The Muslim World 622-1250

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The Muslim World622-1250
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Early Expansion Arab conquests of the first
Islamic century brought vast territory under
Muslim rule, but conversion proceeded slowly. In
most areas outside the Arabian peninsula, the
only region where Arabic was then spoken,
conversion did not accelerate until the third
century after the conquest.
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Rise of Islam600-1200 AD

• How did Muhammad become the prophet of Islam?
• What are the teachings of Islam?
• How did Islam help shape the way of life of its
  believers?
• How did Arab conquests grow out of the career of
  Muhammad?
• Why did the caliphate break up?
• How did Muslim societies differ from region to
  region?
• What was the relationship between urbanization
  development of Islamic culture?

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Geography
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Geographic Context

• Islam emerged from the Arabian Peninsula
• Mostly desert but farming possible in many areas
• Trading on coasts
• Bedouins dominated desert
• Traded with others
• Frequent wars over water

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Arabia Before Muhammad

• Diverse due to geography but linked by caravan
  trading
• Some Arabs allied w/ Sasanians, some w/Byzantines
• pastoralists in South isolated/independent-
  dominated caravan trade of incense
• camel saddle
• Rise of caravan cities-Petra
• Polytheistic-each tribe had own gods
• Animistic/natural forces, celestial bodies

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Mecca Religious Trade Center

• Market town at Xroads of 2 main caravan routes
• Safety zone
• Trade/Pilgrimage brought profit to local
  merchants
• Idols housed in Kaaba-ancient shrine-believed
  built by Abraham
• Nearby site where God asked Abraham to sacrifice
  his son -not Isaac-Ishmael son of Hagar
• housed statues of many local gods/goddesses

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The Kaaba

• black stone embedded in corner-gift from angel
  Gabriel to prophet Abraham
• Housed stones, statues, Christian pictures
• Ruling tribe- Quraysh- encouraged tribes to place
  their idols for protection
• By 500 AD 360 idols were within the Kaaba

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Population of Mecca

• Heterogeneous, diverse
• Arab tribes
• Syrians-caravan leaders
• Merchants
• Traveling monks
• Christians
• Jews
• No social unity

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Muhammads Early Life

• Born in Mecca in 570
• orphan
• Became shepherd in uncles Bedouin tribe
• Became trader
• Married older, rich widow, Khadija
• son died
• Devoted husband/father to daughters

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Muhammads Vision

• Troubled by idol worship/ moral decline in
  society
• Went to cave to meditate
• He heard voice saying, Recite
• Recite in the name of your God, the Creator, who
  created man from clots of blood
• Angel Gabriel, called him to be messenger of God
• Khadija, Ali,his uncles son Abu Bakr, his BFF,
  believed in him- became first converts
• received revelations until his death
• These became the Quran
• Islam means submission or surrender

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The Hijra A Turning Point

• Muhammads message angered Meccan merchants
• Feared loss of pilgrimage profits
• In 622, faced with murder, Muhammad followers
  left Mecca for Yathrib
• Renamed Medina, or city of the Prophet
• 1st year of Muslim calendar

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Turning Point

• welcomed in Medina as religious political ruler
• Reputation grew, many converted
• Muhammad followers attacked- defeated Meccans

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Destruction of the Idols

• In 630, he returned to Mecca- destroyed idols in
  Kaaba
• United Arabs under Islam
• Died in 632

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Teachings of Islam

• Monotheistic
• The Quran
• God is all powerful
• People are responsible for their actions
• Final judgment before God
• No official priests to mediate between people and
  God

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The Five Pillars
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People of the Book

• Same God as Jews and Christians
• Quran is Gods final and complete revelation
• Torah Bible are partial revelations from God
• All are People of the Book

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Muhammads Teachings

• Message of equality Gods sovereignty based on
  Judeo-Christian tradition but with major
  differences

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Muhammads Teachings

• Allah was the one only God all should
  submit-be thankful to Him
• All believers were equal under Allah
• The rich should share wealth with poor
• Allah knows every persons destiny
• People should strive to live righteously- avoid
  impiety
• All would be subject to Judgment Day

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Prophet Muhammad Muslim Army Battle of
Uhudillustrated manuscript 1594
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The Caliphate

• Muhammad died 632 CE
• Crisis - no heir, no instructions
• Abu Bakr Muhammads father-in-law loyal
  follower became 1st Caliph
• If you worship Muhammad, Muhammad is dead. If
  you worship God, God is alive.

