The Great War Or

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The Great WarOr The War to End all WarsOrWW1
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Causes for WWI

• Imperialism
• Militarism
• Nationalism
• Alliances

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Imperialism

• European countries sought control of territories
  across Africa, Asia and the Pacific.
• Why Industrialization led to a need for more
  raw materials and markets.
• By 1914 only a few territories remained.
• Take lands that had already been taken
• Competition for what was remaining.

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Building Militaries

• Because of the uncertain climate, European
  countries began building huge militaries.
• Britain developed the dreadnaught which gave
  Britain naval superiority.
• Germany made plans to build 33 of its own ships

Comparative figures on army increase, 1870-1914
1870
1914 Russia 700,000
1,300,000 France 380,000
846,000 Germany 403,000
812,000 Austria-Hungary 247,000
424,000 Britain 302,000
381,000 Italy 334,000
305,000 Japan 70,000
250,000 U.S.A.
37,000 98,000
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Plans of Attack in the Making

• Before the war German had already anticipated
  war. They established a plan (Schlieffen) for
  war in case it were to break out.
• They would take France through Belgium quickly.
• After taking France, move to the eastern front.
• They assumed that Russia would take longer to
  mobilize.

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Nationalism

• Most of the European countries felt a sense of
  pride and superiority.
• Other ethnic groups living in Russia, Austria-
  Hungary and Germany desired unification.
• Russia supported the Slavic people, some of which
  were living in Austria-Hungary and others in
  Serbia.

• Important Example
• 1908 Austria-Hungary takes Bosnia
• Serbia believes Bosnia is rightfully theirs and
  those living in Bosnia agree
• Russia backs Serbia

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Alsace-Lorraine

• Two provinces on the border of France and
  Germany. The Rhine river flows through.
• France lost Alsace Lorraine to Franco-Prussian
  War of 1870-71 to Germany
• France saw the territory as theirs and wanted it
  back

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Alliances

• A complex system of alliances were established
  among European nations.
• The alliances entangled European countries with
  one another.

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Summary of Alliances

• The Dual Alliance--1879
• Austria-Hungary and Germany
• A defensive treaty Stated that if either country
  was attacked by another, they would support each
  other

• The Triple Alliance1882
• An extension of the Dual Alliance where Italy
  would assist if Germany was attacked and remain
  neutral if Austria-Hungary was attacked
• All would attack if both Russia and France attack

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Alliances Cont.

• The Reinsurance Treaty---1887
• Russia and Germany were to remain friendly with
  one another and support each other if an attack
  took place
• Conflicted with the Dual Alliance
• Treaty lapsed when Bismarck was gone in 1890

• Franco-Russian Alliance 1892
• Russia and France agreed to support one another
  in case of an attack by another country.
• This created two teams of countries and led to
  suspicion and friction

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Alliances Cont.

• Anglo-Japanese
• Alliance
• 1902
• Japan feared Russian encroachment in Northern
  China
• Britain feared German naval growth, French
  encroachment in Africa and Russian encroachment
  in the far east.

• Entente Cordiale
• 1904
• Agreement between France and Britain.
• France would recognize Britain in Egypt and
  Britain would leave France alone in Morocco.

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Alliances Cont.

• Anglo Russian
• Agreement
• 1907
• Agreement between Britain in Russia to settle
  territorial disputes

• This led to the creation of the Triple Entente
  which essentially isolated Germany and escalated
  tension.
• Britain, France and Russia

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1879The Dual Alliance                                        Germany and Austria-Hungary made an alliance to protect themselves from Russia 1881Austro-Serbian Alliance                                     Austria-Hungary made an alliance with Serbia to stop Russia gaining control of Serbia 1882The Triple Alliance                                         Germany and Austria- Hungary made an alliance with Italy to stop Italy from taking sides with Russia
1914Triple Entente (no separate peace)                                     Britain, Russia and France agreed not to sign for peace separately.                                                                                        1894Franco-Russian Alliance                                      Russia formed an alliance with France to protect herself against Germany and Austria-Hungary
1907Triple Entente                                         This was made between Russia, France and Britain to counter the increasing threat from Germany. 1907Anglo-Russian Entente                                        This was an agreement between Britain and Russia 1904Entente Cordiale                                        This was an agreement, but not a formal alliance, between France and Britain.
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Assassination

