SS8H5a Explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches.

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SS8H5aExplain the establishment of the
University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread
of Baptist and Methodist churches.

• Concept
• Individuals Groups - Institutions

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WESTWARD EXPANSION

• PAGE 33 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5a
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• How would you explain the establishment of the
  University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread
  of Baptist and Methodist churches?

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How would you explain the establishment of the
University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread
of Baptist and Methodist churches?

• University of Georgia

• Louisville, Georgia

Baptists and Methodists
4
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA

• 1785 Federal US government provides money to
  purchase land for a public university (land
  grant charter) - Oldest public university
• 1801 Students (only all-white / all-male)
  attend classes in the Franklin College
  building
• 1918 Women allowed to attend university

5
How would you explain the establishment of the
University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread
of Baptist and Methodist churches?

• University of Georgia
• 1785 Federal US government provides money to
  purchase land for a public university (land grant
  charter) - Oldest public university
• 1801Students (only all-white / all-male) attend
  classes in the Franklin College building
• 1918Women allowed to attend university

• Louisville, Georgia

• Baptists and Methodists

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LOUISVILLE, GEORGIA

• Savannah was the first capital because it was the
  1st permanent settlement in Georgia. Augusta
  became the 2nd capital but it was located too far
  east. So, in 1786, the Georgia legislature
  decided to build a new city that would serve as
  the 3rd capital of Georgias and would be
  centrally located for citizens to travel there.
• The city was named after King Louis XVI of France
  for his help in Americas Revolutionary War.

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LOUISVILLE, GEORGIA

• Louisville was not a capital city for very long
  because of the states westward expansion due to
  Indian lands becoming opened for settlers.
  Milledgeville became the 4th capital in 1807,
  followed by Atlanta in 1877, the current capital.
• One of the most memorable events to occur in the
  capital city of Louisville was the burning of all
  of the Yazoo Land Fraud records in front of the
  capitol building in 1796.

10
How would you explain the establishment of the
University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread
of Baptist and Methodist churches?

• University of Georgia
• 1785 Federal US government provides money to
  purchase land for a public university (land grant
  charter) - Oldest public university
• 1801Students (only all-white / all-male) attend
  classes in the Franklin College building
• 1918Women allowed to attend university

• Louisville, Georgia
• 3rd capital of Georgia
• Centrally located (at the time)
• Named after King Louis XVI of France (American
  Revolution)
• Burning of the Yazoo Land Fraud records

• Baptists and Methodists

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SPREAD OF RELIGION IN GEORGIA

• The Great Revivals are periods of time in
  American history where there is a renewed focus
  on religion - personally, socially, and
  politically.
• The Methodist and Baptist denominations
  (branching off of the Protestant branch) were
  small at the time, however, the 2nd Great
  Awakening helped these churches grow in number
  and spread across the southeast United States.
  Interest in religion increased during this time
  period by allowing people to attend large camp
  meetings called revivals, and the southeast
  region came to be known as The Bible Belt.

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THE BIBLE BELT
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How would you explain the establishment of the
University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread
of Baptist and Methodist churches?

• University of Georgia
• 1785 Federal US government provides money to
  purchase land for a public university (land grant
  charter) - Oldest public university
• 1801Students (only all-white / all-male) attend
  classes in the Franklin College building
• 1918Women allowed to attend university

• Louisville, Georgia
• 3rd capital of Georgia
• Centrally located (at the time)
• Named after King Louis XVI of France (American
  Revolution)
• Burning of the Yazoo Land Fraud records

• Baptists and Methodists
• The 2nd Great Awakening helped these churches
  grow.
• Spread across the southeast United States.
• Interest in religion increased - people attended
  large camp meetings called revivals
• Southeast region came to be known as The Bible
  Belt.
• Religion today is still important to the culture
  of the South

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SS8H5b Evaluate the impact of land
policies pursued by Georgia include the
headright system, land lotteries, and the Yazoo
land fraud.

• Concepts
• Movement / Migration
• Rule of Law
• Conflict and Change

16
WESTWARD EXPANSION

• PAGE 34 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5b
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• What impact did the headright system, land
  lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on
  Georgia?

