotting.
• They are not complete
  cells and have a disk-like
  shape.
• In case of a wound,
  platelets stick to the edge
  of the skin and to each
  other to form a scab
  or cover that
  stops the flow of blood.
• Without platelets, an animal might bleed to death
  from a wound.

33
What is blood, and what are the components of
blood?

• B. The organs in the circulatory system have an
  important role in assuring good blood
  circulation.
• Blockages interfere with body functions.
• The heart is the pump that sends blood out
  through the arteries and capillaries into the
  body.
• The blood returns in the veins.
• Circulation includes moving blood through the
  lungs by receiving oxygen and giving off carbon
  dioxide, by the liver and spleen for cleaning,
  and throughout the entire body to support life
  processes.

34
What is bloods role in the exchange of materials
throughout the body, and what are its other
functions?

• Blood fulfills a number of functions that are
  essential to the well-being of an organism.
• A. Blood must
  flow to all parts
  of the body to
  achieve these
  functions.

35
What is bloods role in the exchange of materials
throughout the body, and what are its other
functions?

• 1. Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Blood
  carries oxygen to all areas of the body and
  acquires carbon dioxide from the respiration
  process in the cells.
• Blood that is being sent out passes by the lungs
  to give off carbon dioxide and acquire oxygen.
• If an animal is cut, blood heavy with oxygen will
  be bright red meanwhile, blood that has picked
  up carbon dioxide is reddish-brown.

36
What is bloods role in the exchange of materials
throughout the body, and what are its other
functions?

• 2. Protects against disease
• The white blood cells in blood help keep an
  organism healthy and fight disease.
• 3. Transport hormones Blood carries substances
  known as hormones.
• A hormone is a compound that produces a response
  within the body of an organism.
• Hormones are produced by endocrine glands and are
  secreted into the blood.
• Hormones regulate growth, metabolism,
  reproduction, and other functions of a living
  animal.

37
What is bloods role in the exchange of materials
throughout the body, and what are its other
functions?

• 4. Transport nutrients and wastes Blood carries
  nutrients from digested food.
• Blood that flows in the walls of the small
  intestine acquires nutrients as food molecules.
• As cells use the nutrients or as cells grow and
  die, wastes are created.
• These wastes are transported by the blood to the
  liver for removal and excretion.

38
What is bloods role in the exchange of materials
throughout the body, and what are its other
functions?

• 5. Heat regulation Blood helps regulate the
  temperature in an organism.
• Activity by muscles in the body produces heat.
• The heat is picked up by the blood and
  distributed throughout the body.
• The skin may use some of the liquid in blood as
  sweat.

39
What is bloods role in the exchange of materials
throughout the body, and what are its other
functions?

• B. Proper circulation and good blood health are
  essential for these functions to be achieved.
• Any disruption causes the organism to suffer and
  possibly die.

40
How does an animal maintain an adequate supply of
blood?

• V. The body of an organism must have adequate
  blood to function and be healthy.
• A. The production of blood cells and materials is
  regulated by hematopoietic growth factors.
• These involve complex processes that occur in the
  body.
• In general, three processes are involved in
  maintaining a supply of blood.

41
How does an animal maintain an adequate supply of
blood?

• 1. Regulation of amount The amount of blood and
  proportions of materials in blood is continuously
  being adjusted to
  meet the demands
  of the body.
• For example, an animal
  that is diseased will
  produce an increase in
  white blood cells.

42
How does an animal maintain an adequate supply of
blood?

• 2. Replacing worn cells Damaged/worn cells and
  platelets must be replaced.
• Blood cells and platelets are produced in bone
  marrow.
• Marrow is the soft substance in the middle of
  bones and may be red or yellow.
• Different processes are used to make red and
  white cells and platelets.
• All begin as similar cells but develop
  differently depending on the needs of the body.

43
How does an animal maintain an adequate supply of
blood?

• 3. Controlling bleeding Bleeding is the loss of
  blood due to injury or disease.
• Bleeding may be on the skin due to a scratch or
  cut, or bleeding may be internal due to injury or
  disease of the organs or tissues.
• Blood plasma contains clotting (coagulation)
  factors.
• These cause the blood to coagulate.