• Austria Hungary annexed Bosnia
• Many Bosnians wanted to be part of Serbia due to
  ethnic ties
• When Archduke Francis Ferdinand went to visit his
  soldiers in Bosnia on June 28th 1914, many
  Bosnians met his arrival with bitterness.
• A terrorist threw a bomb at the Archdukes car, it
  bounced off and injured two guards
• When going to visit the two injured guards, the
  archduke and his wife were shot by a Bosnian

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Austria-Hungary Blames Serbia

• The assassination of the Archduke was followed by
  a threat toward Serbia to cease the support of
  terrorism in Bosnia.
• Unhappy with the reactions of Serbia,
  Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July
  28th, 1914

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The Immediate Response

• July 28, 1914- Upset by the assassination on the
  archduke, A-H declares war on Serbia
• July 29- Russia, feeling obligated to protect
  Serbia, begins mobilizing troops.
• August 1st- Germany declares war on Russia
• Germany occupies Luxumburg and sets the
  Schlieffen plan into action.

• Germany asks Belgium permission to rolll through
  their country on the way to attack France
• Belgium Refuses
• Germany does not want Britain to enter the war
  and Kaiser Wilhelm II (German emperor) suggests
  that they not proceed. Moltke (the German Chief
  of General Staff) say that they must since the
  ball was rolling already

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Germany Invades

• August 3rd Germany declares war on France
• August 4th Germany invades France through Belgium
  putting the Schlieffen plan into action
• Because of a treaty signed by Britain decades
  earlier promising Belgiums neutrality, Britain
  declares war on Germany on August 4th

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Theory Vs. Practice

• Both sides believed they would be victorious and
  that the war would be short and limited.
• Britain believed that it would be a primarily
  naval war which they felt they would dominate.
• Germany believed that Britain would remain
  neutral and thought of the treaty that kept
  Belgium neutral as a scrap of paper.

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Miscommunications

• A-H believed Germany would help flank the north
  while they invaded Serbia
• Germany figured that A-H would invade Russia
  while they took care of France.
• A-H was forced to split their army and were not
  able to take Serbia swifttly. In fact, Serbia
  forced A-H back.
• A-H therefore had limited troops to face Russia

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The Western Front

• Germany swept through Belgium and made their way
  to the outskirts of Paris where they were stopped
  by British and French forces
• At the Marne River, both sides dug in and
  fortified their positions.
• A stalemate ensued Trench warfare becomes the
  tactic of choice
• Animated Battlefront

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Americas Move Toward War
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Ethnic Ties to Europe

• 30 of all Americans were 1st or 2nd generation
  immigrants
• Ties to their homelands
• German-Americans Irish-Americans Pro G
• Most Americans felt closer to GB due to the
  commonalities that exist and the roots of America

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German Aggression

• Germany viewed as chief aggressor and therefore,
  brutes.
• Invasion of Belgium described as a force of
  nature like a tidal wave, an avalanche or a river
  flooding its banks, and destroying libraries
  cathedrals, and, sometimes, entire town in
  Belgium and France.
• Richard Davis, 1914
• British propaganda supported this assertion

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Trade

• From 1897 to 1914 Americans had seen oversees
  investment rise from 700 million to 3.5 billion
  dollars.
• When the war broke out, the investments were
  threatened
• Wilsons policy of neutrality supported continued
  trade with both nations, though our investments
  in with the allies were much weightier than those
  of the central powers.

