Soseki Natsume ????(1867-1916) Born in the eve of Meiji and lived in Meiji and died in Taisho 5.

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Soseki Natsume ????(1867-1916)Born in the eve of
Meiji and lived in Meiji and died in Taisho 5.
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Soseki loved making Haiku and Tanka.Soseki
wrote more than 2500 Haiku in his life.
Soseki Natusme ???? ??????
????? ?????
(Soseki) 1897??? ????? ???

(Soseki) 1895???? ??????? ???
(Soseki) 1897
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From a Haiku poet to a great writer Soseki
wrote more than 2500 Haiku in his life.
Soseki Natusme ???????????????
????? (Soseki) 1897A little violet, I wish I
were born like you
(Translated by
Koji)??? ????? ??? (Soseki) 1895An autumn
mountain, looking to the south,two little
temples in my eyes (Translated by Koji)????
??????? ??? (Soseki) 1897Shining young leaves, a
mountain temple, in my palm
(Translated by Koji)
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Group Discussion and Presentation

• Question 1 Who is Soseki Natsume? What is he?
• Question 2 What is the writers intention in
  Kokoro?
• (Key Words and the theme of
  the novel)
• Question 3 What is the charm of the work,
  Kokoro?
• (Characters,
  Organization and plot)
• Question 4 What is the nature of K and his
  conviction?
• Question 5 What is the nature of Sensei, his
  view of life?
• Question 6 What are the views of Senseis
  romantic love?
• Question 7 What kind of force made K commit
  suicide?
• (What is a True Way for K?)
• Question 8 What made Sensei leave this world in
  peace?
• (What is Spirit of Meiji for Sensei and Soseki?)

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Group Discussion and Presentation

• Question 9 What did you learn from Kokoro
  (criticism)?
• (The Power of Confession) (The power of Jealousy)
• Question 10 Soseki and Shakespeare Historical
  Backgrounds
• Question 11 What is Dramatic Irony in Kokoro
  and Shakespearean works?
• Question12 What is todays significance of
  Sosekis Kokoro?
• Question 13 Continue the story after Senseis
  death?
• Your Mid-term essay My Criticism on Sosekis
  Kokoro
• A4 size at least 2 pages and send it to Koji as
  an attached file on line by March 31.

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Grouping for Discussion

• Group A Bryan, Maxime, Jessica, David, Joshua,
  Emily
• Group B John Paul, Ameria, Ka Rhim, Tim, Hwisun,
  Vincent
• Group C Alexandra, Andrew, Angela, Kyle, Ji Soo,
  Yuki
• Group D Jerome, Anna, Richard, Faiza, Aurora,
  Patrick
• Group E Asim, Alana, Caroline, Kai, Samuel, Kumi

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Sosekis lodging house in Matsuyama and his own
house in Tokyo
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Soseki was sent to Univ. of London by
Japanese Government scholarship from 1900-1902 in
order to bring back the advantages of
modernization in England. However, he witnessed
and learned the loneliness of modernization as a
price for freedom, independence and
individualism, which affected his works,
especially Kokoro..
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Water painting by Soseki
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Soseki studied at University of London
(1900-1902) Soseki's lodgings in Clapham, South
London
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??? Kan San Ju discusses Soseki in his book
?????.Kan San Ju, a Korean, brought up in Japan
and became Prof. of Tokyo Univ. Kan is the most
respectful intellectual in Japan. He is familiar
with Said, Soseki and Weber. His latest and
sensational book Nayamu Chikara discusses the
greatness of Soseki in comparison with Max Weber
in terms of human inner agony and the value of
worrying in life.
Kan says, I love Soseki by nature. I am from
Kumamoto and there are many historical traces of
Soseki in Kumamoto. I am a fan of Soseki s
works as he used to teach English at my high
school in Kumamoto.
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Works of Soseki
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• 
  Soseki's major works
• Year Japanese title
  English title
• 1905 ???????Wagahai wa Neko dearuI Am a Cat
• ???Rondon ToThe Tower of
  London???Kairo-koKairo-ko
• 1906 ?????BotchanBotchan??KusamakuraThe
  Three-Cornered
• World (lit. The Grass Pillow)latest
  translation uses Japanese title
• ?????Shumi no IdenThe Heredity of
  Taste, ????
• Nihyaku-tokaThe 210th Day
• 1907 ????GubijinsoThe Poppy
• 1908 ??KofuThe Miner???Yume Ju-yaTen Nights
  of Dreams
• ??? SanshiroSanshiro
• 1909 ????SorekaraAnd Then, a novel
• 1910 ?MonThe Gate ???????Omoidasu Koto nado
  
• 1912 ????Higan Sugi MadeTo the Spring
  Equinox and Beyond
• ??KojinThe Wayfarer

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Kokoro represented in Movies. (Q)Why did he
visit a grave of K, his best male friend every
month?
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Kokoro represented in Movies
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Kokoro represented in Movies
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Kokoro in Manga and Animation
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The novel, Kokoro has always appeared in high
school modern Japanese textbooks. Kokoro has
been read and loved by almost all Japanese people
for 98 years. (Q) Why?
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(Q) What are the key words of this famous novel,
Kokoro?

• Kokoro, True way (??), Spiritual Aspiration
• Individualism and Confucianism
• Freedom and independence in Modernization and
  Filial piety in Confucianism
• Guilt (Egoism) and Self-punishment (Suicide)
• Spiritual aspiration (True Way) and Reality
• Friendship and misanthropy, Divine punishment
• Fatal Romantic love triangle
• The power of love and jealousy
• Dramatic irony and self-analysis
• Loneliness in the modern world
• Aloofness, isolation from worldly society
• Trust and distrust, despair and revenge
• The heart of Meiji in Japan
• Money and its influence on human nature.

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?? What are the themes of Kokoro?

• ? What is human heart ???? Human weakness and
  human destiny in which we cannot live without
  human relationships, including love and
  friendship.
• ?The Testament is not only for Watshi but also
  for all the people (readers) at that time as
  universal lesson in life and a warning for
  modernization. (Kokoro has gone beyond time and
  space since since 1914.
• ? Friendship and a string of compassion between
  Watshi and Sensei based on trust and respect
  beyond age and value systems. Sensei is a man in
  Meiji. Watshi is a new generation living in
  Taisho era which has more freedom and
  independence influenced by modernization.
• ? Watashi deserves Senseis Testament to get.
• Watshi got material life from his parents
  and got mental and
• spiritual life from Sensei.

