Building a safer Information Society

1
Building a safer Information Society

• Phillip Webb, CEO
• Police Information Technology Organisation,
• United Kingdom

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• The Policing Environment in the United Kingdom

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Policing in the UK

• There are over 170,000 Police Officers plus
  100,000 support staff throughout the UK
  (population 57M),
  
• 43 police forces in England and Wales (Home
  Office),
  
• 8 police forces in Scotland (Scottish
  Executive),
  
• Police Service for Northern Ireland (Northern
  Ireland Office),
  
• Numerous non-geographic police forces (MoD, BTP,
  Parks, UKAEA, etc)
  
• No national Police Force SOCA (Home Office)

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UK Geographical Police Forces (2006)
S4
S6
S8
S1
S3
S5
S7
S2
30
11
6
7
28
19
21
42
15
24
33
4
8
31
27
23
34
26
22
41
3
40
29
35
12
39
2
13
18
16
32
14
5
25
38
1
20
43
36
17
37
10
9
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Primary Business Aim

• To Reduce Crime and the Fear of Crime

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Doctrine

• Intelligence Led Policing

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Mission

• Delivering superior knowledge at the point of
  decision

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Policing in the UK

• Public perceptions on which Policing in the UK is
  founded,
  
• Policing by consent, public trust in the Criminal
  Justice institutions,
  
• Local accountability for the services they
  provide,
  
• Police should have access to the information they
  need to protect society from dangerous people,
  
• Public expectation that the police exploit
  technology effectively.

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Police Information Technology Organisation

• Established as a Non Departmental Public Body
  (NDPB) in 1998 by act of Parliament,
  
• Parent Department Home Office,
• Tripartite Governance, Home Office, ACPO and APA
  with representation from Scottish and Northern
  Irish equivalent bodies,
  
• PITO Executive are Public Servants employed by
  PITO with 10-15 of the staff seconded directly
  from stakeholder organisations.

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Police Information Technology Organisation

• Funded directly by the Home Office through Grant
  in Aid with a minority of service costs directly
  recovered from users,
  
• Budget for FY2006/7 is 518M with a total staff
  complement of around 700 including 65 serving
  Police Officers,
  
• Fulfilling the roles of Intelligent Customer,
  Supplier Manager and Accreditation Authority for
  the Police Service.

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Delivering superior knowledge to the point of
decision

• PITO manages an extensive portfolio of
  infrastructure and business application
  programmes,
  
• All compliant with, or convergent to the ISS4PS,
• PITO delivers the technology which enables
  business change to be implemented,
  
• A centre of excellence for Business Benefits
  Management PITO supports police forces in
  implementing change and realising Business
  Benefits.
• Compelling Business Drivers with Enabling
  Technology

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Case Studies

• Aspects of the Information Management challenge
  in the UK Police Service,
  
• Airwave reaching the point of decision,
• IDENT knowing who you are dealing with,
• ANPR capitalising on what you already know,
• IMPACT sharing what you know.

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Airwave

• National Digital Wireless Infrastructure

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Airwave

• Conceived in the mid-1990s by ACPO,
• nation wide solution - England, Wales
  Scotland,
  
• able to be shared by all emergency services,
• PFI outsource under Government financing
  guidelines, 15 year contract per force,
  
• open standard TETRA,
• total cost 4.0B over 19 years.

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Feb 98 Firearms incident
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8 officers, 4 CRs, 4 channels
VHF Forcewide
UHF D Div
UHF B Div
UHF Cumbria
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Core Functionality

• Core Airwave Service provides guaranteed coverage
  of 98 on all major roads and 96 for all minor
  roads throughout the UK,
  
• Integrated surface, Air-to-Ground and inshore
  costal coverage,
  
• Inter-operation with commercial mobile phone
  networks,
  
• Integrated mobile data services,
• Encryption to National Security Standards,
• Unit location monitoring and remote sensing.

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Airwave Deployment

• PFI Service Supplier mmO2,
• Deployment commenced September 2001,
• Deployment completed on target to all 52 forces
  by May 2005,
  
• A total of 51 forces have now fully migrated to
  Airwave,
  
• Over 160,000 officers are now using Airwave
  operationally.

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Airwave Deployment

• Police Service for Northern Ireland is deploying
  a TETRA system which is compatible with Airwave,
  
• The provision of enhanced national resilience to
  meet increased threat is now underway,
  
• Special coverage is being provided in partnership
  with commercial infrastructure suppliers, i.e..
  London Underground, Channel Tunnel etc.