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On and Under the Sea

• Britain began using naval blockades to prevent
  trade.
• Large corporations (which still had a great deal
  of influence on Government at the time) faced the
  possibility of loosing enormous amounts of money
  due to the decrease in trade
• The naval blockades posed a serious threat to
  corporate profits

• German Submarine Warfare
• Naval rules discouraged attacks without warning
  on merchant ships
• Germans began attacking allied ships carrying
  supplies and blockading German ports.
• These attacks posed a serious threat to neutral
  ships carrying supplies
• These attacks also made America distrustful of
  Germany due to their unconventional methods

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Jutland

• Germans sent fleet to the North Sea to attack
  the British blockade.
• Ended in stalemate and German retreat

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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

• The Germans developed the U1 and U2 submarines
  which they used to destroy ANY ships that were in
  the waters surrounding Britain.
• The policy of unrestricted submarine warfare led
  to the sinking of British passenger ships as well
  as ships transporting American goods to Europe

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The Lusitania, the Sussex and More

• A British passenger ship carrying Americans is
  torpedoed and sunk in the by a Germany sub.
• America warns Germany and Germany responds with
  promises
• French ship, the Sussex, is sunk less than one
  year later.
• Sussex pledge another German promise to not sink
  passenger ships
• 10 months later Germany ended this and resumed
  unrestricted submarine warfare.

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The Zimmerman Telegram

• The Germans feared the United States entry into
  the war.
• They attempted to ally the Mexico with Germany.
• Germany conspired with Mexico to enter the war if
  the United States were to declare war on Germany.
  
• Germany promised to support Mexico in its
  attempts to reacquire its former territories of
  Texas and
• The Zimmerman Telegram was intercepted by
  Americans and led many Americans to take sides
  with the Allies.

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Other Theories

• Some historians believe that Britain and France
  had ulterior motives and attracted as many
  neutral ships into the area as possible. Why?
• Some historians also believe that the Lusitania
  was not the cause of Americas entry into the war
  but rather an excuse.
• American corporations were making tremendous
  profits from the war and the sinking of ships
  filled with war supplies was resulting in profit
  losses.

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Vying for Support

• America on the Home Front

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Financing the War

• Liberty bonds A special war bond sold to help
  raise money for the war efforts.
• Provided about 25 of the funding for the war.
  Over 20 billion was raised by the treasury
• To help sell these bonds
• Boy Scouts, and Girl Scouts set up booths on
  street corners
• four minute men (usually famous people) gave
  short (four minute) speeches to help promote the
  sale of war bonds

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War Industries Board andWar Trade Board

• Two new agencies that regulated production and
  trade.
• The former told producers what, how much, and
  even how much to charge
• The latter regulated international trade.
• Punished those trading with enemy

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Government Persuades Businesses to Change Gears
of Production

• In 1915 Ford opposed the war stating that he
  would burn his factories to the ground before
  manufacturing war goods
• In 1917 Ford accepted orders for 16000 tanks,
  20000 tractors and anti-submarine ships.
• Federal aid was provided to entice this change

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Governments Regulation of Food and Fuel
Consumption

• Lever Food and Fuel Control Act
• Enabled president to regulate distribution of
  food and fuel according to the needs of the
  military
• Food will win the war!Worked to increase farm
  output and reduce waste.
• Herbert Hoover led the Food Administration and
  was given the power to manage how much food
  people bought, impose price controls, and begin
  rationing food.

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Womens Role on the Home Front

• Women promoted the war effort by preaching the
  Gospel of the Clean Plate.
• Stop, before throwing any food away, and ask,
  Can it be used?Stop catering to the different
  appetites. No second helpings. Stop all eating
  between mealsOne meatless day a week. One
  wheatless meals a day No butter in cooking use
  substitutes.

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Daylight Savings Time

• Shifting an hour of sunlight increased the
  daylight hours therefore
• Promoting longer workdays and therefore
  production increases
• Reduced the need for artificial light therefore
  saving resources

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Loyalty Promoting or Coercing?