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?? What are the themes of Kokoro?

• ? The psychological conflict between
  individualism and Confucianism.
• (Senseis inner conflict between his
  Individualism and his collectivism influenced by
  Confucianism and traditional Japan in Meiji era)
  His individualism was influenced by his education
  at Tokyo Univ. Westernization and Modernization.
• ? Guilt in Romantic Love Triangle and
  Self-punishment
• ? The impossibility of romantic love and
  fragility
• of friendship involved in jealousy and
  egoism.
• ? Timeless psychological analysis of one mans
  alienation from society in Meiji era influenced
  by Westernization and modernization. Sosekis
  intention (Loneliness in modern world.)
• ? Soseki expresses ??? in human hearts through
  the changing attitudes of humans.
• ??? (Nothing is immortal and perfect and
  everything is transit and changeable)
• Ex. The attitude of the uncle, K and Sensei
  himself.

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(Q) What is the charm ??of the novel Kokoro ?

• What are the prerequisite of great fiction?
• 1 Novel novelty 2, romance involved in Hero
  and heroin, 3, The power of confession. Ex. ??
• The power of confession echoes from person to
  person throughout the story.
• Ks confession of agonized love for Ojosan.
• Senseis inner confession of his passionate love
  for Ojosan
• Senseis Confession as a Testament as a Monologue
  and the final dialogue with Watashi.

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? (Q) What is the charm ??of the novel
Kokoro ?

• (Q) How many characters and personal names
• are there in Kokoro? (Q) Why are there
  the first person and second person often in the
  story?
• ? The narrator I (? Watashi)
• Do (Watashi) I represent the readers in Chapter
  III?
• ? Sensei the protagonist Soseki himself ?
• ? K Senseis best friend with lofty mind
• the dark shadow of Senseis life
• ? Ojaosan(????) honorable daughter
• (Q)Why was she named ??
• Manifestation of traditional but modern woman in
  Meiji.
• What also impressed me was that fact that
  though her ways were not those of an
  old-fashioned Japanese woman, she had not
  succumbed (yield) to the then prevailing fashion
  of using modern words. (p.37)
• ? Okusan(???) traditional Japanese woman, wife
  of Soldier (Samurai)

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? (Q) What is the charm of the Organization in
Kokoro ?

• ? private person, personal hidden secret against
  public ?
• ?The narrator I (? Watashi) What Sensei used
  to be as an innocent young man with sincerity.
  ???????
• ?Sensei (The protagonist)
• ? K who used to be an ideal of Sesei became his
  enemy.
• The life story of three different men are
  interwoven in the narrative of Kokoro These
  three characters experienced their chosen
  individualism. Sensei said, My own past, which
  made me what I am, is a part of human experience.
  (p.247)
• (Q) What are the individualism of Sensei, K and
  I? ORGANIZATION Sosekis
  inner dialog in terms of monolog (His testament).
  ??????1?? I always called him sensei. I
  shall therefore refer to him simply as Sensei,
  not by his real name. (p1) This story is a
  dialog between Watashi, ( I ) and Sensei from
  the very beginning to the end until Sensei left
  this world.
• ????????????????????????????????

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ORGANIZATION ??
Chapter 1 Sensei and I (p1-80) the encounter
and friendship with Sensei Chapter 2 My parents
and I (p.81-124) Family Chapter 3 Sensei and
His Testament (p.125-248) As the book is
narrated in the first person I, Watashi the
reader feels immediately included in and
participant of the story that unfold. The story
engulfs human agony between friendship and
romantic love. (these are human truth in
life) The story shows moral guilt and divine
punishment
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?(Q) What is the charm of the Kokoro as a
novel based on Sosekis intention ? (?????)

• ?AppellationThe effect of appellation in the
  main character
• Kokoro there is no real name except Shizu ?
  which came from ???the wife of General Nogi who
  followed his husband to the grave.
• K is the initial of Kokoro. ???? Senseis dark
  shadow
• Sensei used ? when he told his past to young
  ?
• Sensei told his inner and hidden world in his
  Testament as ? . This is Kokoro itself and the
  theme and title of the story. This is the depth
  of this novel and the charm of the organization
  and the flow of the story.

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(Q) What is the charm of the Kokoro as a novel
based on Sosekis intention ? (?????)
? Soseki succeeded the best dialogue between
Sensei and I by using Senseis monologue. (A
profound monologue enlivens the dialogue.) ?
Sosekis method of appellation came from Jorge
Eliot. (ex. Mr. Fox ) Mr. Kaneda ?? and his
daughter Tomiko ?? in I am a Cat Kiyo, ?
Bochans best nurse in Bochan ?
??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????
?????????????????????? The effect of the dialog
between the first person and the second person
based on Zen Buddhism which had an influence on
Soseki.
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(Q) What is the nature of Sensei? ?????

• A man capable of love, or I should say
  rather a man who was by nature incapable of not
  loving but a man who could not (p.12)
  wholeheartedly accept the love of another such
  a one was Sensei.
• Aloofness, silence, Unapproachable person,
  misanthropy,
• Not sociable but had a strong passion for love
• Love affair is a kind of violent passion and
  later it will be a regret.
• Solitary way and alienation from society,
  pessimism
• It is not you in particular that I distrust, but
  the whole of humanity. I can hardly trust others.
  I do not even trust myself. suspicious after his
  uncles deception
  (p.130)
• This nature of mine led me not only to suspect
  the motives of individual persons but to doubt
  even the integrity of all mankind.
• You see, loneliness is the price we have to pay
  for being born in this modern age, so full of
  freedom, independence, and our own egotistical
  selves. (P. 30) (Sensei is critical of
  modern age)
• Money. Give gentlemen money, and he will soon
  turn into a rogue

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(Q) What does Sensei think about money?

• When a man dies suddenly, his estate causes more
  trouble than anything else.
• 
  (P.60)
• Under normal conditions, everybody is more or
  less good, or at least, ordinary. But tempt them,
  and they may suddenly change. That is what is so
  frightening about me. One must always be on ones
  guard. (p.61)
• Money, ofcourse. Give a gentleman money, and he
  will soon turn into a rogue. (p.64)

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Sensei and His Testament ? ?? K (p.125-248)

• What kind of person is K? How do you describe the
  personality of K?
• Okusan said htat K was an unapproachable
  sort of person. (p.178)
• Having grown up under the influence of
  Buddhist doctrines, he seemed to regard respect
  for material comfort as some kind of
  immorality.(p.176)
• Indeed, he seemed at times to think that
  mistreatment of the body was necessary for the
  glorification of the soul. (p.176)
• K used to say, Anyone who has no spiritual
  aspirations is an idiot. ????????????????
• This words has been echoed between K and
  Sensei. Consequently this word made K to decide
  his last action as the final blow by Sensei.