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Lessons form Early Use

• Coverage and reliability dramatically improved,
• Encryption delivering real operational benefit,
• Seamless inter-operability across forces
  boundaries,
  
• Mobile Data direct links to local and national
  systems provide beat officers with much improved
  intelligence and reduces the need to return to
  the station,
• Ambulance and Fire Service have now chosen
  Airwave for national deployment.

21
IDENT National Automated Biometric
Identification Management System
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National Automated Fingerprint Identification
System (NAFIS)

• Established 1998 for England and Wales,
• Fingerprints only, 10 rolled and 10 flats,
• Directly coupled to PNC and key force and
  national systems,
  
• Currently holds, 6.2M records on individuals,
• This represents 15 of the UK adult population
  (19 male population and 12 female population).
  

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National Automated Fingerprint Identification
System (NAFIS)

• Prints generally captured electronically by
  Livescan devices,
  
• Some forces still employ ink and paper,
• A match against a known record is generally
  achieved within 2 minutes,
  
• There are currently over 1.1M unknown scene of
  crime marks on the system.

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INDENT

• Service commenced 1st April 2005, replacing
  NAFIS, for England, Wales and Scotland,
  
• Existing fingerprint and palms information were
  migrated to the system with direct link to the
  DNA database and PNC,
  
• IDENT hold multiple sets of an individuals
  fingerprints,
  
• Facial Identification National Database (FIND)
  programme is designed to migrate existing mug
  shots to IDENT in a common data format.
  

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Biometric Identification

• Biometric information regularly recorded,
• Finger prints,
• Palm prints,
• DNA,
• Facial Image,
• Distinguishing marks,
• Potential Biometric features Dental, Iris,
  Voice, Ear Prints, Gate.
  

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Biometric Identification

• IDENT is the foundation on which biometric
  identification for UK Law Enforcement Agencies
  will be based,
  
• New legislation has increased significantly the
  volume of biometric information retained,
  
• Biometric Identification are now being employed
  by a number of other agencies across government,
  Identity Card, UK Passports, e-Boarders and
  Driving Licences,
• A high level oversight committee has been
  established to co-ordinate Identity Management
  across the Home Office.

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Should Law Enforcements Agencies, at home and
abroad, be allowed to harvest the potential
provided by these initiatives?
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Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR)

• Employed as a surveillance, detection and
  intelligence tool

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ANPR

• Employs well established pattern recognition
  software techniques, similar to congestion charge
  monitoring for central London,
  
• Successfully employed at the Road Side by all
  UK police forces since the early 1990s,
  
• Now fitted to all traffic vehicles as standard,
• On-line checks against local and national
  registration and intelligence sources,
  
• Yields high arrest to conviction ratio,

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ANPR

• All forces now employ dedicated mobile teams,
• Delivers real Value for Money,
• Fixed monitoring points established on Motorways
  and at key Ports,
  
• Early successes with the technology led to
  enthusiasm to extend its scope and use,

31
The Northampton Experiment

• Northamptonshire Police in partnership with
  Northampton City Council agreed to pool there
  video surveillance assets in a joint initiative
  to target car and street crime.

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The Northampton Experiment

• Established in 2001 the project consists of
• Joint control room,
• Integrated set of over 400 public service video
  cameras all capable of dynamically employing
  ANPR,
  
• Direct control of the citys traffic control
  system,
  
• Dedicated team of rapid response officers.

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The Northampton Experiment

• The results have been impressive
• system accuracy is better than 98,
• only serious law breakers where targeted, about
  8 of the positive detected,
  
• where theft or driving while disqualified is
  involved arrests are generally orchestrated in
  site of a camera, prompting a guilty plea,
  
• Successful vehicle related prosecutions rose by
  over 50,
  
• car related crime in the city dropped by a third
  in the first six months.

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The Northampton Experiment

• analysis of the information captured provides
  vital intelligence on the movement of local and
  visiting criminals,
  
• success has stimulated many similar national and
  local initiatives
  
• M25 London Orbital Ring,
• City of London,
• several cities are now deploying Northampton
  style partnership schemes.

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Potential for future exploitation

• Stimulated a review and subsequent change in
  current vehicle registration legislation,
  
• Has evolved to be a major covert surveillance,
  intelligence gathering and investigative tool,
  
• Low cost data capture exploits existing
  infrastructure,
  
• Cost of integration and analysis yields
  significant social and financial return,
  
• Intelligence potential is there to be harvested
  at marginal cost.

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An impressive capability in fighting
crime.Does it raise any concerns?
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Potential for future exploitation

• The UK is arguably the most observed society in
  the world with the greatest number of video
  surveillance cameras per head of population,
  
• The full potential is unrealised due only to the
  lack of integration,
  
• Video surveillance is generally perceived as
  reassurance in the UK, but not so elsewhere.
  
• At what point will integration change public
  perception?