• Banned
• Anything pro-German
• German Music, writing, language, books, names,
  etc.
• German Sheppard, Frankfurter, Hamburger, German
  Measles, etc.
• Anything Anti-Britain (American Rev. Film)
• Government hired former muckrakers to begin
  rallying for support through journalism
• Restrictions on immigration to prevent espionage.
  
• General hostility toward Germans Hate the Huns
• Robert Prager (despite attempt to enlist)
  lynched.

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Repression of Rights

• Sedition and Espionage Act
• Sedition Act made it illegal to voice anything
  that was disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or
  abusive about America
• Espionage Act Made it illegal to interfere with
  the draft.

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THE WAR AT SEA
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Tide of War Shifts
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Bolshevik Revolution

• Movement to eliminate Monarchy beginning in early
  20th century
• Radical Bolsheviks (working class) uprisings
• In March of 1917, Czar Nicholas II left power.
• British and French hoped that Russia would stay
  in the war (Why?)
• Germany wanted her out- (Why was this so
  important)
• Took advantage of turmoil and called on Vladimir
  Lenin to take power in Russia.
• Kerensky (new leader) was keeping Russia in the
  war
• Marxism opposed this war (why?)

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Brest-Litovsk Treaty

• Lenin takes power and signs a treaty with
  Germany.
• Germany gets Finland, Ukraine, Baltic States and
  Poland
• Germany sends all troops to Western Front
• On November 11, 1918 guns fall silent

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Aftermath

• 9 million soldiers dead
• 10 Million civilians dead
• 7 Million soldiers permanently disabled
• 1918 influenza outbreak kills 20 million
• 337 billion dollars spent (4.5 trillion today)
• Most countries faced bankruptcy
• US has 3.5 billion in overseas loans

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Wilsons Vision

• 14 Points
• The League of Nations
• The Treaty of Versailles

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14 Points Speech

• January 1918 10 Months before armistice
• 14 Points came from the collection of work done
  by a 150 member advisory board
• It was a plan for peace based on moral standards
  Very idealistic
• Used as propaganda and dropped behind German
  lines to seem as though there would be a just
  outcome of the war

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What were the points?

• 9. Italys borders were t o be redrawn based on
  nationality
• 10. Autonomous development of Austria-Hungary
• 11. Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and other Balkan
  states autonomous
• 12. Turkish autonomy
• 13. Polish independence
• 14. Multilateral association of nations to
  maintain peace (eventually the League of Nations)

• No Secret Treaties
• Freedom of the Seas
• Free Trade
• Disarmament
• End Colonialism
• Russia is given its right to independent
  development
• Belgium restored and evacuated
• Return of Alsace Loraine to France

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Reactions Paris Peace Conference

• Many of Wilson's 14 Points were based on
  progressives ideas
• The speech was made before other countries were
  made aware of the plan
• Wilson began promoting his plan overseas
• All the countries were unhappy with parts of the
  plan
• Why?
• France wanted reparations
• Britain did not like the Freedom of the seas
  idea
• Italy obviously did not like the new borders
• All the countries wanted to keep their colonial
  claims

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Congresses Reactions

• Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, head of the Senate
  Foreign Relations Committee, had been a long-time
  critic of Wilson
• Lodge, after reading the draft of the League of
  Nations proposal from the Paris Peace Conference,
  objected and gained wide spread support for this
  opposition among the Senate
• Article X was at the forefront of the opposition

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Article X The League

• Collective security agreements.
• All territorial borders drawn at Versailles would
  be respected and protected by members of the
  league
• Borders would be protected using economic
  sanctions and military force
• Why so bad????

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Territorial Losses and Future Conflicts

• Many Congressmen feared that this would endanger
  the Monroe Doctrine
• There was an addendum that assured the integrity
  of the Monroe Doctrine, that helped appease the
  opposition later
• Many were also opposed to creating ties to Europe
  where future intervention would be inevitable if
  conflict broke out.