17
What impact did the headright system, land
lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia?

• HEADRIGHT SYSTEM

• YAZOO LAND FRAUD

LAND LOTTERY
18
HEADRIGHT SYSTEM

• To attract settlers and economic development in
  Georgia, the government provided land to
  Georgians east of the Oconee River.
• Each white male counted as a head of a family
  and had the right to receive anywhere from 200
  1,000 acres of land.
• Farmers and ranchers were able to start up their
  business
• 1782 most of the land was given to
  Revolutionary War veterans for their service

19
INDIAN LAND CESSIONS MEANT THAT CREEK AND
CHEROKEE INDIANS IN GEORGIA GAVE UP THEIR LAND IN
EXCHANGE FOR MONEY OR TRADING RIGHTS /
PRIVILEGES THE RESULT IS MORE WESTWARD EXPANSION
OF SETTLERS
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What impact did the headright system, land
lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia?

• HEADRIGHT SYSTEM
• Land east of Oconee River.
• White male head of a family had right to 200
  1,000 acres of land.
• Farmers and ranchers begin businesses
• 1782 most land given to Revolutionary War
  veterans

• YAZOO LAND FRAUD

LAND LOTTERY
21
YAZOO LAND FRAUD

• Four land companies bribed the governor of
  Georgia and the General Assembly (legislature) to
  pass a bill allowing them to buy large tracts of
  land near the Yazoo River in Mississippi.
• The companies bought up to 50 million acres of
  land for only 1 ½ cents per acre. The companies
  would then sell the land at much higher prices
  and share the profits with the legislators.
• When Georgia citizens found out they protested
  and the legislators were voted out of office.

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YAZOO LAND FRAUD

• The US government solved the scandal by forcing
  Georgia to cede (give up) the lands west of the
  Chattahoochee River in exchange for 1.25 million
  dollars and a promise to help remove Creek and
  Cherokee Indians from the Georgia territories.
• The Yazoo Land Fraud is a reason why Georgias
  western border is shaped the way it is today.

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BURNING OF THE YAZOO LAND FRAUD RECORDS AT THE
CAPITOL BUILDING IN LOUISVILLE - 1796
25
What impact did the headright system, land
lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia?

• HEADRIGHT SYSTEM
• Land east of Oconee River.
• White male head of a family had right to 200
  1,000 acres of land.
• Farmers and ranchers begin businesses
• 1782 most land given to Revolutionary War
  veterans for their service

• YAZOO LAND FRAUD
• Land companies bribed GA government to buy land
  near Yazoo River
• Sold land and shared profits with legislators.
• Citizens protested and legislators voted out of
  office.
• US government forced Georgia to cede (give up)
  lands west of Chattahoochee River forming
  Georgias western border.

LAND LOTTERY
26
LAND LOTTERY

• WHAT GEORGIANS WANTED TO SETTLE LANDS THAT WERE
  ONCE OCCUPIED BY CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS.
  TICKETS PLACED IN TWO DRUMS, ONE WITH NAMES FOR
  EACH LOT AND OTHER WITH THE PERSONS NAME. TICKET
  SELECTED FROM DRUM MATCHED TO NAME OF PERSON FROM
  OTHER DRUM.
• WHO WHITE MALES, ORPHANS, AND WIDOWS ALLOWED
  TO PARTICIPATE. DEPENDING ON AGE, WAR SERVICE,
  MARITAL STATUS, AND YEARS OF RESIDENCY IN THE
  STATE YOU COULD RECEIVE MORE TICKETS, OR CHANCES.
• WHEN 1805-1833
• WHERE LANDS WEST OF THE OCONEE RIVER THAT WERE
  VACATED BY CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS FROM LAND
  TREATIES AND THE OCONEE WAR AND WAR OF 1812.
  3/4TH OF STATE LAND WAS GIVEN TO OVER 100,000
  FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS
• WHY GEORGIANS WANTED TO SETTLE IN LANDS VACATED
  BY CREEKS AND CHEROKEES IN ORDER TO CREATE COTTON
  AND TOBACCO PLANTATIONS

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LAND LOTTERY
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NOTICE THE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF SETTLERS IN
GEORGIA FROM 1733-1835. LANDS EAST OF THE OCONEE
RIVER WERE SETTLED BECAUSE OF THE HEADRIGHT
SYSTEM LAND POLICY. LANDS WEST OF THE OCONEE
RIVER WERE SETTLED FROM THE LAND LOTTERY.
OCONEE RIVER
HEADRIGHT SYSTEM 1782-1795
LAND LOTTERY 1805-1833
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What impact did the headright system, land
lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia?

