Microbial World and You

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MicrobiologyProf. IHAB MOUSSAProf. Of Medical
Microbiology
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What is Microbiology?

• Micro - too small to be seen with the naked eye
• Bio - life
• ology - study of

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Organisms included in the study of Microbiology

• 1. Bacteria
• 2. Protozoans
• 3. Algae
• 4. Parasites
• 5. Yeasts and Molds
• Fungi
• 6. Viruses

• Bacteriology
• Protozoology
• Phycology
• Parasitology
• Mycology
• Virology

Microorganisms - Microbes - Germs
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• Bacteriology
• It is science to deal with the study of the
  bacteria.
• Virology
• It is science to deal with the study of the
  virus.
• Mycology
• It is science to deal with the study of fungi.
• Immunology
• It is the science to deal with the resistance of
  the body to any foreign substance.
• Parasitology
• It is the science to deal with Parasites.

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• The importance of microorganisms
• Microorganisms are the oldest forms of life.
• Microorganisms have the greatest biomass.
• Microorganisms have killed more people than have
  ever been killed in wars.
• Without certain microorganism life could not
  exist produce O2 and N2 .
• Microorganisms are decomposers.

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• BRANCHES OF STUDY WITHIN MICROBIOLOGY
• Immunology
• Public health microbiology epidemiology
• Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology
• Biotechnology
• Genetic engineering recombinant DNA technology

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MICROBES ARE INVOLVED IN

• Nutrient production energy flow
• Decomposition (bioremediation)
• Production of foods
• Production of drugs vaccines
• Genetic engineering
• Causing disease

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History of the Study of Microorganisms
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• 1665 Robert Hooke
• little boxes - cells
• Cell Theory - all living things are made up of
  cells
• 1590 First compound light microscope
  Zacharias Janssen
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674 who was the first
  person to actually see living microorganisms

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• Anton Von Leeuwenhoek 1676 first observation
  of bacteria animalcules
• As a tailor, used lenses to examine cloth. It
  was probably this that led to his interest in
  lens making.
• He assembled nearly 250 microscopes, some of
  which magnified objects 270 times.

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• As he looked at things with his microscopes, he
  discovered presence of micro organisms -
  organisms so tiny that they were invisible to the
  naked eye.
• He called these tiny living organisms
  animalcules. He first described bacteria and
  the protozoans.

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• Edward Jenne 1796 First vaccine
  (smallpox)
• 1857 Germ Theory of Disease Louis Pasteur
• Rudolph Virchow 1858 the owner of the Theory
  of Biogenesis, that said Cells can only arise
  from preexisting cells

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• 1884 Disease transmission Robart koch Kochs
  Postulates who established the relationship
  between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax also
  isolated the bacillus that causes tuberculosis
• 1885 - Vaccine against Rabies Louis pasteur
• - Developed vaccines for Chickenpox, anthrax,
  rabies

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• Demonstrated that all fermentations were due to
  the activities of specific yeasts and bacteria.
• Alexander Fleming 1929 Discovery of
  Penicillin (first antibiotic)
• British bacteriologist observed bacterial
  staphylococci colonies disappearing on plates
  contaminated with mold.
• Fleming extracted the compound from the mold
  responsible for destruction of the bacterial
  colonies.

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• The product of the mold was named penicillin,
  after the Penicillium mold from which it was
  derived
• 1938 First Electron Microscope
• The electron microscope is capable of magnifying
  biological specimens up to one million times.
  These computer enhanced images of 1. smallpox, 2.
  herpes simplex, and 3. mumps are magnified,
  respectively, 150,000 and 90,000 times.
• Watson Crick 1953 Structure of DNA
  Revealed
• Jonas Salk 1954 Polio Vaccine

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• Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
• Pasteur
• Pasteurization
• Fermentation
• Joseph Lister
• Phenol to treat surgical wounds 1st attempt to
  control infections caused by microoganisms

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• Robert Koch
• Kochs Postulates
• Edward Jenner
• Vaccination
• Paul Erlich
• 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
• Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat
  Syphilis

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Recent history

• Genetic engineering
• Cloning
• Human Genome Project
• Biotechnology
• Who knows what is next?