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The Big 4 in Paris

• Only 4 major countries were involved in the Paris
  Peace Conference (although many smaller nations
  wanted to attend because of the nationalistic
  aims)
• France Clemenceau
• Italy-Vittorio-Orlando
• Britain-David Lloyd George
• United States- Woodrow Wilson
• (Japan was also involved but not as important)

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Self-Rule IdeasFailure and Success

• The idea of self-rule was strongly opposed by
  France, Italy and Japan who wanted to maintain
  control of their colonial claims
• The Idea of Mandate was introduced that would
  give Allied control over the territories of the
  central power until the natives could be
  prepared to rule themselves

• Eastern Europe was broken up into a multitude of
  new nations including
• Poland
• Czechoslovakia
• The Baltic States
• Yugoslavia
• Regardless of their independence, the minority
  ethnic groups of the new states saw the new
  borders as unjust.

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The Treaty of Versailles June 28, 191932
Nations Sign the treaty at the Palace of
Versailles outside Paris

• Germany had to give up numerous territories, the
  most notable,
• France got Alsace-Loraine
• War-Guilt Clause (Germany must accept guilt for
  the war)
• Demilitarization and occupation of the Rhineland

• German Army lt100,000 and no tanks, heavy
  artillery, aircraft, and limit to navy vessels
  under 100,000 tons with no submarines
• Germany has to pay for all damages to the allied
  countries
• Establishment of the League of Nations

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League of Nations

• Wilson was a bit unpleased about the harsh
  outcome of the treaty
• He was happy and had absolute faith in the new
  League of Nations as a peace keeper for the
  generations to come
• European nations all had some faith in the new
  League of Nations yet all also had felt uncertain
  and had some misgivings (ie-reactions were
  uncertain)

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Americas Reaction to the League of Nations

• Positives
• It may keep peace
• Supported by teachers and clergy

• Negatives
• Entangle America in Distant Disputes
• Legitimacy of actions that may be taken by the
  League
• Ethnic Americans
• German-Americans did not see that punishment of
  Germany as being reasonable
• Irish-Americans did not like that Ireland was not
  freed from Britain's control
• Italians did not like that Italian territory was
  taken

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The League
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The U.S. Senate Votes it Down

• Three different votes led to Wilsons realization
  that the United States would not be a member of
  the League of Nations
• Why
• Wilson Preached Morally
• He refused to include the republicans in on his
  plan
• He was determined to push it through

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Results of the League

• Early League did not include Germany or Russia.
  Therefore 3 of the worlds super-powers were not
  included
• Eventually more than 60 member nations.
• Lacked credibility because the US did not join

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Early Success

• Solved issue pertaining to some islands disputed
  between Sweden and Finland
• Dealt with a conflict in Turkey
• Prevented a war between Bulgaria and Greece who
  disputed their border
• Dealt with other issues including
• Child Slave Labor
• Drug Addiction
• Smuggling
• Financial Aid to those in need

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Foundation for UN

• The League established the organizations which
  are now part of the United Nations including
• World Health Organization
• United Nations High Commission for Refugees
• International Court of Justice
• International Labor Organization

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Failures

• No military force because member nations were not
  required to provide troops so
• Poland seized Lithuanian town
• Italy seized Fiume (Port given to Yugoslavia
  after war)
• Russia and Poland went to war
• France and Belgium invaded Germany
• Japan invaded Manchuria

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Why WWII

• Harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles
• Germans were unable to pay war debts
• Massive unemployment
• Wanted their lands back
• Hitler promised economic betterment and the
  return of the German lands
• Resentment and despair

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The United States After WWI

• The League
• Wanted to act unilaterally
• Did not want to be entangled
• Wanted to secure interests in west
• Wanted all war debts to be paid

• Europe thought the US would forgive some of the
  debt but they did not. This led to resentment