• HEADRIGHT SYSTEM
• Land east of Oconee River.
• White male head of a family had right to 200
  1,000 acres of land.
• Farmers and ranchers begin businesses
• 1782 most land given to Revolutionary War
  veterans for their service

• LAND LOTTERY
• 1805-1833 land west of Oconee River
• Given to citizens after removal of Creeks and
  Cherokees.
• White males, orphans, and widows received land.
• Power and wealth for more people
• Agricultural economy -tobacco and cotton
  plantations

• YAZOO LAND FRAUD
• Land companies bribed GA government to buy land
  near Yazoo River
• Sold land and shared profits with legislators.
• Citizens protested and legislators voted out of
  office.
• US government forced Georgia to cede (give up)
  lands west of Chattahoochee River forming
  Georgias western border.

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SS8H5cExplain how technological
developments, including the cotton gin and
railroads, had an impact on Georgias growth.

• Concepts
• Technological Innovation
• Location

32
WESTWARD EXPANSION

• PAGE 35 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5c
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• How did the cotton gin and railroads impact
  Georgias growth?

33
How did the cotton gin and railroads impact
Georgias growth?

• COTTON GIN

• RAILROAD

34
The student will understand that technological
innovations have consequences, both intended and
unintended.What are some inventions that have
helped society, but also hurt society? What
was the intended consequence of Eli Whitneys
invention of the cotton gin?What was the
unintended consequence of the cotton gin? In
other words, what problems in society were
created because of the invention of the cotton
gin?

• Technological Innovation

35
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONTHE COTTON GIN
36
COTTON GIN

• The modern cotton gin, first patented by
  Massachusetts native Eli Whitney while in Georgia
  in 1793, is a simple machine that separates
  cotton fibers from the seeds. The gin (short for
  engine) consists of wire teeth mounted on a boxed
  rotating cylinder that, when cranked, pulls
  cotton fiber through small grates to separate the
  seeds, while a rotating brush removes lint from
  the spikes to avoid jams. Its invention quickly
  transformed the course of agriculture in the Deep
  South, and in so doing deepened the reliance of
  southern society on slavery and the plantation
  system.
• - New Georgia Encyclodpedia

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COTTON GIN

• The economic impact of Whitney's gin was vast
  after its invention, the yield of raw cotton
  nearly doubled each decade after 1800. The gin,
  whose invention coincided with much of the Deep
  South's opening to white settlement, helped to
  facilitate westward expansion into these
  potential cotton-producing areas. By the
  mid-nineteenth century America was supplying
  three-quarters of the world's cotton.
• - New Georgia Encyclodpedia

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COTTON GIN

• A direct result of this growth was an expansion
  of slavery. While the cotton gin reduced the
  amount of labor required to remove the seeds from
  the plant, it did not reduce the number of slaves
  needed to grow and pick the cotton. The demand
  for Georgia's cotton grew as new inventions such
  as spinning jennies and steamboats were able to
  weave and transport more of the crop. Although
  the percentage of slave population to total
  population remained virtually unchanged from 1790
  until 1860, the number of slaves in the South
  increased dramatically. By the end of the
  antebellum era Georgia had more slaves and
  slaveholders than any state in the Lower South.
• - New Georgia Encyclodpedia

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How did the invention of the cotton gin affect
Southern life?
51
Answer FOCUS ON AGRICULTURE, PLANTERS DEMANDED
MORE LAND TO GROW COTTON, and AN INCREASE IN
SLAVERY, and RACISM.
52
ELI WHITNEY

• Invented the cotton gin in 1795.
  Unintentionally, his invention would create more
  of a dependency on slavery in the South.

53
How did the cotton gin and railroads impact
Georgias growth?

• COTTON GIN
• Machine that separated the cotton fibers from the
  seeds.
• Increased cotton production
• Made economy of the south more agricultural
• Led to more cotton plantations - King Cotton
• Led to more westward expansion
• Led to an increase in slavery

• RAILROAD

54
SS8H5cExplain how technological
developments, including the cotton gin and
railroads, had an impact on Georgias growth.

• Concepts
• Technological Innovation
• Location

55
WESTWARD EXPANSION

• PAGE 35 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5c
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• How did the cotton gin and railroads impact
  Georgias growth?