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Sensei and His Testament ? K (p.125-248)

• K and I were friends from the time we were
  children p.166
• K and I entered the same faculty of Tokyo Univ.
• K decided to go against his foster fathers
  wishes (becoming a medical doctor) and to follow
  his own inclinations. (p.170) Circumstances had
  so far made me sympathize with K but now I was
  determined to stand by K, whether he was right or
  wrong. (p.171)
• I became a monster of jealousy and got sick and K
  became humanized after K moved into.
• K was expelled from his biological fathers house
  ??
• K used to say, What was important , he said ,
  was that he should become a strong person through
  the exercise of will-power. (p.173)
• Sensei persuaded him to live with him in the same
  house.
• Okusan said that I would later regret having
  brought such a person into the house. (P. 174)
  (Prediction of tragedy)

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Plots of disinheritance K

• K was the second son of a Buddhist priest of
  Jodo Shinshu.(????)
• K was an adopted son to become a doctor in the
  doctors family. But he used his money sent by
  the adopted family in order to study religion and
  philosophy at Tokyo Univ. to pursue True Way.
  He believed in that Anyone who has no spiritual
  aspiration is idiot.
• His biological father punished him by barring
  him. (expulsion)
• This later expulsion by hi adoptive father and
  biological father intensified Ks distrust of ,
  disillusionment with, and contempt for the world
  and all humanity.
• K was expelled from the family and no financial
  security.
• K was also shocked by the fact that even his
  biological father cut his relationships and
  Snesei felt K was more hurtful. Deceit and
  disinheritance breed both sympathy and distrust.

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(Q) What are the views of Senseis romantic love?

• In all the world I know only one woman. No woman
  but my wife move me as a woman. And my wife
  regards me as the only man for her. From this
  point of view, we should be the happiest of
  couples. (p.21)
• Do you know that there is guilt also in loving?
  (p.26)
• The friendship that you sought in me is in
  reality a preparation for the love that you will
  seek in a woman.(p.27)
• --that true love is not so far removed from
  religious faith. Whenever I saw Ojosans face, I
  felt that I had myself become beautiful. Whenever
  I thought of her, I felt a new sense of dignity
  welling up inside me. If this incomprehensible
  thing that we call love can either bring out the
  sacred in man or, in its lowest form, merely
  excite ones bodily passions, then surely my love
  was of the highest kind. I am made of flesh too.
  But my eyes which gazed at her, and my mind which
  held thoughts of her, were innocent of bodily
  desire. (p.154) ?????????

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Gender Romantic love Triangles Sensei
warmly welcomed K into his lodging house in order
to humanize, socialize K and restore his human
trust which both of them lost in their family
drama. However, serious discord occurred when
both Sensei and K fell in love with Ojosan.
Imbroglio came about when the irrational jealousy
haunted Sensei and he became a green monster
like Othello. Sensei tried to destroy Ks hope
and human restoration in order to win the love of
Ojosan.
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Gender Romantic love Triangles in the Novel of
Natsume SosekiSorekara (And Then, 1909)
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Gender Romantic love Triangles in the Novel of
Natsume SosekiMon (Gate, 1910)
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Gender Romantic love Triangles in the Novel of
Natsume SosekiKojin The Wayfarer, 1913
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(Q) What are similarities between Sensei and K?

• ? Both are from the same country, Nigata
  Prefecture, Japan Sea area
• ? Both went to the same secondary school and
  University of Tokyo
• ? Sensei and K had Family Drama and traumatic
  disinheritance
• Sensei Traumatic disinheritance which brought
  him distrust of men.
• Personal integrity and family pride were
  endangered and threatened
• Mistreatment by his uncles and relatives.
• K K was totally expelled by his adoptive and
  biological fathers, financially, socially and
  institutionally .
• Disillusioned by his own family, Sensei is drawn
  to and stands by his similarly disillusioned
  friend, K.
• ? Both were brought up in ethical context,
  especially K was the second son of the ????
  priest family. I was born an ethical creature
  and I was brought up to be an ethical man. (p.
  128)
• Both fell in love with Ojosan
• Both died on his own will.
• The only difference was that Sensei was loved by
  his parents before they died of typhoid fever
  almost at the same time when Sensei was 18 years
  old before going to Tokyo.

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Shizu (?), Ojosans entity and Verbal Power(Q)
Is Kokoro a romantic love story as a pretext
for male-male intimacy? (Q) Is this a
story about mens courtship of Ojosan and
friendship with each other ended tragically
narrated by a young man (Watakushi)? (Q) Was she
just a Senseis beautiful but constantly
infantilized wife? This characterization
derives from the simple fact that there are two
male narrators, Watakushi and Sensei, and no
self-characterization by Shizu. Some literary
critics said Shizu (?) is just quiet, peaceful
and still just like her own name, which was named
after by Soseki. Soseki was aware of the name of
??, the wife of Genral Nogi who followed him
after his death following Meiji Emperor.
Kojis veiw of Shizu Shizus verbal implication
proved that she seemed to know Senseis agony,
his strong will to die and almost everything,
except Ks confession of love for her to Sensei.
When Sensei said that the spirit of the Meiji era
ended with the Emperors death and Sensei and
others were left behind to live as anachronisms,
Shizu suggestged, Well then, junshi, is the
solution to your problem.( p.245) (Junshi, ??
means following ones lord to the grave)
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(Q)What is the spirit of Meiji?
??????Rectitude, honesty and loyalty, especially
national , social and family loyalty.
Bushido is based on the harmony between Zen
Buddhism ???and Shintoism ??(loyalty, respect for
ancestors and filial piety) and Confucianism??
Rectitude ? (?) Respect ??(????) Courage? ??
Benevolence ? (??) Honor ?? (???) Honesty ?
(???) Loyalty ?(???) Politeness ? (??)
Benevolence is mans mind and Rectitude is his
path. Indeed, neither Shakespeare nor the Old
Testament itself contains an adequate rendering
of Ko (?), our conception of filial piety, and
yet in such conflicts, Bushido never wavered in
its choice of loyalty. (Nitobe, 1900) Loyalty
includes the duty of loyalty to nation state as
well as filial piety to each parents. The sprit
of Meiji is national, social and family loyalty
and filial piety based on Bushido and
Confucianism.
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(Q) What is True Way? (Spiritual
Purification)Enlightenment and purification in
Buddhism
Nothingness is seen not as a state of
non-existence as opposed to existence but as an
absolute, transcending the opposition of
existence and none-existence, or as an ideal and
absolute human state identical to religious
enlightenment (Satori) ??
To eliminate all human desire and reach the stage
of enlightenment, it is necessary to realize that
all is empty, transient and mutable.
Worldly Passion and desires lead human beings
into delusion, suffering and anger. The way to
emancipate ourselves from the bond of worldly
passion and desires. 1. We can feel peace of
mind only if our mind can get rid of limitless
worldly passion and desires. The causes of
delusion and suffering are rooted in the minds
desires for what we do not have and attachments
to possessiveness and materialism.
People should learn endurance they should learn
to endure the discomforts of heat and cold,
hunger and thirst. They should learn to be
patient when receiving abuse and scorn. People
should learn to see and to avoid all danger. We
should not make friends with evil men. (The
teaching of Buddha 1996) You can thin k of True
way in terms of Ks pet theory Anyone who has
no spiritual aspiration is an idiot.)
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The power of Confession ?

