TYPOLOGY OF THE WORD-GROUP IN ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN

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TYPOLOGY OF THE WORD-GROUP IN ENGLISH AND
UKRAINIAN

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THE WORD-GROUP (I)

• The word-group in both languages consists of
  two or more grammatically connected notional
  parts of speech expressing some content.
  Word-groups in English and Ukrainian may be free
  or idiomatically bound.

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THE WORD-GROUP (II)

• The elements of notional word-groups can be
  joined either syndetically by means of
  prepositions or conjunctions (books for reading,
  ?????? ?? ?????) or asyndetically by means of
  intonation (easy-reading books, ?????? ??????).
  English has a greater asyndetic potential if
  compared with Ukrainian because of its analytical
  character.

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SYNTAGMATIC GROUPINGS

• syntagmatic groupings of notional words alone
  (interesting book, ?????? ?????),
• syntagmatic groupings of notional words with
  functional words (to get rid of sth, ??????? ??
  ????),
• syntagmatic groupings of functional words alone
  (up to, ???? ??).

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The links between the elements of a word-group

• predicative, uniting the subject and the
  predicate. Such word-groups (I go, ?? ???????)
  build up the basis of a sentence
• we observe objective connections in see a book,
  ???????? ???????
• attributive connection unites a substance with
  its attribute expressed by an adjective or a noun
  (a puny creature, ?????? ??????)
• adverbial connection is subdivided into primary
  and secondary.

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Adverbial connections

• The primary adverbial connection is
  established between the verb and its adverbial
  modifiers of various standings (to talk
  seriously, to get with happiness, ????????
  ???????, ??? ? ???????).

• The secondary adverbial connection is
  established between the non-verbal kernel
  expressing a quality and its adverbial modifiers
  of various standings (wonderfully interesting,
  very much at ease, ???? ??????).

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THE STRUCTURAL FORMS OF WORD-GROUPS (I)

• simple, or elemental word-groups which
  consist of two components connected with the help
  of one grammatical means (synthetic or
  analytical) this book, to see her, cotton shirt
  ?? ??????, ????? ??????, ????? ? ????.

• complicated, i. e. with two ways of
  grammatical connection writing and reading
  letters, to see Mike driving a car, ????? ???????
  ??? ???? ??? ???????.

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THE STRUCTURAL FORMS OF WORD-GROUPS (II)

• coordinate

• subordinate

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COORDINATE WORD-GROUPS

• The elements of the first class are joined
  either syndetically (pens and pencils, ?????? ??
  ???????) or asyndetically (read, translate,
  learn ????, ????, ?????). They are treated open.

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SUBORDINATE WORD-GROUPS (I)

• They consist of a head component, which is the
  nucleus of a word-group, and one of more adjuncts
  \ complements \ subordinate elements and are
  treated closed (small children, to love her, very
  nice, we all, two of the guys, well enough,
  afraid to answer, ??? ???????, ?????? ????????,
  ????? ? ?????, ???? ????, ???? ??????, ????? ??
  ????).

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SUBORDINATE WORD-GROUPS (II)

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TYPOLOGY OF THE SENTENCE IN ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN

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THE SENTENCE

• Any coherent connection of words according to
  a definite syntactic pattern with some
  communicative purpose related to reality is
  considered to be a sentence. It is the main
  communicative language unit.

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FEATURES OF THE SENTENCE (I)

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FEATURES OF THE SENTENCE (II)

• The sentence is aimed at rendering some
  information. Such information exchange proves the
  role of communication as one of sentence
  indicators.
• Predication establishes a certain grammatical
  combination of words. Sentence semantics presents
  the unity of nominative and predicative aspects.
• Modality is the ground for expressing the
  speakers attitude towards the content of an
  utterance.

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According to the aim of communication sentences
fall into

• declarative,
• interrogative,
• imperative,
• exclamatory.

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Declarative sentences

• They split into affirmative and negative
  statements of real, wishful and conditional
  modality (The door opened. He made no remark.
  ?????? ???? ?????????. ??? ?? ??????????? ?????).
  If negation stands in front of the predicate it
  bears the general meaning of negation (She
  doesnt want to leave. ??? ?? ??????? ??
  ???????). Though certain elements of a sentence
  may be negated as well (She studies not at the
  University. ??? ?????????? ?? ? ?????). Mind that
  English has no double negation She never
  admitted her mistakes. ???? ?????? ?? ?????????
  ????? ???????.