56
How did the cotton gin and railroads impact
Georgias growth?

• COTTON GIN
• Machine that separated the cotton fibers from the
  seeds.
• Increased cotton production
• Made economy of the south more agricultural
• Led to more cotton plantations - King Cotton
• Led to more westward expansion
• Led to an increase in slavery

• RAILROAD

57
The student will understand that technological
innovations have consequences, both intended and
unintended.What are some inventions that have
helped society, but also hurt society? What
was the intended consequence of Georgia building
the railroad?What was the unintended
consequence of the Georgia railroad in the town
of Terminus?

• Technological Innovation

58
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONTHE RAILROAD
59
GEORGIA RAILROAD

• The land constituting the city of Atlanta was
  once a Native American village called Standing
  Peachtree. The land that became the Atlanta area
  was taken from the Cherokee and Creeks by white
  settlers in 1822, with the first area settlement
  being Decatur.
• On December 21, 1836, the Georgia General
  Assembly voted to build the Western and Atlantic
  Railroad to provide a trade route to the
  Midwestern United States. Following the forced
  removal of the Cherokee Nation between 1838 and
  1839 the newly depopulated area was opened for
  the construction of a railroad. -
  Wikipedia.com

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GEORGIA RAILROAD

• Indian removal and the discovery of gold
  encouraged new settlement in the region, but it
  was the railroad that actually brought Atlanta
  into being and eventually connected it with the
  rest of the state and region. In 1837 engineers
  for the Western and Atlantic Railroad (a
  state-sponsored project) staked out a point on a
  ridge about seven miles east of the Chattahoochee
  River as the southern end of a rail line they
  planned to build south from Chattanooga,
  Tennessee. The town that emerged around this
  zero milepost was called Terminus, which
  literally means "end of the line."
• - New Georgia Encyclodpedia

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GEORGIA RAILROAD

• Atlanta owes its origins to two important
  developments in the 1830s the forcible removal
  of Native Americans (Creeks and Cherokees) from
  northwest Georgia and the extension of railroad
  lines into the state's interior. Both of these
  actions sparked increased settlement and
  development in the upper Piedmont section of the
  state and led to Atlanta's founding.
• - New Georgia Encyclodpedia

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GEORGIA RAILROAD

• The area around the eastern terminus to the line
  began to develop first, and so the settlement was
  named "Terminus" in 1837. It was nicknamed
  Thrasherville after John Thrasher, who built
  homes and a general store there. The Chief
  Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, J. Edgar
  Thomson, suggested that the area be renamed
  "Atlantica-Pacifica", which was quickly shortened
  to "Atlanta". The residents approved, and the
  town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,
  1847. - Wikipedia.com

66
UNITED STATES RAILWAY SYSTEM IN 1870
67
COMPARE THE GEORGIA RAILROAD MAP ON THE LEFT TO
THE GEORGIA COTTON PRODUCTION MAP ON THE RIGHT.
WHAT CONCLUSIONS CAN YOU DRAW?
68
How did the cotton gin and railroads impact
Georgias growth?

• COTTON GIN
• Machine that separated the cotton fibers from the
  seeds.
• Increased cotton production
• Made economy of the south more agricultural
• Led to more cotton plantations - King Cotton
• Led to more westward expansion
• Led to an increase in slavery

• RAILROAD
• 1837 the city of Terminus is built (later named
  Atlanta)
• Atlanta becomes a transportation hub in the
  southeast
• Railroad transports Georgia agricultural products
  to the Midwest and Atlantic coast

69
The student will understand that technological
innovations have consequences, both intended and
unintended.What are some inventions that have
helped society, but also hurt society? What
was the intended consequence of Georgia investing
a lot of money into building the town of Terminus
(Atlanta) and the railroad?

• Technological Innovation

70
SS8H5dAnalyze the events that led to the
removal of Creeks and Cherokees include the
roles of Alexander McGillivray, William McIntosh,
Sequoyah, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush,
Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John
Marshall, and the Trail of Tears.

• Concepts
• Individuals Groups Institutions
• Rule of Law
• Movement / Migration

71
INDIAN REMOVAL

• PAGE 36 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5d
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• What role did Alexander McGillivray and William
  McIntosh play in the removal of Creek Indians
  in Georgia?