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IMPACT ProgrammeInformation Sharing
Initiative which delivers an national
Intelligence Capability to meet the
recommendations of the Bichard Inquiry
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Impact Programme

• Inspired by the Bichard Inquiry into the Soham
  murders in 2003,
  
• Major Business Change Programme, managed by the
  Home Office and led by ACPO,
  
• Challenges Police Business Practice and sharing
  culture and the interpretation of privacy laws,
  
• Accelerated adoption of the National Intelligence
  Model (NIM) by all Law Enforcement Agencies,
  
• Substantial enabling technology requirement.

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Impact Programme

• Key objective to deliver a national information
  sharing environment for the police, its partners
  and stakeholders,
  
• A massive integration exercised based on a far
  from green field site,
  
• Co-ordinated delivery of the ISS4PS and the
  adherence to national standards,
  
• Early win the delivery of a National Nominal
  Index in 2005.

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National Information Sharing

• Police National Computer
• Names (6.7M)
• Vehicles (57M)
• Stolen property

PNC
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National Information Sharing

• IDENT
• Biometric Management system, finger prints,
  palms, DNA, Facial, etc.
  
• 6.2M records

IDENT
PNC
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National Information Sharing
Violent and Sexual Offenders Register
IDENT
PNC
ViSOR
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National Information Sharing
IDENT
PNC
ViSOR
PLX
Police Local Cross Reference,
National nominal index provided
for the Criminal Records Bureau
for Identity Checks
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National Information Sharing
Schengen Information System Subset of PNC linked
to all EC
Law Enforcement Agencies
IDENT
PNC
ViSOR
SIS
PLX
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National Information Sharing
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
IDENT
PNC
ViSOR
SIS
PLX
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
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National Information Sharing
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
Central Information Service
IDENT
PNC
ViSOR
SIS
PLX
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
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National Information Sharing
Local Data Sharing
Local Data Sharing
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
Central Information Service
NAFIS
PNC
ViSOR
SIS
Local Data Sharing
Local Data Sharing
PLX
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
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National Information Sharing
Local Data Sharing
Local Data Sharing
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
Central Information Service
NAFIS
Regional Data Sharing
Regional Data Sharing
PNC
ViSOR
SIS
Local Data Sharing
Local Data Sharing
PLX
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
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National Information Sharing
Local Data Sharing
Local Data Sharing
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
National Data Exchange
Local Legacy Systems
Central Information Service
NAFIS
Regional Data Sharing
Regional Data Sharing
PNC
ViSOR
SIS
Local Data Sharing
Local Data Sharing
PLX
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
Single Point Data Access
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National Information Sharing
Local Data Sharing
Local Data Sharing
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
National Data Exchange
Local Legacy Systems
Central Information Service
NAFIS
Regional Data Sharing
Regional Data Sharing
PNC
ViSOR
SIS
Local Data Sharing
Local Data Sharing
PLX
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
Single Point Data Access
Common Toolset
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National Information Sharing
National Infrastructure
Local Data Sharing
Local Data Sharing
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
National Data Exchange
Local Legacy Systems
Central Information Service
NAFIS
Regional Data Sharing
Regional Data Sharing
PNC
ViSOR
SIS
Local Data Sharing
Local Data Sharing
PLX
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
Local Legacy Systems
Single Point Data Access
Common Toolset
53
Should Law Enforcements Agencies, at home and
abroad, be allowed to harvest the potential
provided by these sharing initiatives?
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Balancing the rights of the individual and society

• All individuals have legal rights regarding the
  protection and use of personal information,
  
• Society has a right to expect protection from
  dangerous individuals,
  
• Technology stimulates and enables business change
  and provides the potential to access what we
  need to know.
  
• How do we ensure that the balance is right?

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Balancing the rights of the individual and society

• All business solutions must comply with the law,
• In an environment where boundaries become
  obscured with whose rules and law must we
  comply,
  
• With increased integration, sub-optimisation has
  the potential to subvert the law,
  
• Legislation lags technology and can frequently be
  seen as an obstacle to change,
  
• Effective controls are essential to maintain
  public confidence.

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Balancing the rights of the individual and society

• Governance and custodianship of information is an
  issue that legislators need to address from a
  national and international perspective,
  
• The Shared Services debate will influence the
  concept of ownership, sharing and custodianship,
  
• The concept of a national information custodian
  to safeguard the nations information assets has
  been raised,

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Balancing the rights of the individual and society

• Changing attitudes, influence by national and
  international events, have accelerated the
  exploitation of information technology in many
  information management areas. We have a duty of
  care to ensure that we provide a balanced
  argument and sound well informed advice in
  exploiting this opportunity.
• Trust once lost is rarely retrieve.