Kondo%20effect%20in%20a%20Quantum%20Dot%20and%20%20Fano%20resonance%20in%20an%20Aharonov-Bohm%20Interferometer

1
????????? ???????? ????????????????? ???????,
??????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????
????????? ?????? (?? ?????????? ???????????
?????? ?? ?????? 2012)
?.?.??????? ???? ??. ?.?.????????????
(???????????? ?????????????????
???????????), ??????????? ?????? ????????????
?????, ?.????????, ??????
2
????

• ???????????? ??????????
• ?????????????? ????? ? ????????? ???????????
• ?????? ????????? ?????????
• ????????????? (?????????????) ????????? ?????????
• C??? ???????
• ????????????? ????????????? (??? ??????????)
• ????????? (??????????????) ????????? ???????
• ???????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?????
• ????????? ????????? ???????
• ????? ????????? ??????????
• ?????????????
• ??????

???? ?????, ??????? ? ??? ?????????, ?????
????????????, ?? ??????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ???
?????, ??????? ?????, ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????????
???????? ?.?????
3
????????? ????-????? 9 ??????? 2012???????????
?????? ?? ?????? 2012 ???? ????????? ????????
????? ????? (Serge Haroche) ? ?????????? ??????
???? ????????? (David Wineland) ?? ????????
????????? ????????????????? ???????
??????????????? ??????????????? ??????????
?????????.
4
???? ???? (??????) ?? ????? ?????????? - ??????
???????
???? ???? ???????? ??????????? "?????? ?? ?????"
? "????? ??????? ????????" ? ?????? ???????????
??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???????
????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????
??????????????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ???????
??????????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????
5
????? ???????? ??????? 24 ??????? 1944 ???? ?
??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????
???????? ? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ?
??????????, ? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ?
????????
????? ???????? ? ???????????
6
???????????? ??????????

• ??????????? ????????? ?????? ? ?????????? (cavity
  quantum electrodynamics, CQED). ??????? ?????????
  ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????
  ????????? ?????? ? CQED.
• ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????
  (quantum non-demolition measurements).
• ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ????
  ??????????????? ??????????? ????? (??????
  ?????????? ??????????!).
• ??????? ??????????? ???? (? ?????????????
  ????????? 1017).

7

• ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? (? ??????????)
• Observation of Cavity-Enhanced Single-Atom
  Spontaneous Emission// Phys. Rev. Lett. 50, 1903
  (1983).
• Suppression of spontaneous decay at optical
  frequencies Test of vacuum-field anisotropy in
  confined space// Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 666 (1987).
  
• Realization of a two-photon maser oscillator//
  Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1899 (1987).
• Observing the Progressive Decoherence of the
  Meter in a Quantum Measurement// Phys. Rev.
  Lett. 77, 4887 (1996).
• Quantum jumps of light recording the birth and
  death of a photon in a cavity// Nature 446, 297
  (2007).
• Reconstruction of non-classical cavity field
  states with snapshots of their decoherence//
  Nature 455, 510 (2008).
• ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? (?
  ??????????)
• Radiation-Pressure Cooling of Bound Resonant
  Absorbers// Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 1639 (1978).
• Spectroscopy of a Single Mg Ion// Phys. Lett. A
  82, 75 (1981).
• Laser Cooling to the Zero-Point Energy of
  Motion// Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 403 (1989).
• Resolved-Sideband Raman Cooling of a Bound Atom
  to the 3D Zero-Point Energy// Phys. Rev. Lett.
  75, 4011 (1995).
• Demonstration of a Fundamental Quantum Logic
  Gate// Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4714 (1995).
• Deterministic Entanglement of Two Trapped Ion //
  Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3631 (1998).
• Optical Clocks and Relativity// Science 329, 1630
  ( 2010).