72
What role did Alexander McGillivray and
William McIntosh play in the removal of
Creek Indians in Georgia?
Alexander McGillivray
William McIntosh
Protected Creek lands from white
settlers Attacked white settlers during Oconee
War. Signed 1790 Treaty of New York. US govt
promised to protect Creek lands west of Oconee
River. Creeks leave lands east of Oconee River,
leads to Headright land distribution
Supported Georgia and US govt to gain land from
Creeks Profited from treaties by gaining land for
himself Signed the 1825 Treaty of Indian Springs
gave up all of Creek lands without permission
of other Creek Chiefs. Was killed by Creek
Indians for betraying the Creek Nation
Both were bi-racial Creek Indian Chiefs with a
European descent father and Creek mother
73
The student will understand that when there is
conflict between or within societies, change is
the result.What are some examples of conflict
and change that involved people and land? How
were Alexander McGillivray and William McIntosh
similar and different, and what were they
fighting for?

• CONFLICT CHANGE

74
ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAY
A controversial Creek Indian leader in the 1780s
and 1790s, Alexander McGillivray was one of many
Southeastern Indians with a Native American
mother and European father. - NEW GEORGIA
ENCYCLOPEDIA
75
ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAY
After the Revolution, McGillivray used his
growing influence within Creek society to resist
Georgia's attempt to confiscate three million
acres of land and to otherwise protect what he
viewed as the sovereign rights of the Creek
people. Oconee war led to removal of Creeks west
of Oconee River. - New Georgia Encyclopedia
76
ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAY
The Yazoo land grants by Georgia and the federal
government's desire to take control of Indian
affairs led to U.S. president George Washington's
signing of the 1790 Treaty of New York, in which
the United States promised to defend Creek
territorial rights. This treaty created a formal
relationship between the United States and the
Creek Nation and affirmed McGillivray's position
as a legitimate national leader. - NEW
GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA
77
WILLIAM McINTOSH
William McIntosh Jr., also known as Tustunnuggee
Hutkee ("White Warrior"), was born around 1778 in
the Lower Creek town of Coweta to Captain William
McIntosh, a Scotsman of Savannah, and Senoya, a
Creek woman of the Wind Clan. He was raised among
the Creeks, but he spent enough time in Savannah
to become fluent in English and to be able to
move comfortably within both Indian and white
societies. - NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA
78
WILLIAM McINTOSH
William McIntosh was a controversial chief of the
Lower Creeks in early-nineteenth-century Georgia.
His general support of the United States and its
efforts to obtain cessions of Creek territory
alienated him from many Creeks who opposed white
encroachment on Indian land. - NEW GEORGIA
ENCYCLOPEDIA
79
WILLIAM McINTOSH
McIntosh's participation in the 1825 Treaty of
Indian Springs (signed away all Creek lands) cost
him his life. According to a Creek law that
McIntosh himself had supported, a sentence of
execution awaited any Creek leader who ceded land
to the United States without the full assent of
the entire Creek Nation. Just before dawn on
April 30, 1825, Upper Creek chief Menawa,
accompanied by 200 Creek warriors, attacked
McIntosh to carry out the sentence. They set fire
to his home, and shot and stabbed to death
McIntosh. - NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA
80
What role did Alexander McGillivray and
William McIntosh play in the removal of
Creek Indians in Georgia?
William McIntosh
Alexander McGillivray
Protected Creek lands from white
settlers Attacked white settlers during Oconee
War. Signed 1790 Treaty of New York. US govt
promised to protect Creek lands west of Oconee
River. Creeks leave lands east of Oconee River,
leads to Headright land distribution
Supported Georgia and US govt to gain land from
Creeks Profited from treaties by gaining land for
himself Signed the 1825 Treaty of Indian Springs
gave up all of Creek lands without permission
of other Creek Chiefs. Was killed by Creek
Indians for betraying the Creek Nation
Both were bi-racial Creek Indian Chiefs with a
European descent father and Creek mother
81
In 1825 cousins William McIntosh, a Creek leader,
and George Troup, the governor of Georgia, signed
the Treaty of Indian Springs, which authorized
the sale of Creek lands in the state to the
federal government. McIntosh was murdered shortly
thereafter by angry members of the Creek Nation.
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SS8H5dAnalyze the events that led to the
removal of Creeks and Cherokees include the
roles of Alexander McGillivray, William McIntosh,
Sequoyah, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush,
Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John
Marshall, and the Trail of Tears.

• Concepts
• Individuals Groups Institutions
• Rule of Law
• Movement / Migration

83
INDIAN REMOVAL

• PAGE 37 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5d
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• What role did Sequoyah and John Ross play in the
  history of Cherokees in Georgia?