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The Caliphate Spread of Islam

• Abu Bakr next 3 Rightly Guided Caliphs
  unified Arabs-conquered through series of jihads
  against neighboring empires
• Attacked Syria, which was controlled by Byzantine
  Empire
• Iraq ruled by Persian Sasanians

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The Second Rightly Guided Caliph

• Abu Bakr died in 634 CE
• Umar elected as Second Caliph
• Ruled for 10 years
• Captured Damascus Jerusalem
• By 644 CE Muslims controlled all of Persian area
  of Iraq-most of Iran

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The Third Rightly Guided Caliph

• Uthman ibn Affan
• serious conflicts within the umma
• Uthmans family were Umayyads-had opposed
  Muhammad- some resented his leadership
• Opposition to Uthman grew
• 659 CE, he was assassinated

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Fourth Rightly Guided Caliph

• Ali son of Muhammads uncle
• Fatima- Muhammads daughter
• Alis followers believed only Muhammads blood
  relations should rule
• Conflict between Ali Uthmans clans
• Ali assassinated in 661 by own followers-unhappy
  b/c he negotiated rather than destroyed his
  enemies
• last caliph who knew Muhammad personally

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Shia Sunni Sects

• Muawiyah - governor of Syria took over
  leadership
• Moved capital to Damascus
• Began Umayyad Dynasty
• Conflict with descendants of Ali- called Shia-
  over leadership
• Shia led many revolts against Umayyads

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Sunni

• Caliph should be chosen by leaders of the
  community
• Should be pious
• Political leader-not religious authority
• Inspiration came from Muhammads example

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Shiites

• True successor must be descended from Muhammads
  daughter son-in-law Fatima Ali
• Descendants divinely inspired
• Admire martyrdom as demonstration of faith

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Sufi

• Arabic for wool
• mystics sought communion w/ God through
  meditation, fasting, prayer other rituals
• Respected for piety miraculous powers
• Helped spread Islam through missionary work
• Blended Muslim beliefs culture w/ local
  traditions

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Inducing an Ecstatic State
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Which of the following was not under Muslim
control by 750? Spain, Egypt, Syria, Ethiopia?
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End of Umayyads (Mostly)

• Vigorous religious political opposition led to
  downfall of Umayyad caliphate
• Abbasids overthrew Umayyads in 750 AD
• Ruthlessly murdered all Umayyads
• Only Prince Abd al-Rahman escaped fled to Spain
  (al-Andalus) which was controlled by
  Berbers-Muslims from N. Africa
• Set up rival Umayyad caliphate

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Rise of Abbasids

• Moved capital to Baghdad in 762AD
• Controlled key trade routes-provided access to
  goods, gold, information
• Strong bureaucracy
• Treasury kept track flow of money
• Taxes on land, imports, exports, non-Muslims
• Special department managed the army
• Diplomats sent to major courts Europe, Asia,
  Africa
• Foreign diplomats welcomed to Baghdad

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More Rivalry

• Abbasids could not maintain unity of caliphate
• Fatimid Caliphate formed in N. Africa- spread
  across Red Sea, into Arabia Syria
• Still united under Islam, language, trade, economy

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Muslim Trade Network

• Connected to all parts of the world
• Single language
• Single currency
• Banks
• Sakks (checks)

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Islam A Way of Life

• Both a religion way of life
• Islamic law govern many aspects of daily life
• Traditions determine ethical behavior influence
  family relations

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Sharia

• Does not separate religious from secular
• Applies the Quran to all legal situations
• Regulates moral conduct
• Family life
• Business practices
• Government
• Helped unite Muslims
• Legal ruling is called a fatwa

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Reasons for Success?

• Weakness of Byzantine Persian empires
• Common faith
• Belief in Islam paradise
• Arabs welcomed as liberators from unpopular
  Byzantine Persian rulers
• Bold, efficient fighting methods
• Camel horse cavalry

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Muslim Culture Cities

• Symbolized strength of caliphate
• Baghdad was capital of Abbasid empire
• Baghdads city plan included circular design
  protective walls

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Social Classes

• Muslims by birth
• Converts to Islam
• Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians
• slaves

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Role of Women

• All are equal
• Men are managers of womens affairs
• Women should be obedient
• Legal rights marriage, family, divorce, property
• Sharia allowed men to have 4 wives

If the wives of a man, or the daughters of a man
go out into the street, their heads are to be
veiled. The prostitute is not to be veiled.
Maidservants are not to veil themselves. Veiled
harlots and maidservants shall have their
garments seized and 50 blows inflicted on them
and bitumen poured on their heads.
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Responsibilities of Women

• Varied with income of husband
• Poor women worked with husband
• Wealthy women managed household
• Access to education
• Raised children
• During early period women could participate in
  public life gain an education
• Over time, secluded/veiled

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Muslim Science Scholarship

• Muhammad promoted learning
• Astronomers Mathematicians were necessary
• Time of prayer
• Direction of Mecca
• Curious about world
• Desire for truth

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Art and Science Flourish

• House of Wisdom
• Research, editors, linguists, technical advisors
• Standards, techniques for research
• Used Greek ideas
• Influenced later European learning

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Muslim Literature

• The Quran
• Poetry
• Popular Literature

One Thousand and One Nights
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Muslim Art

• Calligraphy

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Muslim Architecture
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Muslim Contributions

• Medicine
• Cataract surgery
• Math
• algebra
• Science
• Scientific observation
• Experimentation