Male and Female Reproductive Systems

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Male and Female Reproductive Systems
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Male Reproductive System

• It includes both internal and external organs
• Two main functions
• Production and storage of sperm
• The male reproductive cells
• And the transfer of sperm to the females body
  during sexual intercourse.

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Male Reproductive System

• Early teen years (12-15 years old), the male
  reproductive reaches maturity.
• Testosterone
• The male sex hormone
• Produced in the pituitary gland

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Testosterone

• Initiates physical changes that signal maturity
• Broadening of the shoulders
• Development of muscles
• Facial and body hair
• Deepening of the voice
• Controls the production of sperm

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External Male Reproductive Organs

• Testes (singular, testis)
• Scrotum
• Penis

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Testis

• Divided into tiny tubules in which sperm are
  formed
• Part of both the reproductive and endocrine
  system
• Produce male sex hormones (testosterone)
• Temperature regulation Ideal right below body
  temperature
• Cremasteric muscle and reflex
• When this muscle contracts, the spermatic cord is
  shortened and the testicle is moved closer up
  toward the body, which provides slightly more
  warmth to maintain optimal testicular
  temperature.
• When cooling is required, the cremasteric muscle
  relaxes and the testicle is lowered away from the
  warm body and is able to cool.
• Located in the scrotum

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Scrotum

• Skin and muscle containing the testicles
• It is an extension of the abdomen
• An external skin sac

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Penis

• Tube-shaped organ that extends from the trunk of
  the body just above the testes.
• Composed of spongy tissue that contains many
  blood vessels.
• When blood flow to the penis increases, it
  becomes enlarged and erect.
• Also called an erection

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Semen

• Released by the penis
• It is a thick fluid containing sperm and other
  secretions from the male reproductive system.

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Internal Male Reproductive Organs

• Vas deferens
• Urethra
• Seminal vesicles
• Prostate gland
• Cowpers gland

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Vas Deferens

• Tubes that extend from each epididymis to the
  urethra
• During ejaculation smooth muscle walls contract
• Propel sperm to urethra

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Urethra

• Passageway which both semen and urine leave the
  male body

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Seminal Vesicle

• Provides nourishing fluid for sperm
• Fluid eventually creates semen
• Fluid is high in proteins, enzymes, fructose,
  mucus, vitamin C
• The high fructose concentrations provide nutrient
  energy for the spermatozoa

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Prostate Gland

• To store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline
  fluid that constitutes 10-30 of the volume of
  the seminal fluid
• Rest of the seminal fluid is produced by the two
  seminal vesicles
• The alkalinity of seminal fluid helps neutralize
  the acidity of the vaginal tract, prolonging the
  lifespan of sperm.
• Contain smooth muscles that help expel semen
  during ejaculation.
• A healthy human prostate is slightly larger than
  a walnut
• It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary
  bladder and can be felt during a rectal exam.

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Cowpers Glands

• Bulbourethral gland
• During sexual arousal each gland produces a clear
  secretion known as pre-ejaculate.
• Fluid helps to lubricate the urethra for
  spermatozoa to pass through
• Helps flush out any residual urine or foreign
  matter

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Epididymis

• Where sperm mature and are stored
• They lack the ability to swim forward (motility)
  and to fertilize an egg

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Female Reproductive System

• Produces female sex hormones
• Stores female reproductive cells
• Ova (singular, ovum)

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Ovaries

• Female sex gland
• Produce female sex hormones
• Store ova (egg)
• 400,000 at birth
• 1 matures each month
• Ovulation process of releasing a mature ovum
  into the fallopian tube each month
• The right ovary will release a mature ovum one
  month, and the left ovary will release one the
  next month.

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Fallopian Tubes

• A pair of tubes with fingerlike projections that
  draw in the ovum
• Eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus via
  the fallopian tubes
• Tiny hair-like structures called cilia line the
  tubes and move egg along
• Ectopic pregnancy

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Vagina

• A muscular, elastic passageway that extends from
  the uterus to the outside of the body
• Sperm from the male enter the female reproductive
  system through here.

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Fertilization

• If sperm are present in the fallopian tubes, a
  sperm cell may unite with an ovum.
• Fertilization of an egg by a sperm is called a
  zygote.
• When the zygote leaves the fallopian tube, it
  enters the uterus.
• Attaches itself to the uterine wall and begins to
  grow.

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Uterus

• Hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ
• Nourishes and protects the fertilized egg

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Menstruation

• Each month the uterus prepares for possible
  pregnancy
• If pregnancy doesnt occur, the thickened lining
  of the uterus, called the endometrium, isnt
  needed, and it breaks down into blood, tissue,
  and fluids.
• These materials pass through the cervix and into
  the vagina.

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Cervix

• Opening of the uterus
• The lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it
  joins with the top end of the vagina
• Its a cylindrical shape
• During menstruation the cervix stretches open
  slightly to allow the endometrium to be shed
• During childbirth, contractions of the uterus
  will dilate the cervix up to 10 cm in diameter to
  allow the fetus to pass through.

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Endometrium

• Tissue that lines the uterus
• Menstrual cycle
• Day 1-8 after seven days, if the egg is not
  fertilized, menstruation begins
• Day 9-23 A new egg is maturing inside the ovary
• Day 24 The mature egg is released into one of
  the fallopian tubes
• Day 25-28 The egg travels through the fallopian
  tube to the uterus.

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Vulva

• The region of the external genital organs of the
  female, including the
• labia majora
• labia minora
• clitoris
• vaginal orifice

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