84
What role did Sequoyah and John Ross play in
the history of Cherokees in Georgia?

• SEQUOYAH

• JOHN ROSS

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SEQUOYAH
Sequoyah was the legendary creator of the
Cherokee syllabary. Impressed by the whites'
ability to communicate over distances by writing,
Sequoyah invented a system of eighty-four to
eighty-six characters that represented syllables
in spoken Cherokee (hence it is a syllabary, not
an alphabet). - New Georgia Encyclopedia
86
SEQUOYAH
Completed in 1821, the syllabary was rapidly
adopted by a large number of Cherokees, making
Sequoyah the only member of an illiterate group
in human history to have single-handedly devised
a successful system of writing. There are
monuments, parks, and schools named for Sequoyah
in Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Oklahoma, and
other states. The giant sequoia tree, found in
California, is named for him. - New Georgia
Encyclopedia
87
SEQUOYAH
It is fact that the syllabary was used to print
some articles in the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper,
published in New Echota, Georgia (then the
capital of the eastern Cherokees), from 1828 to
1834. The appearance of the newspaper, as well as
the organized government of the Cherokee Nation,
including tribal council and supreme court,
infuriated the state of Georgia, which had an
agreement with the U.S. government (the Compact
of 1802) to remove the Native Americans. - New
Georgia Encyclopedia
88
SEQUOYAH
When the Cherokees were removed, the buildings
and printing press were destroyed, and the type
for the syllabary was dumped in a well that was
then sealed. Excavations in the 1950s led to
partial restoration, and the New Echota State
Historic Site opened near Calhoun in 1962. - New
Georgia Encyclopedia
89
What role did Sequoyah and John Ross play in
the history of Cherokees in Georgia?

• SEQUOYAH
• Created the Cherokee syllabary (1st Native
  American written language)
• Cherokees tried to live more like whites to be
  accepted
• His syllabary helped create the Cherokee Phoenix
  newspaper

• JOHN ROSS

90
JOHN ROSS
John Ross became chief of the Cherokee Nation in
1827, following the establishment of a government
modeled on that of the United States. He presided
over the nation during the apex of its
development in the Southeast, the tragic Trail of
Tears, and the subsequent rebuilding of the
nation in Indian Territory, in present-day
Oklahoma. - New Georgia Encyclopedia
91
JOHN ROSS
His family moved to the base of Lookout Mountain,
an area that became Rossville, Georgia. At his
father's store Ross learned the customs of
traditional Cherokees, although at home his
mixed-blood family practiced European traditions
and spoke English. - New Georgia Encyclopedia
92
JOHN ROSS
As Ross took the reins of the Cherokee government
in 1827, white Georgians increased their lobbying
efforts to remove the Cherokees from the
Southeast. The discovery of gold on Cherokee land
fueled their desire to possess the area, which
was dotted with lucrative businesses and
prosperous plantations like Ross's. The Indian
Removal Bill passed by Congress in 1830 provided
legal authority to begin the removal process.
Ross's fight against the 1832 Georgia lottery,
designed to give away Cherokee lands, was the
first of many political battles. - New Georgia
Encyclopedia
93
JOHN ROSS
Accompanying his people on the "trail where they
cried," commonly known as the Trail of Tears,
Ross experienced personal tragedy. His wife died
of exposure after giving her only blanket to a
sick child. Once in Indian Territory, Ross led
the effort to establish farms, businesses,
schools, and even colleges. - New Georgia
Encyclopedia
94
What role did Sequoyah and John Ross play in
the history of Cherokees in Georgia?

• SEQUOYAH
• Created the Cherokee syllabary (1st Native
  American written language)
• Cherokees tried to live more like whites to be
  accepted
• His syllabary helped create the Cherokee Phoenix
  newspaper

• JOHN ROSS
• 1828 - Chief of Cherokees
• Modeled the Cherokee Nation government after the
  US government
• Tried to protect Cherokee lands
• Protested Georgias land lottery and Indian
  Removal Act
• Survived the Trail of Tears

95
SS8H5dAnalyze the events that led to the
removal of Creeks and Cherokees include the
roles of Alexander McGillivray, William McIntosh,
Sequoyah, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush,
Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John
Marshall, and the Trail of Tears.

• Concepts
• Individuals Groups Institutions
• Rule of Law
• Movement / Migration

96
INDIAN REMOVAL

• PAGE 38 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5d
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• What role did the Dahlonega gold rush play in the
  removal of Cherokees in Georgia?