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Sizes of Microbes

• Virus - 10 ?1000 nanometers
• Bacteria - 0.1 ? 5 micrometers
• (Human eye ) can see .1 mm (1 x 10 -3 m)
• One billionth or 1 x 10 -9 m
• One millionth or 1 x 10 -6 m

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Microbes - what comes to mind?

• Diseases
• Infections
• Epidemics
• Food Spoilage
• Only 1 of all known bacteria cause human
  diseases
• About 4 of all known bacteria cause plant
  diseases
• 95 of known bacteria are non-pathogens

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Microbes Benefit Humans

•  1. Bacteria are primary decomposers - recycle
  nutrients back into the environment
• 2. Microbes produce various food products
• cheese, pickles, green olives
• yogurt, soy sauce, vinegar, bread
• Beer, Wine, Alcohol
• 3. Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
• Mold Penicillin in 1928 by Alexander Fleming

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• 4. Microbial Antagonism
• Our normal microbial flora prevents potential
  pathogens from gaining access to our body

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• Microbes do benefit us, but they are also capable
  of causing many diseases
• Pneumonia, Whooping Cough, Botulism, Typhoid
  Fever, Measles Cholera

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Tools of Microbiology

• Compound light Microscope
• - live specimens
• - 1,000 mag. or less
• 2. Electron Microscope
• - non-living specimens
• - gt 1,000 X mag.
• 3. Incubator keep microbes warm for growth

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Techniques of Microbiology

• Staining to better see structures
• Microbial Culture - growing the tiny beasties
• Container for microbe culture - usually Petri
  dish
• Culture media
• Food for the microbes
• - E.g. Agar (from red algae)
• - Others such as nutrient broths

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Biological OrderedClassification

• When classification schemes were first developed,
  all living organisms could easily be placed in a
  general category, like Kingdom Plantae or Kingdom
  Animalia. General categories, such as Kingdoms
  still work well in classification but they break
  down when some organisms in one category have
  characteristics which are similar to organisms in
  another category. A case in point is the
  one-celled organism, Euglena, which bears both
  animal and plant characteristics.

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Taxonomic categories
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• Depend on this classification the Living
  Organisms is divided in to 3 Domains (1978
  Carl Woese)
• 1. Bacteria
• Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing
  peptidoglycan
• 2. Archaea
• Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan in
  cell wall

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• 3. Eukarya
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

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• Depend on this classification, we can divide the
  Living Organisms in to 6 Kingdoms
• 1. Animalia
• 2. Plantae
• 3. Fungi
• 4. Protista
• 5. Arcaebacteria
• 6. Eubacteria

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Type of cells

• Prokariotic cells bacteria and blue-green algae
• Eukariotic cells fungi and protozoa
• Viruses infective particle that need a viable
  cell for their replication and can be seen using
  EM

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Procaryotes relative simple morphology and lack
true membrane defined nucleus
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Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true
membrane enclosed nucleus
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viruses

• Since viruses are acellular and possess both
  living and nonliving characteristics, they are
  considered neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic.
  They will be discussed in separate section of the
  course

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Domain Archaea

• Prokaryotic
• Lack peptidoglycan
• Often live in extreme environments
• Not known to cause disease in humans or animals
• Had been considered bacteria until examination of
  their unique rRNA sequences.

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• Includes
• Methanogens
• Extreme halophiles
• Extreme thermophiles

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Scope of Microbiology

• Microbiology has an impact on medicine,
  agriculture, food science, ecology, genetics,
  biochemistry, immunology, and many other fields.

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• Many microbiologists are primarily interested in
  the biology of microorganisms, while others focus
  on specific groups
• Virologists - viruses
• Bacteriologist - bacteria
• Phycologist algae
• Mycologist -fungi
• Protozoologist protozoa

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• Medical Microbiology
• deals with diseases of humans and animals
  identify and plan measures to eliminate agents
  causing infectious diseases.
• Agricultural Microbiology
• impact of microorganisms on agriculture combat
  plant diseases that attack important food crops.

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Food and Dairy Microbiology

• prevent microbial spoilage of food transmission
  of food-borne diseases (e.g. salmonellosis) use
  microorganisms to make food such as cheeses,
  yogurts, pickles, beer, etc.

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Industrial Microbiology

• using microorganisms to make products such as
  antibiotics, vaccines, steroids, alcohols other
  solvents, vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, etc.

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Genetic Engineering

• Engineered microorganisms used to make hormones,
  antibiotics, vaccines and other products.