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Interrogative sentences (I)

• They possess a common communicative function
  and the corresponding kinds general questions in
  English start with an auxiliary, modal or linking
  verb followed by the subject, whereas in
  Ukrainian with any part of the sentence (Did
  you do that? ?? ?? ???????). Structural identity
  is observed in disjunctive\tag-questions
  consisting of an affirmative or negative
  statement followed respectively by a negative and
  affirmative question-tag (She is fond of music,
  isnt she? ?? ??????, ?? ?? ????).

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Interrogative sentences (II)

• Alternative questions are characterized in
  both languages by isomorphic features. The
  beginning of these sentences presents a general
  question (Is it a pen or a pencil? ?? ?????? ????
  ??? ??????). Special questions are opened with an
  interrogative pronoun or adverb, which may be
  proceeded by prepositions, particles or
  interjections (What did you do yesterday? ?? ????
  ????????).

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Interrogative sentences (III)

• Allomorphic is the use of prepositions in the
  final position in English (What do you depend
  upon?). Rhetorical questions have a modal
  meaning, which does not contain any new
  information for a speaker. So they need no
  answers (Who should I blame? ????? ?? ????? ??
  ????).

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Imperative sentences

• They express demands, orders, commands,
  requests, warnings, prohibition, persuasion, etc.
  (Go to the classroom! ?????? ??????!).

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Exclamatory sentences

• They express exclamation (How wonderful it
  was! ?? ?????!).

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STRUCTURAL TYPES OF SENTENCES

• one-member sentences

• two-member sentences.

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ONE-MEMBER SENTENCES IN BOTH LANGUAGES

• nominative (Night. Measure for Measure. ???????
  ?? ????. ??????? ???!)
• inducive (Go right now! ?????????!)
• exclamatory (Great! ?? ?????!)
• infinitival (To be or not to be? ?? ???????)
• elliptical (Taking risks? ????????).

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ONE-MEMBER SENTENCES IN UKRAINIAN (I)

• indefinite personal, where the doer of an action
  is not identified (??? ?????? ?? ???? ????). In
  English the predicate in the sentences conveying
  the same idea is expressed in the Passive Voice
  form (We were served coffee)
• generalized personal, where any person may be the
  doer of the action (???? ???? ??, ? ?????? ???.
  ????????? ???? ????). In the English equivalent
  sentences the subject may be expressed by one,
  we, you (One can enjoy the show. You cant be
  happy about it)

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ONE-MEMBER SENTENCES IN UKRAINIAN (II)

• impersonal, where the doer of an action cant be
  reconstructed (??????????. ??????????. ????
  ??????. ?? ????? ??????). In the corresponding
  English sentences most often we use the formal
  subject It / There, or change the structure of
  the sentence (Twilight set in. It is getting
  cold. It gives me much pain. There are pencils on
  the table).

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TWO-MEMBER SENTENCES (I)

• extended

• unextended

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TWO-MEMBER SENTENCES (II)

• simple
• It has only one predicative link between the
  subject and the predicate (She is in the garden.
  ??? ???????? ?? ????? ? ?????).

• composite
• It can have more than one link of such a
  kind. Hence, it contains two clauses.

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COMPOSITE SENTENCES

• compound

• complex

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COMPOUND SENTENCES

• If the links between clauses are coordinate,
  we deal with a compound sentence. Clauses may be
  joined by means of copulative and adversative
  conjunctions, or asyndetically in both languages
  (???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???????, ??? ?? ??
  ???????. He was very excited and his friends were
  excited as well). In English the causal
  conjunction for unites coordinate clauses (She
  came in time for we used to ask her about it not
  once).

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COMPLEX SENTENCES (I)

• If one of the clauses in a composite sentence
  governs another one, they are linked
  subordinately. Such a sentence is called complex.
  Depending upon the function of a subordinate
  clause in the whole sentence, clauses fall into
• subject (What was important for him was
  absolutely necessary for us. ??? ????? ????????,
  (???) ?????? ?????????)
• predicative (She was as if frightened to death.
  ???? ?? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????)