8
?????????????? ????? ? ????????? ??????????? (70
???? 20 ????)
?????????????? ?????, ???????????? ?????????????
?????????? ??? ? 1917 ????, ??? ??? ??????????
?????? ????????????????
?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????
?????????????? ???? ? ??????? ?????????????
????????????.
9
?????????????? ???????? ?????????????
???????????? ? ???????????????? ??????? ???????
???? ?????????????? ?????? ???
Bruno Giacomazzo University of Colorado,
Boulder,JILA
10
????????? AURIGA ? ?????. ???????? ??? ???
?????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????????-????????
?? ??????, ??????? ???????? ?????????? 60 ??, ?
???  2,3 ?. ?? ???????? ? ????????? ??????,
??????????? ?? 0,1 ?. ??? ?????????? (? ????????
??????? 1000 ??) ?????????? ?? ???????????????
????????? ?????? ? 1 ??, ??????? ?????????? ?
????? ?? ????????, ?? ????? ??????? ??????????.
??? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????
??????????? ? ????????????? ? ??????? ??????????.
???????????????? ????????? AURIGA  ????? 1020
- 1021
11
????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????????
????????? ??????????
???????? ??????????
12
????????? ????????
? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?)
???????? ???????? - ?????? ?????????,
????????? ???????
?) ???????? ????????? - ?????,
??????????? ???????.
13
?????? ????????? ?????????

• ????? ????????????? ?. ????, ??. ??? ??????,
  ?.??????, ?.???????, ?. ??????????? ? ?.?.

• ?????????

Classical meter
Classical meter
QS
QS
Intermediate
?????????
??????
??? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????
??????????, ????, ?????????
??????? ???? ?????????? ? ?????????
? ???????????? ?????????.
???????????, ???????????, ?????????????,
??????????? ? ?.?.
14
???????? ????????? ? ???????? (??? ??????)

1. ? ?????? ?????????

??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????
( ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????
) ????
????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????
???????
2) ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????
(?????), ??
????????
15
???????
1)?????
2) ??????? ???????
???????? ???
16
????????????? (?????????????) ????????? ?????????
?.???, ?.?????????? ? ??.
? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????
?????? ??????????, ???????? ?????????????
????????!
? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????
??????????!
?????? ???????????? ????????? ?) ????????
??????????
b) ?????? ????????? ????????
?) ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????
??????????
17
?????? ?????????????? ?????????
?) ????????? ???????
b) ???????? ???????
?) ??????? ???????? ????????
??? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????
?????? ?????? ??????????, ???????????????? x
????????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????
????????!
18
????????????? ????????? ? ??????
Imoto, N., Haus, H. A. Yamamoto, Y. Quantum
nondemolition measurement of the photon number
via the optical Kerr effect. Phys. Rev. A 32,
22872292 (1985).
19
A box for a single photon
Brune, M., Haroche, S., Lefévre, V., Raimond, J.
M. Zagury, N. Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 976979
(1990).
20
???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????????
?????????? ?? ??????????????? ?????????
?????????, ??????????? ???????? ???????
???????????? Q  4,21010. ????????? ???
?????????? ? ??????????? ????? ????? (S. Kuhr
et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 164101 (2007))
????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ? ???
?????????? 0,13 ???????
21
???? ?????????? ? ????????????? ???????
??? w w0 (????????? ??????????? RWA)
22
, ??? ????
? ???????
????????? ???? ? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????

????????? ???? ? ???????????? ?????????
??? ??????
?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???
, ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?
???? ????? ???????
????
23
Experimental investigation of Schrödingers cat
paradox
The Schrödingers cat.
24
Jaynes-Cummings model
25
No moon there Johan E. Mooij nature physics VOL
6 JUNE 2010,401
I like to think that the moon is there even if I
dont look at it, Albert Einstein once remarked.
He objected to the notion that truly macroscopic
objects might behave according to the laws of
quantum mechanics, and thus be subject to the
same uncertainties as photons or spins.
The moon a small moon, admittedly is not
there!
Mooij et al., Science 285, 1036, 1999
flux qubit/Delft
26
???? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ?
???????????? ???????
27
??????? ????????????
????????????
A.Tonomura, Am.J.Phys.57,117(1989)
University of Vienna, Thomas Juffmann et
al./Nature Nanotechnolog
28
????????? ???????????????? ????????????????
???????

