American Imperialism

1
American Imperialism

• Please pick up Class Notes 22 and binder check
  rubric and take out Homework 14 to keep for class
  
• Take out Focus 25 and take the next 10 minutes to
  share and copy down information with your table
  team (keep the chart and map in front of you,
  along with Homework 14, for todays lesson)
• We will
• map/describe expansion of American interests
  overseas from 1853 to 1905
• analyze motives for Americas imperial
  expansion and explain how it happened
• examine how TR promoted national interests

2
American Imperialism

• Manifest Destiny and Beyond (1845-1909)
• What is imperialism? Does it fit with American
  values?

3
Reviewing Manifest Destiny

• John L. OSullivan coined the phrase (1839),
  arguing that it was Americas manifest destiny
  to overspread and possess the whole of the
  continent which Providence has given us
• Within four years, President James K. Polk
• (Democrat) made the dream a reality by
• 1. annexing the Republic of Texas (1845),
• 2. negotiating with the British for control
• of Oregon south of the 49th parallel (1846)
• 3. provoking a war with Mexico (1846-48)
• that ended in U.S. victory and the Treaty of
  Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), which ceded one third
  of Mexico to U.S.
• By 1849, the U.S. extended from the Atlantic to
  the Pacific

4
Eyeing Mexico and the Caribbean

• Democratic Party elements were disappointed that
  the U.S. didnt annex all of Mexico in order to
  expand slave territory the Gadsden Purchase
  (1853) added southern Arizona and New Mexico to
  make way for a railroad
• Southern slaveholders planned an expedition to
  seize Cuba in 1854 - called off when anti-slavery
  Northerners protested Ostend Manifesto (1854)
  still called upon the U.S. to seize control of
  Cuba using any means available
• Between 1853-60, William Walker, a Southern
  adventurer, led several military expeditions
  attempting to take over several Central American
  countries
• U.S. quietly supported the Mexican government in
  the Franco-Mexican War (1861-67) rejected French
  occupation of Mexico and provided money and arms
  after the end of the Civil War

5
Reaching Out in the Pacific

• 1853-54 Commodore Perry forced the opening of
  Japan to trade with the U.S. helped contribute
  to the Meiji Restoration and Japans
  modernization
• 1867 Secretary of State Seward purchased Alaska
  from the Russians for 7.2 million (derided as
  Sewards Ice Box)
• 1887 American planters (the Hawaiian League)
  forced King Kalakaua to accept a new
  constitution U.S. Navy obtained basing rights at
  Pearl Harbor
• 1893 Hawaiian League toppled Kalakauas sister,
  Queen Liliuokalani, and established the Republic
  of Hawaii

6
Mahan and Sea Power

• Alfred Thayer Mahans The Influence of Sea
• Power Upon History (1890) influenced the
• views of expansionists, who argued that
• America must build a large ocean-going naval
• fleet in order to effectively promote its
  international commercial interests and assert its
  newfound power
• Central thesis Great Powers require a strong
  industrial economy matched with naval power he
  who masters the sea, masters the situation
• Mahan praised the British as an excellent example
  of how to combine military and economic strength
• Americas navy was woefully inadequate in the
  early 1890s (smaller than Chiles navy) Mahans
  work prompted a warship building program and
  calls for annexation of Hawaii

7
Motives of Imperialism

• Proponents of American expansion in the 1890s
  offered several reasons for doing so
• 1. promotion of U.S. commercial interests
• 2. survival of the fittest U.S. must join
  the race for territory or lose out to other
  aggressive powers, such as Britain, Japan, and
  Germany
• 3. U.S. need for naval bases in the Caribbean
  and the Pacific and a canal through Central
  America
• 4. expansion of American ideals the white
  mans burden (as best expressed by Senator
  Albert Beveridge) a logical extension of
  Manifest Destiny and exceptionalism
• http//10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?frompag
  eplaykeyindex118047location005849chapterskey
  index380200sceneclipskeyindex-1

8
The War Drums of Empire

• By early 1898, war fever in the U.S. erupted
  after the mysterious explosion of the U.S.S.
  Maine in Havana harbor (February 15)
• The major New York newspapers (Pulitzers World
  and Hearsts Journal) beat the drums of war
  against Spain and sold newspapers recounting
  horrific stories of Spanish oppression against
  Cuban nationalists
• YELLOW JOURNALISM!!!
• Despite the efforts of Speaker Thomas B. Reed
  (R-ME) and others, Congress declared war against
  Spain (April 25)

9
The Spanish-American War (1898)http//10.120.2.41
/SAFARI/montage/play.php?frompageplaykeyindex11
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clipskeyindex-1

• Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore
  Roosevelt, a disciple of Mahan, had already
  issued orders to the U.S. Asiatic Squadron, under
  the command of Commodore George Dewey to sail for
  Manila Bay
• Dewey steamed into Manila Bay and destroyed the
  Spanish fleet within a day (April 30)
• U.S. naval forces also blockaded Cuba, stranding
  the Spanish army
• American forces, including TRs Rough Riders,
  finally defeated the Spanish and forced their
  surrender

10
The Anti-Imperialist League

• Many Americans resisted the imperialist urge and
  fought to stop expansion, based on a range of
  reasons, including
• 1. fear of abandoning American ideals
• 2. unproductive foreign wars
• 3. fear of an American empire becoming
  un-American in cultural make-up due to large
  numbers of prospective non-white citizens
• The Anti-Imperialist League (founded in 1898)
  became active in opposing annexation of Hawaii
  and the Philippines included such national
  figures as Grover Cleveland, Jane Addams, Andrew
  Carnegie, and Samuel Gompers
• http//10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?frompag
  eplaykeyindex118047location005849chapterskey
  index380200sceneclipskeyindex-1

11
War in the Philippines

• By 1899, Americas empire expanded to include
  Puerto Rico, Guam, Hawaii, Samoa, a protectorate
  over Cuba, and the Philippines (which was annexed
  over anti-imperialist protests)
• Emilio Aguinaldos Filipino nationalist
• movement felt betrayed and went to
• war against the U.S. occupation
• The Filipino-American War (1899-1902)
• resulted in the loss of thousands of lives,
• and the commitment of 125,000 U.S. troops
• Aguinaldo eventually surrendered and called on
  his followers to declare loyalty to the U.S.

12
An Open Door to China

• By 1899, most major European powers had obtained
  trading concessions in China, prompting Secretary
  of State John Hay to issue the Open Door note,
  requesting open access for U.S. trade in China
• Hays focus was to secure American trading
  interests (a realist goal) by invoking free trade
  (an idealistic principle)
• America later joined with other major powers in
  crushing the anti-Western Boxer Rebellion in 1900
  but also asserted U.S. determination to protect
  Chinas territorial integrity against foreign
  encroachment

13
Before we leave

• Keep Focus 25 in your binder for the binder check
  on Thursday, March 20
• Turn in Homework 14
• The unit test and binder check will still be on
  Thursday, March 20