97
What role did the Dahlonega gold rush play in the
removal of Cherokees in Georgia?

• DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH

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100
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH

• There are several popular stories of the
  beginning of Georgia's gold rush but in fact,
  no one is really certain who made the first
  discovery or when. According to one anecdote,
  John Witheroods found a three-ounce nugget along
  Duke's Creek in White County. Another says that
  Jesse Hogan, a prospector from North Carolina,
  found gold on Ward's Creek near Dahlonega. Yet
  another finds a young Benjamin Parks kicking up
  an unusual-looking stone while on the lookout for
  deer west of the Chestatee River in 1828.
• - New Georgia Encyclopedia

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102
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH

• The Great Intrusion
• By late 1829 north Georgia, known at the time as
  the Cherokee Nation, was flooded by thousands of
  prospectors lusting for gold. Niles' Register
  reported in the spring of 1830 that there were
  four thousand miners working along Yahoola Creek
  alone.
• - New Georgia Encyclopedia

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104
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH

• While in his nineties, Benjamin Parks recalled
  the scene in the Atlanta Constitution (July 15,
  1894)
• The news got abroad, and such excitement you
  never saw. It seemed within a few days as if the
  whole world must have heard of it, for men came
  from every state I had ever heard of. They came
  afoot, on horseback and in wagons, acting more
  like crazy men than anything else. All the way
  from where Dahlonega now stands to Nuckollsville
  Auraria there were men panning out of the
  branches and making holes in the hillsides.

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106
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH

• The sudden influx of miners into the Cherokee
  Nation was known even at the time as the Great
  Intrusion. One writer said in the Cherokee
  Phoenix,
• "Our neighbors who regard no law and pay no
  respects to the laws of humanity are now reaping
  a plentiful harvest. . . . We are an abused
  people."
• But there was little the Cherokees could do it
  seemed the louder they protested, the more
  eagerly the miners came.
• - New Georgia Encyclopedia

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108
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH

• Gold rush towns sprang up quickly in north
  Georgia, particularly near the center of the gold
  region in present-day Lumpkin County. Auraria
  became an instant boomtown, growing to a
  population of 1,000 by 1832. The county seat,
  called Licklog at the time, in 1833 became known
  as Dahlonega, for the Cherokee word tahlonega,
  meaning golden. Within a few months after its
  establishment nearly 1,000 people were crowded
  into the settlement, with about 5,000 people in
  the surrounding county.
• - New Georgia Encyclopedia

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110
Branch Mint at Dahlonega

• Congress soon authorized the establishment of a
  federal Branch Mint at Dahlonega, and in 1838 the
  new mint went into operation. It coined more than
  100,000 worth of gold in its first year, and by
  the time it closed in 1861, it had produced
  almost 1.5 million gold coins with a face value
  of more than 6 million.
• - New Georgia Encyclopedia

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112
EFFECTS OF THE DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH

• Between 1805 and 1832 the state of Georgia held
  lotteries to distribute land seized from the
  Cherokees and Creeks. Nearly three quarters of
  the land in Georgia was allocated by the lottery
  system. Finally, the U.S. Army drove the
  Cherokees northwestward to Indian Territory in
  present-day Oklahoma during the bitterly cold
  winter of 1838-39. Deprived of proper food and
  clothing, at least 4,000one-fifth of the entire
  Cherokee populationdied on the journey. The
  forced migration became known as the Trail of
  Tears.
• - New Georgia Encyclopedia

113
What role did the Dahlonega gold rush play in the
removal of Cherokees in Georgia?

• DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH
• 1828 Gold attracted white settlers to north
  Georgia
• Land belonged to Cherokee Nation
• US Mint built in Dahlonega
• 1830 Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act
  
• 1838 Trail of Tears

114
ANDREW JACKSON
RECOGNIZE THIS GUY?
115
SS8H5dAnalyze the events that led to the
removal of Creeks and Cherokees include the
roles of Alexander McGillivray, William McIntosh,
Sequoyah, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush,
Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John
Marshall, and the Trail of Tears.

• Concepts
• Individuals Groups Institutions
• Rule of Law
• Movement / Migration

116
INDIAN REMOVAL

• PAGE 39 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5d
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• What role did Andrew Jackson, John Marshall and
  the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia play
  in the removal of Cherokees from Georgia?

117
What role did Andrew Jackson, John Marshall,
and the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia
play in the removal of Cherokees from Georgia?