• A.D. OConnell et al. Nature 464, 697703

????????? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ? ???????
Mechanical systems in the quantum regime Menno
Poot , Herre S.J. van der Zant, Physics Reports
511 (2012) 273335
29
???????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?????
???????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????????
?.????? ? ?. ??????? (??????????? ??????
?? ??????,1989 ???)
30
?????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??
??????? ???????? ?????, ????????? ? ?????????????
???????. ?????????? ?????????????? ????????
???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????
??????, ? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????
???????? ????????? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????????
????????? ????????. Blatt, Wineland, Nature 453,
1008 (2008)
31
Optical Clocks
Wineland and coworkers (Diddams et al., 2001
Rosenband et al., 2008 Chou et al., 2010a)
Cs clocks operating in the microwave range
Clocks based on a transition in the optical
domain The frequency of the transition is in the
visible or ultraviolet range
A precision just below 10-17, two orders of
magnitude more accurate than the present
frequency standard based on Cs clocks.
32
Quantum jumps of light recording the birth and
death of a photon in a cavity
Serge Haroche et al, Vol 446 15 March 2007
Decay of the one-photon state
Birth, life and death of a photon
33
????????? ?????? ? ???????????? ??????
34
??????????
I.Siddiqi et al., Berkeley
?????????? ? ???????
35
????????? ????? (quntronium)
E1
hn01
E0
35
Devoret Martinis, QIP, 3, 351-380(2004)
36
???????????? ???????
I.Siddiqi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 207002
(2004) I. Siddiqi, et al. Phys. Rev. B 73,
054510 (2006).
??? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ????
??????, ?????? - ?????????????? ???????.
???????????? ????????, ?????????? ? ????????????
???????????? ???????????????? ???????????
37
?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?
??????????????? ????????????
???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????
????????? ??????????? ???????????, ?????????? ??
, ???????
?????
???? , ?? ????? ???????? ???
??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????
????????? ???????? ???????, ? ???????????????
????????????? ????? ???
38

??????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????

• - ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????
• ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????,
• ???????? ?????????? ???????????.

39
????? ????????? ??????????
??????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????????
???????? ??????
40
??????? ? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????
??????
41
?????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????
????? ???????? (?) ?????????? ? (?) ????????
????-???????
42
?????, ??????????????? ?????? ????????????
????????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ??????
??????????? ???????? (?) ? ????????? - ????????
(?).
I.Siddiqi et al., Berkeley
43
?????????????? ??????????????? ??????????
I.Siddiqi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 207002
(2004) I. Siddiqi, et al. Phys. Rev. B 73,
054510 (2006).
??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??
??????? ????.
44
(No Transcript)
45
Dispersive measurements
46
????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????
??????????
??????? - ????????????? ??????????? ?????????
47
??????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????????
?????????? ? 0
?????????? ? 0,1
??????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? (M100) ???
? 0,1
48
??????? ???????
??????????? ??????? ????????????? ? ???????
????????????
?????????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????? ???????
?? ?????? ? ????? ?? ?????
49
??????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????????????
??????????? f0, ?0.1 ??????????????? ??? t0 ?
????????? n0 gt 6gt (?) ? ?????? ??????? ??
??????? ??????, (?) ????? ????? ??????? ??????
? (?) ?? ???????? ?????? ? (?) ????? ????.
50
??????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????????????
??????????? f0.1, y0.1 ??????????????? ??? t0
? ????????? n0 gt 6gt (?) ? ?????? ???????
?? ??????? ??????, (?) ????? ????? ???????
?????? ? (?) ?? ???????? ?????? ? (?) ?????
????.
51
?????????? ?????????-?????
52
????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????
??????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????
??????????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ??
??????????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????????.
?????????? ???????? ??????-??????????
53
?????? ???????????
??????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ltngt ?
????????? D ??????????? ???????????
54
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55
(No Transcript)
56
?????? ? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????
57
??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ? ??????
????????? ?

• ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ? ?????? ?
  ??????????????? ??????????? (cavity quantum
  electrodynamics)
• ????????? ????????????? ?????????
• ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? (??????
  ?????????? ??????????!)
• ??????????? ???? (? ?????????????
  ????????? 1017)
• ????????? ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ????????