Chapter 24 19th Century Society

1
Chapter 2419th Century Society

• Urbanization and Intellectual Movements
• 1800-1914

2
First Industrial Revolution

• 1780-1850
• Textiles
• Coal
• Iron
• Railroads

3
Second Industrial Revolution

• Last half of the 19th century
• Steel Production heavy machinery, rails, larger
  structures
• Oil kerosene for lighting, internal combustion
  engines for factory machines
• Electricity
• 1881 England first electric power stations
• Steel, textiles, shoemaking and construction
  industries
• Chemicals Photo processing, soaps, dyes,
  fertilizers, explosives (Germany first)

4
Growing Demand for Experts with specialized
knowledge

• Science and technology became linked
• New Professionals Engineers, architecture,
  chemistry, accounting, surveying
• Managers for large private and public
  institutions

5
By 1890s Germany the Industrial Leader

• Englands early investment in technology made it
  difficult to shift to new techniques of 2nd
  Industrial Revolution
• Germanys late enterence allowed it to enter with
  state-of-the-art technology
• Germany led in production of organic chemicals
  and power generators

6
Continued Urban Migration

• By 1900 over half of industrial workers in
  England, Germany, and Belgium worked for
  companies with more than 20 workers

7
Urbanization

• Population Growth
• England the first to experience urban growth
• 1891 over 50 of population in urban areas
• 1891 London largest city in Europe
• 1870-1914 Population in Europe up 50
• By 1900 9 European cities had 1 million
• Big decline in mortality rates (especially
  children)
• Birth rates fell in some areas (France)

8
Population continued

• Better medical knowledge, nutrition, housing
• Number of children per family fellespecially
  among the middle class

9
Poor living conditions continued

• Through first ½ of 19th century
• Parks and open spaces nonexistent
• 10 people per room in cellars, attics
• Open drains and sewers flowed through the streets
  with garbage, excrement
• Total absence of public transportation

10
Public Health Movement

• Edwin Chadwick The most important reformer of
  living conditions in cities
• Tried to end high incidence of disease and
  mortality rate occurring in cities
• Saw disease and death as CAUSES of poverty
• Was influenced by Jeremy Benthams Utilitarianism

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Edwin Chadwick continued

• Sanitary Idea believed disease could be
  prevented by cleaning up urban environment
• Adequate supply of cleaned piped water could
  carry off excrement of communal outhouses
• Would cost only 1/20 of removing it by hand

12
Public Health Laws

• 1848 England First public health law
• Due to the Cholera epidemic of early 1830s
• Germany, France and U.S. adopted many of
  Chadwicks ideas
• By 1860s and 70s many European cities made
  progress in public sanitation

13
Urban Planning and Public Transportation

• France first under reign of Napoleon III
• Georges von Haussmann redeveloped Paris
• Wide Boulevards (would also prevent barricades)
• Better middle-class housing on citys outskirts
• Demolition of slums
• Creation of parks, open spaces

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Urban Planning continued

• New system of aqueducts doubled fresh water
  supply
• 400 miles of underground sewers were built
• In response to cholera epidemics of 1832 and 1849
• Vienna, Cologne, and other cities followed Paris
  lead

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Mass Transportation

• By 1890s The electric streetcar revolutionized
  public transportation
• Created suburbs on the outskirts of cities
• Electricity led to the creation of Londons
  subway system in the 1860s
• Paris had the Metro by 1900
• By 1900 only 9 of Englands population was
  overcrowded (now more than 2 per room)

16
Migration and Immigration

• Migration to the cities from the countryside
  continued BUT now migrants maintained ties to
  rural areas
• After 1880 huge numbers of southern and eastern
  Europeans migrated to America for economic
  opportunities
• Also went to Canada and Latin America
• In some places agricultural challenges forced
  migration

17
Eastern European Jews

• Pogroms, other persecution in eastern Europe
  forced Jewish population to flee
• To Western Europe
• To U.S., Canada, Latin America