• ANDREW JACKSON

• WORCESTER
• V.
• GEORGIA

JOHN MARSHALL
118
JOHN MARSHALL
Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
He ruled in favor of Sam Worcester in the court
case titled Worcester v. Georgia. The Supreme
Court ruled that the Cherokee nation was a
"distinct community" with self-government "in
which the laws of Georgia can have no force,"
establishing the doctrine that the national
government of the United States, and not
individual states, had authority in Indian
affairs. wikipedia
119
WORCESTER V. GEORGIA

• U.S. Supreme Court Decision -
  www.law.jrank.org
• Samuel Worcester, tried, convicted, and
  sentenced by the state of Georgia for illegally
  living in the lands of the Cherokee Nation
  encompassed by the state of Georgia, was found by
  the Supreme Court to have legally lived in
  Cherokee Nation, by virtue of the facts that the
  Cherokee Nation is a nation within itself, and
  that the state of Georgia had no authority to
  mandate laws within the territory confined by the
  Cherokee Nation. The acts established by the
  state of Georgia that affected the lands of the
  Cherokee Nation were deemed unconstitutional and
  void.

120
WORCESTER V. GEORGIA

• United States Supreme Court Decision
• Student Translation Samuel Worcester (a white
  missionary) was given permission by Cherokees to
  live in the Cherokee Nation. However, he and
  others were arrested by the state of Georgia for
  not having a state license to live on Cherokee
  land. There were jailed and sentenced to serve
  four years of hard labor. Their appeal made it
  to the US Supreme Court, and Chief Justice John
  Marshall ruled that the state of Georgia did not
  have the right to arrest these people because
  they were living in a sovereign (free) Cherokee
  nation. In other words, the laws of Georgia did
  not apply to the lands of the Cherokee Nation in
  north Georgia.

121
ANDREW JACKSON

• The removal of the Native Americans to the west
  of the Mississippi River had been a major part of
  Andrew Jacksons political agenda. After his
  election he signed the Indian Removal Act into
  law in 1830. The Act authorized the President
  to negotiate treaties to buy tribal lands in the
  east in exchange for lands further west, outside
  of existing U.S. state borders. He signed the
  Treaty of New Echota in 1835 that would remove
  all Cherokees from Georgia in exchange for lands
  in Oklahoma. -wikipedia

122
ANDREW JACKSON

• While frequently frowned upon in the North, the
  Removal Act was popular in the South, where
  population growth, slavery, and the discovery of
  gold on Cherokee land had increased pressure on
  tribal lands. The state of Georgia became
  involved in a dispute with the Cherokees,
  culminating in the 1832 U.S. Supreme Court
  decision (Worcester v. Georgia) which ruled that
  Georgia could not impose its laws upon Cherokee
  tribal lands. -wikipedia

123
ANDREW JACKSON

• Jackson is often quoted as having possibly said,
  
• "John Marshall has made his decision, now let him
  enforce it!"
• WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

124
HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF HOW THE SYSTEM OF CHECKS
AND BALANCES WERE NOT USED PROPERLY IN AMERICAN
HISTORY
EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT Andrew Jackson
JUDICIAL SUPREME COURT Chief Justice John Marshall
WORCESTER V. GEORGIA
Ruled that it is unconstitutional for states to
create laws inside Indian territories.
Did not enforce the Supreme court decision
LEGISLATIVE GEORGIA ASSEMBLY Legislators
Created a state law making people have to carry a
state license to live on Cherokee territory
125
INDIAN REMOVAL

• PAGE 40 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5d
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• What role did the Trail of Tears play in the
  removal of Cherokees from Georgia?

126
CHEROKEE TRAIL OF TEARS

• After the signing of the Treaty of New Echota,
  the Trail of Tears was the relocation and
  movement of Native Americans, including many
  members of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and
  Choctaw nations among others in the United
  States, from their homelands to Indian Territory
  (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United
  States. Many Native Americans suffered from
  exposure, disease, and starvation while en route
  to their destinations, and many died, including
  4,000 of the 15,000 relocated Cherokee.
  -wikipedia

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130
WHAT DO YOU THINK THE COLOR PURPLE REPRESENTS ON
THE MAP?
IF YOU SAID THE LOCATION OF INDIAN RESERVATIONS
THEN YOU ARE CORRECT.
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133

• www.newgeorgiaencyclopedia.com
• www.kingcotton.co.uk
• unitedcats.files.wordpress.com
• Adherents.com
• Wikipedia.com
• Summertownstock.com
• googleimages
• www.us-coin-values-advisor.com
• Georgia in the American Experience textbook