• K confessed to Sensei his love for Ojosan at the
  cost of their friendship. ??????????????????????
• (Q) Why did K confess his love for Ojosan to
  Sensei?
• 1. Ks honesty, loyalty and trust with Sensei.
• 2 To prevent the loss of friendship
• 3 examining their friendship
• K might feel or assume Senseis display of
  jealousy is simply a response to Ks shift of
  affection from their male friendship to a
  romantic attachment. K???????K????????????????????
  ??????????????K???????????

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The power of Confession ?

• (Q) Sensei did not confess his love for the same
  woman when K confessed his love. Why?
• (Q) Why did Sensei hid his feeling and thereby
  betraying his friendship with K?
• 1. Senseis inferiority to K
• 2 Senseis fear that K might ridicule or despise
  him.
• 3. Not to test K but actually to destroy his
  rival K.
• (I confess to you that what I was trying to do
  was for more cruel than mere revenge. I wanted to
  destroy whatever hope there might have been in
  his love for Ojosan. (p.214)
• 4. Sensei angered that K chose woman rather than
  friendship by confessing his love for Ojosan.
  This goest against Ks conviction that Anyone
  who has no spiritual aspiration is an idiot.
• And K seemed to abandon his claims to The True
  Way of spirituality and thus to betray his own
  moral self.

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The Power of Confession without confession ?

• (Q) Sensei did not tell K his love for Ojoansa.
  Why?
• I told myself that I should be honest with K, and
  tell him that I too had fallen in love with
  Ojosan. (p.205)
• I thought I could hear a voice whispering into my
  ear You ll never get rid of himPerhaps I was
  beginning to think of him as a kind of devil.
  Once, I even had the feeling that he would haunt
  me for the rest of my life. (p.207) ????
• He needs kind words, as dry land needs rain. I
  believe I was born with a compassionate heart.
  But I was not my usual self then. (p.213)
  ?????????????????????
• Sensei could not open the sliding door which
  divided Senseis room and Ks room. The door
  represents the wall of human weakness, not only
  physically but also mentally.
• Soseki made most of the power of confession and
  confession without confession throughout the
  story, Kokoro.

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??? ? Sensei and I (p1-80)

• (Q) Why did Sensei attract me more than
  professors at Tokyo Univ? My irresistible desire
  to become closer to Sensei comes from his
  loneliness and unapproachable quality.
• I feel a certain pride and happiness in the fact
  that my intuitive fondness for Sensei was later
  shown to have not been in vain. A man capable of
  love, or I should say rather a man who was by
  nature incapable of not loving but a man who
  could not wholeheartedly accept the love of
  another-such a one was Sensei. (p.12)
• I can live with my loneliness, quietly. (p.15)
• Divine punishment. Sensei answered, (p.17)

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? Sensei and I (p1-80)

• I should never have noticed him (sensei) had he
  not been accompanied by a Westerner. (P.3) (The
  sign of Westernization) ??????
• His attitude seemed somewhat unsociable. He was
  always aloof, he seemed totally indifferent to
  his surroundings. (P.5) ???????
• The sea stretched, wide and blue, all around us,
  and there seemed to be no one near us. P6. ( I
  could enter Senseis world distant from the
  seashore) That was the beginning of our
  friendship. (p.6) ??
• It was then that I began to call him Sensei.
  (p.6) ???????
• I would perhaps find in him those things that I
  looked for. (P. 8)
• ?????????????????????????????????
• I behaved quite so simply towards others. I did
  not understand then why it was that I should
  behave thus towards Sensei only. But now , when
  Sensei is dead, I am beginning to understand. It
  was not that Sense dislike me at first. His curt
  and cold ways were not designed to express his
  dislike to me, but they were meant rather as a
  warning to me that I would not want him as a
  friend. It was because he despise himself that he
  refused to accept openheartedly the intimacy of
  others. I feel great pity for him. (P.8)
• ???????????????????????????

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? Sensei and I (Friendship?) (p1-80)

• It was Senseis custom to take flowers to a
  certain grave in the cemetery at Zoushigaya (p.9)
  (every month to Ks grave)
• P. 68 is the concluding part of the first
  chapter which leads us to chapter 2 and
  especially the last chapter, Senseis
  Testament.
• (Q) Why did Sensei reconfirm his friendship with
  me as follows?
• Senseis face was pale. I wonder if you are
  being really sincere, he said, Because of what
  happened to me, I have come to doubt everybody.
  In truth I should like to have one friend that I
  can truly trst. I wonder if you can be that
  friend. Are you really sincere? (p.63)
• I have been true to you, Sensei. I said,
  unless my whole life has been a lie. (p.63)
• This conversation was proved in the last chapter
  p. 128.
• For Watashi I, his father is a biological father
  and Sensei became his spiritual father in life.

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Sensei and I (Friendship?) (p 128)

• In truth, if there had not been such a person as
  you, my past would never have become known, even
  indirectly , to anyone. To you alone, then, among
  the millions of Japanese, I wish to tell my past.
  For you are sincere and because once you said in
  all sincerity that you wished to learn from life
  itself. (P. 128)
• Now, I myself am about to cut open my own heart,
  and drench your face with my blood. And I shall
  be satisfied it, when my heart stops beating, a
  new life lodges itself in your breast. (p. 129)
• (Q) What does this sentence reminds you of ?