44
How does an animal maintain an adequate supply of
blood?

• Coagulation is a complex process initiated by
  injured tissues giving off signals indicating
  that bleeding is occurring.
• The clotting factors result in the formation of
  sticky strands known as fibrin.
• The fibrin criss cross each other and create a
  blockage that stops the loss of blood from the
  wound.

45
How does an animal maintain an adequate supply of
blood?

• Blood also contains substances that dissolve
  clots.
• Occasionally a clot will occur where it is not
  needed, such as in an artery.
• The clot disrupts blood flow and can result in
  disease and death, especially if the clot results
  in a heart attack or stroke.

46
How does an animal maintain an adequate supply of
blood?

• B. Organisms that lose blood in an accident or
  medical procedure may be given blood that has
  been taken from another animal with the same
  blood type.
• This process is known as a blood transfusion.
• It is more common in humans than in domesticated
  animals.
• Transfusions can transmit disease from one
  organism to another.
• Blood transfusions should only be done by trained
  individuals.

47
What are the uses of blood analysis in livestock
and companion animal production?

• Blood analysis is the process of testing blood to
  determine its characteristics.
• Samples are collected and tested to determine
  various attributes.

48
What are the uses of blood analysis in livestock
and companion animal production?

• A. Blood typing is a kind of analysis that is
  used in genetic studies.
• Genetic markers in the blood
  can be used to determine
  the parents of offspring.
• For example, the identity
  of the sire of a calf can be
  determined by blood
  typing a
  calf.
• Newer DNA analysis
  procedures may be replacing some uses of blood
  typing.

49
What are the uses of blood analysis in livestock
and companion animal production?

• B. Blood count is a type of analysis that
  determines the number of red and white cells and
  hemoglobin in blood.
• Microscopes are used to visually determine the
  number of each cell by using a grid slide.
• Only a drop is needed for a blood count.
• A substance is added to the blood to prevent
  coagulation so that it will flow over the
  slide.
• Visual counts are made when viewed through the
  microscope.

50
What are the uses of blood analysis in livestock
and companion animal production?

• C. Blood analysis is primarily used in
  determining the health condition of an animal.

51
What are the uses of blood analysis in livestock
and companion animal production?

• 1. Blood analysis may be used to determine the
  nutritional adequacy of an animals diet.
• Samples of blood are taken and examined.
• For example, the size of the red blood cells of
  an animal indicates adequacy of nutrition.
• A deficiency of iron results in smaller than
  normal red blood cells.
• The condition caused by inadequate iron is known
  as anemia.

52
What are the uses of blood analysis in livestock
and companion animal production?

• 2. Blood analysis may be used to determine the
  presence of pathogens, which are microscopic
  organisms that cause disease.
• Bacteria and viruses are common pathogens.
• Analysis also indicates the proportions of red
  and white blood cells.
• Higher amounts of white cells indicate that the
  body is fighting an infection.

53
What are the uses of blood analysis in livestock
and companion animal production?

• Blood poisoning is a condition in the blood
  caused by the presence of bacteria or fungi that
  cause disease.
• The microorganisms enter the blood through an
  infection or wound.
• Good sanitation helps prevent blood poisoning in
  the event of an injury.

54
What are the uses of blood analysis in livestock
and companion animal production?

• 3. Other diseases can be determined with blood
  analysis.
• For example, too few white
  cells in blood indicates a
  disease in the bone marrow.
• A very high white blood
  cell count is a sign of
  leukemia in humans.

55
Review

• What are the components of the respiratory
  system, and what are the functions of the organs
  that compose the respiratory system?
• What are the components of the circulatory system
  (including identification of major veins and
  arteries), and what are the functions of the
  organs that compose the circulatory system?

56
Review

• What is blood, and what are the components of
  blood?
• What is bloods role in the exchange of materials
  throughout the body, and what are its other
  functions?
• How does an animal maintain an adequate supply of
  blood?
• What are the uses of blood analysis in livestock
  and companion animal production?