Industrial Revolution

1
Industrial Revolution Its Consequences

• 1750-1850
• Chapter 21

2
The Agricultural Revolution

• Agricultural Revolution chicken egg dilemma
• New techniques in farming fertilizers and the
  use of farm machinery resulted in 2 significant
  changes that aided the industrial revolution
• Jethro Tulls Seed Drill
• Charles Townsends crop rotation
• Enclosure Method

3
The Agricultural Revolution

• Consequences
• Fewer workers were required to work in the fields
  thus they sought jobs in the factories
• Made it possible for nations to sustain larger
  populations
• Crop yields improved significantly
• Population Explosion
• England and Wales increased from 6 million in
  1750 to 10 million in 1800
• Frances population increased from 18 million in
  1715 to 26 million in 1789

4
Industrial Revolution

• Industrial Revolution
• Textile Industry where the revolution began in
  England
• Cottage Industry
• Making textiles and goods in individual homes
• Factory System
• Workers were forced to go to a central location
  where all production took place
• Large expensive equipment brought about a need
  for such a system

5
Industrial Revolution

• Impact on Women
• Reduced many women to working in the cottage
  industry, thus their work was associated with the
  home.

6
Industrial Revolution

• 1st Industrial Revolution was in textiles and
  powered by water.
• New Inventions rapidly increased production.

Spinning Jenny, James Hargreaves
Steam Engine James Watt
Cotton Gin, Eli Whitney
7
Industrial Revolution

• Improvement in transportation and communication
  improved efficiency

James Watt, Locomotive
Samuel Morse, Telegraph
John McAdam, roads
Canals
8
Consequences of Industrialization

• Growth of cities
• Overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, industrial
  pollution
• Demand for local government to improve living
  conditions
• Working Conditions
• Demands for Reform long hours, low wages, lousy
  conditions
• Unionization movements
• Iron law of Wages keep wages low workers are
  productive small families

• European Population
• 1750 140m
• 1800 187m 29?
• 1850 266m 35?
• London
• 1800 1m
• 1850 2.4m
• 1900 4m
• Berlin
• 1700 30,000
• 1850 450,000
• 1900 2 million

9
The 2nd Industrial Revolution

• 2nd Industrial Revolution
• Occurred in the iron and steel industry as well
  as railroads
• Countries with deposits of iron and coal became
  leaders in the 2nd phase.
• This revolution was powered by steam and coal
  later to be replaced by electrical generators and
  the combustion engine in the 20th century.
• Sources of Power water, coal steam, coal, oil
  electricity.

Bethlehem Steel
10
The Great Exhibition London 1851

• Organized by Prince Albert
• Designed to celebrate progress in industry and
  commerce
• Showcased the products of many countries from
  around the world

11
Industrialization and Society

• New Ideas
• Malthus on Population believed that geometric
  growth in population would eventually outstrip
  food supply
• David Ricardos Iron Law of Wages used to low
  wages to keep population growth to a minimum
• Rapid Urbanization led to the creation of
• Police forces
• Fire Departments
• Prison reform which involved keeping prisoners
  isolated and giving them time for self
  contemplation

12
Industrialization and Society

• Impact on Women Children
• Both were exploited in factories and paid low
  wages.
• Married women were forced out of factories
• Many young women resorted to or were forced into
  prostitution in order to supplement their wages.
• Child Labor laws eventually removed kids from the
  workplace
• 10 Work day instituted in Britain

13
Industrialization and Society

• Chartism 1830s English attempt to mix political
  and economic reforms. 1st in Europe but failed
  for lack of cohesion
• Called for
• Universal Male suffrage
• Annual elections to House of Commons
• Secret ballot
• Equal electoral districts
• Abolition of property qualifications
• Payment of salaries to House of Commons

14
Socialism on the Rise

• Socialists sought to challenged the individualism
  of capitalism with a system that benefitted the
  community as whole
• Socialists varied in their beliefs from utopian
  societies to egalitarian societies.
• In short, socialists fought to improve wages,
  working conditions, and redistribute wealth via
  the political process.

15
Rise of Communism

• Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx Friedrich
  Engles1848
• Called for workers to seize control of the
  factors of production meaning the factories,
  the mines, etc
• Marx believed the workers proletariat needed to
  seize political control from the upper middle
  class factory owners bourgeoisie

16
Demise of the Bourgeois King

• Louis Philippe 1830-1848
• King of the French, tricolor flag restored
• Promoted Liberal, bourgeois interests at the
  expense of working class interests
• February 1848 Revolution occurred when he refused
  to grant changes to working conditions in France.
• Parisian workers went to the barricade
• Louis Philippe fled to England

17
The 2nd French Republic

• New Government
• Socialists under the leadership of Louis Blanc
  demanded inclusion in a new provisional
  government.
• Workshops were created to provide work relief for
  the unemployed
• New Elections resulted in a Conservative and
  Moderate majority in the National Assembly
  showing the provinces did not trust Paris
  radicals.
• New socialist revolts were put down by the
  military
• Elections for President are called for

Louis Blanc
18
2nd French Republic Empire

• 1848 2nd Republic
• Louis Napoleon, Napoleons nephew is elected
  President in 1848 with 75 of the vote.
• Allowed to serve only one 4 year term.
• 1852 he seizes power in a coup on Dec 2, 1851 and
  creates the 2nd Empire crowning himself Napoleon
  III.
• Used a plebiscite to give his action legitimacy

Napoleon III
19
Revolution in the German Confederation

• Congress in Frankfurt 1848 meets to discuss
  German unity
• Offers the crown of a unified Germany to Prussian
  King Frederick William IV
• He refuses it because it does not come from the
  princes
• King of Prussia goes back on a promise of a
  Constitution once he regains military control

Frederick William IV
20
Revolution in Austria 1848-49

• Hungarian Louis Kossuth inspired students in
  Vienna to revolt.
• King Ferdinand abdicated in favor of his 18 year
  old son, Franz Josef
• Metternich fled Vienna and resigned.
• Revolts spread throughout the empire but calls
  for Hungarian independence were the loudest.

Emperor Franz Josef
21
Hungarian Revolt 1848-1849

• Lajos Louis Kossuth became the President of an
  independent Hungary
• Hungarian military won several battles against
  Austrian forces
• Tsar Nicholas I sent troops in to destroy the
  Hungarians

Lajos Kossuth
22
Hungarian Revolt 1848-1849

• Russian Intervention
• Kossuth resigns and flees to America
• 13 Martrys of Arad
• Hungarian generals are executed.