51
?2? My parents and I (p.81-124)

• I (Watakushi) and my parents.
• Watakushis fathers serious illness and the good
  relationships with his father.
• Suddenly Watakushi got a very sick letters from
  Sensei, which shocked Watakushi.
• By the time this letter reaches you. I shall
  probably have left his worldI shall in all
  likelihood be dead. (p.122)

52
?3? Sensei and His Testament ? ??(p.125-248)

• Senseis first love (p.148-149) ??
• I was filled with a new awareness, far greater
  than any that I had ever experienced before, of
  the power of the opposite sex. (p.148)???????
• I had come to distrust people in money matters,
  but I had not yet learned to doubt love. (p.150)
  ???????????????????????????????????????
• Sensei felt love of religion towards Ojaosan.
• ??????????????????????????????
• Koto symbol of a young Japanese lady
• Flower arrangement gentleness of women

53
Sensei and His Testament (p.125-248)

• Ks confession of love K?????
• And so I was shocked. Imagine my reaction when K,
  ih his heavy way, confessed to me his agonized
  love for Ojoasan. I felt as if I had been turned
  into stone by a gagician7s wand. I could not even
  move my lips as K had done.
• Exactly what the emotion was that I felt then, I
  am not sure. Perhaps it was fear or perhaps it
  was terrible pain. Whatever it was, its physical
  effect was to make me feel rigid from head to
  toe, as though I were a pieece of stone or iron.
  (P. 204)
• When finally K stopped talking, I found myself
  unable to say anything. I want you to understand
  that I was not silent because I was debating with
  myself whether I should make a similar confession
  to K or whether it would be wiser policy to say
  nothing about my love for Ojosan. (p.204)

54
Sensei and His Testament (p.125-248)

• (Q) What was the contradiction within Senseis
  mind?
• Friendship changed into antipathy and hatered
• Kindness changed into jealousy and stress.
• Supporting K changed into destroying him.
• Humanizing K changed into agonizing him.
• If his new serenity had come as a result of his
  contact with Ojosan, then I would find it
  impossible to forgive him.
• (p. 187)
• Sesnsei gradually hated him because of his
  self-confidence and lofty mind.
• Once, I grabbed Ks neck from behind, What would
  you do, I said, if I pushed you into the sea?
• Without looking back, he saidThat would be
  pleasant, Please do. (p.186) (Prediction and
  analogy of this tragedy)

55
Sensei and His Testament (p.125-248)

• The power of jealousy within Sensei
• I had scored a victory over K, and my heart was
  filled with a sense of triumph. (p.194)
• I have no intension of denying that I was
  jealous. (p.199)
• After Ks entrance on the scene, however, it was
  the suspicion that Ojaosan might prefer him to me
  that was responsible for my inaction. (p.200)
• Now is the time, I thought , to destroy my
  opponent.
• I confess to you that what I was trying to do was
  far more cruel than mere revenge. I wanted to
  destroy whatever hope there might have been in
  his love for Ojosan. (p. 214)
• I said again Anyone who has no spiritual
  aspiration is an idiot. I watched K closely, I
  wanted to see how my words were affecting him.
  An idiot? he said at last. Yes, Im an
  idiot. (p.215) ???K????????????????????????????
  ????????????

56
Love and Jealousy in Sensei s Kokoro
57
Sensei and His Testament (p.125-248)

• (Q) What was the strategy of Sensei to win
• Ojaosans love?
• (?????????????????)
• Sensei secretly tried to get a permission to get
  marred with Ojaosan from her mother without
  saying anything about his love for Ojosan to K.
• Okusan, I blurted out, I want to marry
  Ojosan.
• All right, she said finally, You may have
  her(p.222)

58
Senseis agony ? (p.125-248)

• Senseis inner agony and pain as a betrayer.
• I felt very tense that afternoon, it is true but
  where was my conscience? I returned to the house.
  
• As usual, I went into Ks room in order to get to
  mine. It was then that I felt guilty for the
  first time. (p.224)
• Are you feeling better now? Have you seen the
  doctor? Suddenly, I wanted to kneel before him
  and beg his forgiveness. It was a violent emotion
  that I felt then. I think that had K and I been
  alone in some wilderness, I would have listened
  to the cry of my conscience. But there were
  others in the house. I soon overcame the impulse
  of my natural self to be true to K. I only wish I
  had been given another such opportunity to ask
  Ks forgiveness. (p.225)

59
Sensei s Agony ? (p.125-248)

• Senseis inner agony and pain as a betrayer.
• K, then had known about it for over two days,
  though one would never have guessed this form his
  manner. I could not but admire his calm, however
  superficial it may have been. It seemed to me
  that he was much the worthier of the two of us. I
  said to myself Through cunning, I have won. But
  as a man, I have lost.
• My sense of defeat then became so violent that it
  seemed to spin around in my head like a
  whirlpool. And when I imagined how contemptuous K
  must be of me, I blushed with shame. I wanted to
  go to K and apologized for what I had done, but
  my pride-my fear of humiliation restrained me.
  (p.228)
• But that night K killed himself. (p.228)

60
Senseis Agony ? (p.125-248)

• Senseis Agony
• Senseis agony like Hamlet, To be or not to be,
  that is the question Should I go on living as I
  do now, like a mummy left in the midst of living
  beings, or should I ?
• I was a coward. And like most cowards I suffered
  because I could not decide. (p.125)
• I am an inconsistent person. (p.126)
• When I speak of darkness, I mean moral darkness.
  For I was born an ethical creature, and I was
  brought up to be an ethical man. (p.128)
• ???????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????? moral darkness
• How could I continue to have hope, no matter how
  forlorn, when the sight of her face seemed always
  to bring back haunting memories of K? Some times,
  the idea occurred to me that she was like a chain
  that linked me to K for the rest of my life.
  (p.237)

61
Sensei and His Testament (p.125-248)

• Senseis shock when K killed himself.
• My first thought was, its too late It was then
  that the great shadow that would forever darken
  the course of my life spread before my minds
  eye. And from somewhere in the shadow a voice
  seemed to be whispering Its too late Its too
  late My whole body began to tremble. (p.229)
• But even at such a moment I could not forget my
  own welfare. When I had quickly read it (Ks
  note for Snesei will) through, my first thought
  was Im safe. (I was thinking only of my
  reputation at the time when others thought of me
  seemed of great importance. (p.230)