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COMPLEX SENTENCES (II)

• object (He knew that she was faithful to him. ?
  ?????, ??? ? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????)
• attributive (The house, which was built not far
  from the town, was quite big. ??? ?? ???????, ??
  ???? ? ?????? ???????? ????)
• adverbial clauses
• of place (He is happy to be at home where he can
  find his true friends. ???? ????? ????, ?? ?? ??
  ?? ??????),
• of time (When you are free, I am always busy. ?
  ????? ?? ???, ???? ?? ????? ???),

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COMPLEX SENTENCES (III)

1. manner (She cried as she was asked. ????? ???????
   ????, ?? ????? ????????),
2. comparison (He looked as if he had been caught in
   a trap. ???? ???????? ???, ??????? ???? ????????
   ??????),
3. condition (If you ask me, Ill tell you all about
   this case. ???? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ??????? ?
   ??????),
4. concession (She was happy, though we all knew her
   fault. ???? ???? ? ???? ????????, ?? ?????
   ??????? ???),

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COMPLEX SENTENCES (IV)

1. purpose (I do it, so that you may be pleased. ??
   ????????????? ????, ??? ??? ?? ???? ???),
2. cause (I am sorry, because you have failed to
   amuse me. ? ???????????, ???? ?? ?? ?? ????????
   ???? ????????),
3. result or consequence (I sat down quickly so that
   you might be seen by many people. ??????? ????
   ????????? ???????, ?? ? ????? ????),
4. attendant circumstances (I went down the street,
   my shoes were creaking) only in English. It
   corresponds to a compound sentence in Ukrainian
   (? ????? ?? ??????, ? ??? ???????? ????????).

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FUNCTIONAL PARTS OF THE SENTENCE

• Main
• the subject
• the predicate.

• Secondary
• an object
• an attribute
• an adverbial modifier.

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THE SUBJECT

• NOTIONAL
• points out a person or a non-person in both
  languages

• FORMAL
• functions as a position-filler only in
  English expressed by It / There

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FORMS OF NOTIONAL SUBJECT

• Simple (The fog is thinning. She is very nice.
  ????????? ???????. ??? ?????????)
• Phrasal (To ask him again is a mistake)
• Clausal (Who has done it is to be found. ????,
  ??? ?? ??????, ???? ????????)
• Complex only in English (She is supposed to
  win).

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FORMS OF FORMAL SUBJECT

• impersonal describes various states of nature,
  things, characteristics of environment, denoting
  time, distance (It is spring)
• introductory introduces the notional subject
  (It is impossible to deny it. There was a silence
  for a moment)
• emphatic - in emphatic constructions (It is he,
  who did it).

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THE PREDICATE

• SIMPLE

• COMPOUND

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THE SIMPLE PREDICATE

• simple verbal
• (I like singing. She is in the garden. ?
  ????? ? ????).

• simple nominal (He, a liar! ?????????? ???
  ??????).

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THE COMPOUND PREDICATE

• COMPOUND VERBAL
• compound aspect verbal (He began reading a book.
  ??? ???????? ????????? ? ?????????),
• compound modal verbal (We can read quickly. ??
  ?????? ???????? ??? ????????).

• COMPOUND NOMINAL
• compound nominal (London is the capital of
  England. ???? ??????? ???????),
• double (only in English The sun rose red).

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AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE SUBJECT THE PREDICATE

• INVERSION IN ENGLISH
• full P S O (Here comes the lady)
• partial P S P O (Happy may you be)
• grammatical (So do I)
• emphatic (Never I have seen her)
• linking (Next comes Ann).

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FORMS OF OBJECT

• direct (He sees this monument for the first time.
  ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????)
• indirect (Tell him the truth. ??????? ????
  ?????)
• prepositional (Get rid of these mistakes. ??????
  ?? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????)
• cognate (He lived a happy life. ??? ??? ?????????
  ??????)
• complex only in English( I saw her cry).

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TYPES OF ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS

• time,
• place,
• manner,
• cause,
• purpose,
• result,
• condition,
• concession,
• comparison,
• attendant circumstances only in English (She
  went to Africa to die from malaria there).