Struggles in Africa

1
Struggles in Africa

• Ch. 20 Sec. 2

2
South Africa

• Apartheid Separation of races in South Africa
• African National Congress- the main organization
  that opposed apartheid and led the struggle for
  majority rule outlawed in 1960
• Sharpeville Massacre Black township where men ,
  women, and children were gunned down by police
• Shift from nonviolent protest to armed struggle

3
Nelson Mandela

• ANC leader
• First to organize young South Africa to
  peacefully resist apartheid laws
• Arrested, tried and condemned to life in prison
  for treason against apartheid
• Even in prison was a powerful leader and symbol
  in the struggle for freedom
• 1994 became the countrys first true president of
  a democratic South Africa

4
F.W. de Klerk

• South African President pressured to end
  apartheid
• Foreign nation sanctions
• Work of Desmond Tutu
• South African bishop won Nobel Peace Prize for
  work against apartheid
• Lifted the ban on the ANC
• Freed Nelson Mandela

5
Rwanda

• 1962 - gained independence from Belgium
• Conflict in Rwanda and Burundi between Hutus and
  Tutsis intensifies over years
• Tribal divisions generated by European
  aristocracy
• Hutus the majority
• Tutsis, the minority but dominated Rwanda govt.
• 1994 - Plane carrying the (Hutu) Presidents of
  Rwanda and Burundi was shot down
• Hutu extremists urge civilians to kill their
  Tutsi and moderate Hutu neighbors

6
Rwanda

• 1994 - about 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutus are
  killed in the Rwanda massacre
• Tutsi rebels do gain control back
• Hutus fear revenge
• About 1 million become refugees in Zaire and
  Tanzania

7
Sudan

• Northeastern country of Africa
• Arab Muslim north dominating non-Muslim, non-Arab
  south
• The ethnic conflict has caused civil war ever
  since the Islamic government has tried to impose
  Islamic law and discriminate in non-Muslim
  regions.
• 2004 peace agreements signed between southern
  rebels and Sudans government

8
Sudan

• However
• Ethnic conflict has spread to a western region of
  Sudan called Darfur
• Fears of a new genocide
• Government backed Arab militias unleashed terror
  on non-Arab Muslim people of Darfur
• Drove into refugee camps (Chad) where they face
  starvation