62
Sensei and His Testament (p.125-248)

• Senseis shock when K killed himself.
• The letter was simply written. K explained his
  suicide only in a very general way. He had
  decided to die, he said, because there seemed no
  hope of his ever becoming the firm, resolute
  person that he had always wanted to be.
• He thanked me for my many kindness in the past
  and as a last favor to him, would I, he asked,
  take care of everything after his behalf for
  causing her so much trouble. And he wanted me to
  notify his relatives of his death. In this brief
  businesslike letter, there was no mention of
  Ojosan. I soon realized that K had purposely
  avoided any reference to her. But what affected
  me most was his last sentence, which had perhaps
  been written as an afterthought Why did I wait
  so long to die? (p. 230)

63
K?????? (Q) Why did K killed himself?

• 1. His falling in love woman goes against his
  religious True Way and he was ashamed of
  himself, although he was humanized.
• 2 Senseis criticism on K by giving back Ks pet
  theory Anyone who has no spiritual aspirations
  is an idiot which became the final blow to Ks
  dicision to kill himself. He found himself idiot
  within the framework of his conviction, Anyone
  without spiritual aspiration is an idiot.
• 3. His shock when he heard the engagement of
  Sensei with Ojosan from her mother not from
  Sensei. (His innocence)
• 4.He felt he hurt Sensei by confessing his love
  for Ojosan in the face of Senseis silence.
• 5. He has already prepared to die after he could
  not trust anything except Senseis friendship and
  human warmth.
• 6 Then he said suddenly Am I prepared?
  Before I could say anything, he added Why not?
  I can will myself He seemed to be talking to
  himself . (p.217)

64
???????? Senseis suicide

• Why did Sensei leave this world?
• I felt very strongly the sinfulness of man. It
  was his feeling that sent me to Ks grave every
  month, that made me take care of my mother-in-law
  in her illness and behave gently towards my wife.
  It was this sense of sin that led me to feel
  sometimes that I would welcome a flogging even at
  the hands of strangers.
• When this desire for punishment became
  particularly strong, I would begin to feel that
  it should come from myself, and not others. Then
  I would think of death. Killing myself seemed a
  just punishment for my sins, Finally, I decided
  to go on living as if I were dead. (p.243)

65
(Q) Why did sensei want to keep the truth secret
from his wife?

• I want both the good and bad things in my past to
  serve as an example to others. But my wife is the
  one exception- I do not want her to know about
  any of this. My first wish is that her memory of
  me should be kept as unsullied as possible. So
  long as my wife is alive, I want you to keep
  everything I have told you a secret-even after I
  myself am dead. (p. 248) The End.
• (Q)Why?????
• (Q)What did happen to Watashi and Shizu after
  Senseis death? Can you continue the storygt

66
(Q) ????What are causes of Senseis Suicide?

• Very complicated as we see in our daily
  lives and human relationships. However, the
  indirect trigger was the General Nogis
  self-immolation death on the death Emperor Meji
  as Sensei was well aware of General Nogis agony
  like his own after the death of K.
• Eto Jun pointed out a dual motivation a
  personal desire to end his years of egoistic
  suffering, and a public desire to demonstrate his
  loyalty to the emperor. (through loyalty to the
  spirit of the Meiji era.)
• Direct trigger must be Senseis sense of guilt
  and the death of K, which resulted from his
  betrayal and his skillful engagement despite the
  fact that K confessed his love for Ojosan to
  Sensei. (Escape from his guilt)
• K restored his integrity by writing nothing about
  his relationships with Ojosdan in his last note
  for Sensei when he died. Sensei became a loser
  and K became a winner in terms of True Way
  based on spirituality and ethical code in Meiji.

67
(Q) ????What are causes of Senseis Suicide?

• Senseis wrong doing by deceiving K and
• approached Okusan to win the love of
  Ojosan.
• 4. Sensei made use of the Ks conviction of
  Anyone who has no spiritual aspiration is
  idiot. and put it back to K when he confessed.
  But actually Sensei suffered from this words for
  many years after Ks death. ( Anyone without
  spiritual aspiration is an idiot.
  (????????????????)
• Sensei repeated again and again deep in his
  mind, Where was my conscience? (?????)
  (Self-blame)
• Whatever the reason, Senseis failure to be
  honest (??)with K has brought about the most
  disastrous consequence as well as Senseis
  unhappy marriage haunted by Ks dark shadow..

68
(Q) What is the difference between
Ks death and that of Sensei?? K left this
world as he could not accept his natural desire
of romantic love which goes against his
spiritual aspiration and true way.?Snesei
left this world by giving love for his
mother-in-law as a human as he tried to humanized
Ks heart by welcoming him into his lodging house
and introducing lovely Ojosan and Okusan under
the same roof.? Sensei met Watshi ( I ) as the
most trustful person who respected him, and, he
had a young man whom he can finally confessed
everything as a testament.?A man capable of
love, or I should say rather a man who was by
nature incapable of not loving but a man who
could not wholeheartedly accept the love of
another such a one was Sensei. (p.12)
69
The role of Watashi in Kokoro both in
retrospect and prospect

• Sensei K (Past), Shizu (Present) , Watashi
  (Future)
• Anachronism ?????????????????????????????????????
  ???????
• One speculation and possible prediction is that
  Watashi will live with Shizu as a mature man,
  confirming the fact and truth of Senseis drama,
  accepting Shizu as what she was and what she is,
  and starting family with responsibility to make
  Shizu happy.
• Put yourself in the place of Watashi who got
  modern education at University of Tokyo in this
  dramatic tragedy, and you will see the next
  action that Watashi will take after the death of
  Sensei for the sake of a beautiful, innocent and
  emotionally wounded young wife who was left alone
  in this world as a victim of the man of
  loneliness in anachronism in Meiji era.

70
What is Sosekis warning for the problem of
modernization ??????

• You see, loneliness is the price we have to pay
  for being born in this modern age, so full of
  freedom, independence, and our own egotistical
  selves. (p.30)
• In those days, such phrases as the age of
  awakening and the new life has not yet come
  into fashion. But you must not think that Ks
  inability to discard his old ways and begin his
  life anew was due to his lack of modern
  concepts. (p.218)

71
Historical and Cultural background for Kokoro

• Japanese society European society
• Confucianism
  Individualism
• The collective harmony The
  individual values
• based on Confucianism based
  on Christianity
• and agriculture
  and democratic capitalism
• In Kokoro, published in 1914, he Soseki
  expresses deep sorrow about the inevitable growth
  of individualism at the expense of Confucianism,
  leading ultimately to irreversible personal
  social isolation and despair. Like William
  Faulkner he is a modernist in theme and tone of
  writing. And like Faulker he is reacting to the
  rapid changes of his time.
• In a book on Natusme Soseki, Beongcheon Yu,
  expresses as follows
• Meiji Japan, in its radical departure from
  feudal tradition, was as profoundly romantic as
  Renaissance England, a comparison which has often
  been suggested by historians. Few artists could
  escape its pervading romantic spirit in their
  zealous pursuit of art and life.
• (Yu 22.).

72
Senseis inner Conflicts between Filial Piety
of Confucianism and Individualism

• Individualism and freedom influenced by Western
  modernization and capitalism
• Symbolic representation
• 1) Senseis uncle a modern entrepreneur as
  well as an unfaithful husband and selfish
  guardian of Sensei
• 2) Sensei Sensei repeatedly violated the
  Confucian moral of Filial Piety by refusing
  uncles offer of arranged marriage with his
  daughter.
• 3) Senseis offense against his best friend K, by
  violating true friendship for the sake of his
  romantic love for Ojosan.
• Collectivism based on Confucian moral ( Senseis
  self-punishment)
• 1) Senseis ultimate suicide can finally be
  explained by his self-punishment (traditional
  moral ) which won over Individualism in
  modernism.
• 2) While still alive, Sensei had come to the
  conclusion that his only choice at that time was
  to go on living as if he were dead.

73
Collectivism and Individualism Sosekis
Intention in Kokoro

• The book Kokoro stands as a reminder of
  destructiveness of individualism.
• Soseki described the loneliness of the outcasts
  as the direct price paid for the pursuit of
  individualistic tendencies at the expense of the
  collective.
• Soseki concludes that hopelessness, pessimism,
  and despair seem to be the only certain outcome
  of the breakdown.
• Soseki reveals the didactic purpose of his book
  to us with Senseis comments in his testament.
• To you alone, then, among the millions of
  Japanese, I wish to tell my past. For you are
  sincere and because once you said in all
  sincerity that you wished to learn from life
  itself. (p.128) ??? ???????????????????

74
(Q) What is the todays significance of Soseki
?.????????
We could compare Soseki with Shakespeare in
terms of his excellence in dramatic irony and
human analysis. I found some similarity between
Othelo and Kokoro. We can learn timeless and
priceless values and significance through the
eyes and the heart of Soseki in Meiji era
influenced by the powerful Westernization and
Modernization. Soseki already predicted and
warned the problems of 2011 in his works in Meiji
Era. We can see human loneliness, aloofness,
alienation from society, guilt in loving and
human agony. Only the works of great writer
like Soseki survive through the judge of time.
Popular writer will be forgotten when their
readers die. However great writer can give some
answers to the questions of human loneliness and
suffering beyond time and culture.
(Nakamura, 2011)
75
?? ???? Comments on Kokoro by Jun Eto, famous
critic of Soseki

• Soseki tried to prove the impossibility of love
  between man and woman rather than exploring the
  possibility of love.
• The significance of Kokoro is that Soseki
  consistently tried to describe the impossibility
  of love between man and woman with all his
  intelligence and power, albeit he felt in his
  bone the absolute necessity of love.
• No other novel has ever described so objectively
  and calmly the hopeless shadow of love between
  man and woman than the work Kokoro Jun Eto
  (1979)

76
????????????????

• Sosekis ideal is Leaving everything to the
  heaven (The hand of God) and forgetting self
• However, Soseki has been suffering from his
  individualism, ego, and personal desire.

77
Collectivism in Confucianism and Individualism
in Westernization

• Soseki specialized English and English Literature
  at Tokyo University and graduated with honored
  bachelors degree. However, deep in his mind he
  said he could not but have a feeling of
  emptiness. My only regret was that though I had
  studied, I had never mastered the heart of
  things. (qtd. In Yu 25) This desire to master
  the heart of things motivates him later to write
  one of his master works, Kokoro.
• He was sent to England as one of the promising
  young scholars. Overseas to absorb Western way
  and help Japanese culture expand to new horizons.
  His experiences in England changes Soseki into a
  modern Japanese writer and not into an English
  classicist as he had hoped.
• In England he was homesick and longed for the
  safety and security of the past while
  understanding all along that life can only move
  forward, never backwards. The discovery of the
  self and his individuality was a lonely and
  painful process. He describes this journey and
  its consequences in Kokoro. The lonely journey
  will be part of his entire life. (p.76)

78
Contrast and Comparison Shakespeare and Soseki

• Shakespeare (1564-1616) age 52 Soaseki
  (1867-1916) age 50
• Elizabethan Age in England Meiji
  era in Japan
• Colonial rule of the British in Dublin
  Industrial imperialism by USA
• Religious and political reformation
  Modernization of Japan
• Outward-going dramatist
  Introvert novelists
• 
  similarity
• ?The contrast and the conflict between the old
  and the new
• ? Dealing with human truth, such as love, trust,
  jealousy, guilt, deceit,
• sinfulness, punishment in their works of
  Tragedy.
• ? Dealing with what is real in human nature
  and what is common to
• all humanity both in their works of Comedy
  and Tragedy.
• ? Sharp observation of human psychology and human
  analysis
• ? The quality of satire and criticism in Comedies
  
• ? Human weakness such as changes and
  contradiction caused by
• ambition and jealousy in their works of
  Tragedy

79
The power of jealousy Kokoro (K and Senseis
suicides) Othello (Othello Killed his wife and
his suicide)

80
Dramatic Irony in Shakespeare and Soseki

• In Shakespearian drama, there are many scenes
  that presents us the dramatic irony in relation
  to the development of the stream of the drama.
  Dramatic irony has a dramatic effectiveness on
  the tragedy or comedy as long as the truth is
  alive. One of the approaches to the appreciation
  of Shakespearean drama is to understand the
  dramatic irony involved in the hero or heroines
  innocence.
  (Nakamura, 1972)
• Dramatic irony can be defined as a dramatic
  context in which the author, readers and
  audience know very well but the hero or heroine
  does not know a fact (human truth), and
  consequently they are actually suffering from
  this. (Nakamura, 1972)
  

81
The parallel between Shakespeares play and
Sosekis novels by Peter Milward

• In the case of Elizabethan England, it was the
  religious and political reformation inaugurated
  by Henry VIII and completed under his daughter
  Elizabeth I that cut off Englishmen in the
  present from their mediaeval past and thus
  exposed them to the sway of European fashions.
• In the case of Meiji Japan, it was the
  restoration of imperial rule and the opening of
  he country to Western trade and influence that
  similarly cut off Japanese in the present from
  their feudal past and thus exposed them to the
  sway of Western fashions. (Peter Milward)

82
The parallel between Shakespeares play and
Sosekis novels by Peter Milward
And to these change the attitude of Soseki was
much the same as that of Shakespeare in
Elizabethan England. When we find in almost all
Sosekis novels from Wagahai wa neko de aru
onwards is an outspoken satire on the aping of
Western manners that came in with Japans
opening to the West. Not that he himself hated or
despised the West. His own novels are sufficient
evidence of his willingness to avail himself of
Western ideas and influencebut not a the expense
of his Japanese identity. .
(Peter
Milward)
83
The parallel between Shakespeares play and
Sosekis novels by Peter Milward

• He wanted by all means to remain distinctively
  Japanese. He prized the traditions of old Japan.
  Yet at the same time he saw the need of
  accommodating himself and his writings to the new
  order, so long as he did not have to sacrifice
  what was dearest to himself as a Japanese. It
  was, in fact, in his honest confrontation of his
  serious problemthat of the relative claims of
  new and oldthat we may say his genius as a
  novelist, like the genius of Shakespeare as a
  dramatist, consists. If it led him at times
  dangerously close to a neurotic condition, the
  same may be said--and has been said by eminent
  scholars---of Shakespeare both at the beginning
  and at the end of his tragic period.
  (Peter Milward, p.312)

84
SenpaiKohai in academia

• Many students today reading Kokoro for the first
  time frequently assume a gay relationship between
  Sensei and Watakushi and, while not ruling out
  such a possibility, I would point out that the
  senpai-kohai relationship is a common one in
  Japan (probably evident in all Asian countries
  with a Confucian heritage and the bunjin,
  literatus, or gentleman scholar, tradition). One
  doesnt study alone as in the American myth of
  the lucubrating Abe Lincoln, ubt rather one sees
  a sensei. The sensei traditionally will require
  an apprentice who serves variously as errand boy,
  assistant, ink grinder, and companion.
• (p.102)

85
(Q) What is the todays significance of Soseki ?.
????????

• Soseki consistently explored the difficulty and
  impossibility of human love, albeit he also
  needed the absolute necessity of human love. In
  ???????????the main theme is human agony through
  the bliss and pain of love in triangle human
  relations and it ends up with ?? when Soseki
  died.
• Soseki could not finalized the story and he left
  the rest to the readers imagination as he passed
  away while he was writing.

86
Hidden Secret ?The Sliding Door separates
Sensei and K

• (Q) What does the sliding door which separates
  Senseis room and Ks room symbolize?
  ???K???????????????
• Senseis room Self ?????(??), Ks room
  Others (??)
• K is a reflecting mirror of Senseis mind
  (K???????????? )
• ? At about ten oclock, the door between our
  rooms was suddenly opened, and I saw K looking at
  me from the doorway. What are you thinking about
  ? he said. (p. 202)
• ? Were you asleep?. K stepped back into his
  room and closed the door. (p. 219).
• ? As I opened my eyes, I saw that the door
  between Ks room and mine was ajar. (p. 229)
• K left the door open a little for the last
  communication with Sensei for two nights. Sensei
  was not aware of that or ignored it.
• If Sensei had opened the sliding door of his
  mind and confessed his passionate love for
  Ojosan to K like K did, K and Sensei s life
  would have been different.
• Sensei deceived K and himself for the sake of
  love by ignoring the door of Kokoro.
• K??? K??????????????

87
Hidden Secret ? sin and crucifixion Sensei
and I Jesus Christ and St. John

• You wished to cut open my heart and see the blood
  flow. I was then still alive. I did not want to
  die. That is why I refused you and postponed the
  granting of your wish to another day.
• Now, I myself am about to cut open my own heart,
  and drench your face with my blood. And I shall
  be satisfied it, when my heart stops beating, a
  new life lodges itself in your breast. (p. 129)
  
• Original Sin Senseis sin ( winning EveShizu by
  deceiving K)
• Jesus s (compensation)crucified Senseis
  suicide
• As the disciple, St. John drank Jesuss wine, I
  (Watashi) drank Senseis blood and lodged new
  life.
• Jesus said, I am with you for only a short time,
  and then I go to the one who sent me. You will
  look for me, but you will not find me and where
  I am, you cannot come. (JOHN 7-33, The New
  Testament)
• If I testify about myself, my testimony is not
  valid. There is another who testifies in my
  favor, and I know that his testimony about me is
  valid. (JOHN 531, The New Testament)
• You have sent to John and he has testified to
  the truth. Not that I accept human testimony but
  I mention it that you may be saved.
• (JOHN 533-34, The New Testament)

88
?The hidden truth of love in Kokoro (in
retrospect prospect)

• Evidence ? The first encounter of Watashi with
  Shizu. (p.16)
• The first time I met Senseis wife in the front
  hall, I thought her beautiful. And each time I
  saw her after that I was similarly impressed by
  her beauty. (p.16)
• My memory of the early part of our acquaintance,
  then, consists of nothing more than the
  impression of her beauty. (p.16 )
• Evidence ? The number of letters.
• Sensei wrote two letters. I received from him
  only two pieces of correspondence that might
  strictly be called letters. One of them was
  the simple letter that I have just mentioned, and
  the other was a very long letter which he wrote
  me shortly before his death.(p. 48)
• But Watashi received another letter. Who wrote?
• I received from them a letter with a maple leaf
  enclosed. (p.18 )
• A letter with a maple leaf enclosed at that
  time means close friendship, intimacy, warm
  closeness and affection

89
?The hidden truth of love in Kokoro (in
retrospect prospect)

• Evidence? p.33-p.43 The private and serious
  conversation between Watashi and Shizu when
  Sensei was out. (10 pages)
• I was deeply impressed by her capacity for
  sympathy and understanding. (p.37)
• True, being a man, I felt an instinctive yarning
  for women. (P. 38)
• I did not even feel, when I was with her, that
  intellectual gulf which so often separates men
  from women. (p. 38) (Respect for Shizu)
• As Senseis wife said this, I noticed that there
  were tears in her eyes.
• 
  
  (p.39)
• I tried, as far as I was able, to comfort
  Senseis wife. And it seemed that she was trying