Sucking Insects

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Sucking Insects General Adelgids Gall
Aphids Leaf Hoppers Spittlebugs Scale
Insects Other
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Sucking Insects General Nature of
Feeding Piercing mouthparts Specialization on
plant parts Many perform better on healthy
hosts Nature of Damage Nutrient loss
Inefficient feeders due to low N of
substrate Pathogen transmission Phytotoxins and
allergic reactions
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Sucking Insects General Nature of Homoptera
(Suborder of Hemiptera) Small Polymorphic Assoc
with different hosts, seasons, densities Pronounce
d sexual dimorphism Many have short generation
times Many parthenogenic (obligate,
facultative) Viviparous or egg bearing Passive
dispersal wind, animals phoresy High
reproductive capacity Greatly reduced body
parts Complex life cycles (but not holometabolous)
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• Sucking Insects
• General
• Management Considerations
• Easily introduced
• Outbreaks by invasive often associated with host
  susceptibility
• Often no pheromones available
• Natural enemies can be important
• ladybird beetles, lacewings, syrphid flies
• protected from predators by ants
• Impacts
• Invasive species
• Native species in intensive production systems
• Ornamentals nurseries, Christmas trees

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Sucking Insects General Adelgids Balsam Woolly
Adelgid From Europe Hemlock Woolly Adelgid From
China Pine Bark Adelgid From Europe Gall
Aphids Leaf Hoppers Spittlebugs Scale
Insects Other
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Balsam Woolly Adelgid
Entire fir range of North America Major problems
in southeast on Fraser fir
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Balsam Woolly Adelgid
Arresting and feeding on new host trees
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Injury caused by salivary secretions
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Balsam Woolly Adelgid in SE Appalachian Mts
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Balsam Woolly Adelgid Life Cycle
3 - 4 generations per yr
Crawler
Crawler
Phoretic transport
250 Eggs Woolly mass
Locates Feeding Site Transforms without moulting
to Neosisten
2nd, 3rd instars
Neosisten attaches Secretes woolly mass Feeds
intercellulary through Bark epidermis into coretx
and parencyma
Adult (all females)
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Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
Ecological Role of Hemlock
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Also western US
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Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Life Cycle
3 generations / yr Stages overlap
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Crawler feeding
Adult feeding ovipositing
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Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
Nymph feeding
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Impacts of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
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Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly
Adelgid Introduced Predators
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Chemical Control of Hemlock Woolly
Adelgid Contact Sprays Systemics
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Pine Bark Adelgid UW Arboretum
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Sucking Insects General Adelgids Gall
Aphids Leaf Hoppers Spittlebugs
Spittlebugs Scale Insects Other
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Balsam Twig Aphid
No alternate host
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Cooley Spruce Gall Aphid
Spruce
Base of needles
Adult
Eggs
Gall
Doug Fir
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Sucking Insects General Adelgids Gall
Aphids Leaf Hoppers Spittlebugs Scale
Insects Other
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Elm Phloem Necrosis
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Elm Phloem Necrosis - White Banded Elm
Leafhopper - Vectors mycoplasm
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Nymphs
White Banded Elm Leafhopper
Adults
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Spittle bugs
Saratoga Spittle Bug Nymphs feed on understory
plants Pine Spittle Bug Nymphs feed on pine
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Saratoga Spittle Bug
Aphrophora saratogensis
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Saratoga Spittle Bug Life Cycle
1 generation per yr
Egg
Egg
Winter
Nymphs emerge In Spring
Nymphs move to alternate host (sweetfern Feed
May-July)
Adults oviposit In pine (RP, JP)
Nymphs feed May - July Adults emerge in summer
and fly to pine Feed June - Sept.
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Phytotoxicity of Saratoga Spittlebug Feeding
Scars on twigs, reddidh flecking
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Saratoga Spittle Bug
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Saratoga Spittle Bug Nymphs Develop on Alternate
Hosts, Especially Sweetfern
Adults Feed on Pine
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Sweetfern
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Saratoga Spittle Bug Mortality to Red Pine
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Saratoga Spittle Bug Mortality to Jack Pine
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Saratoga Spittle Bug Management
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Pine Spittle Bug
Aphrophora parallela
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Sucking Insects General Adelgids Gall
Aphids Leaf Hoppers Spittlebugs
Spittlebugs Scale Insects Other
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Scale Insects Highly reduced body parts Sexual
dimorphism Complex life cycles
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Pine Tortoise Scale
Sooty Mold
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Pine Tortoise Scale Life Cycle
1 generation per yr in North 3 in South
Mated Females
Mated Females
Winter
Crawler Begin feeding in spring
Adults Females Red-brown Males White
Mate Males Die
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Pine Tortoise Scale
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Pine Tortoise Scale
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Pine Tortoise Scale
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Other Scales Red- Pine Scale Black Pine Leaf
Scale
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• Beech Bark Disease
• - Beech Scale from Europe
• - Native Nectria fungi
• enter infection courts
• and cause disease
• Native lichens provide
• microhabitat for beech scale

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Dieback and Gap Formation Due to Beech Bark
Disease
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Beech Scale Life Cycle
Crawlers (White Wax)
Adult
Winter
Parthenogenesis 50 eggs each
Crawlers Flattened Favors wind dispersal
Feeding causes cell proliferation, Bark
cracking, Infection court for Nectria
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Beech Bark Disease
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Distribution of Beech Host Type and Beech Bark
Disease
2004
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Sucking Insects General Adelgids Gall
Aphids Leaf Hoppers Spittlebugs
Spittlebugs Scale Insects Other
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Boxelder Bug
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Oviposition Scars by Cicadas
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Oviposition Scars by Cicadas
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Mites Class Acarina Ornamentals
Nurseries Glasshouses Often flared by
pyrethroids Injury (but not susceptibility)can be
intensified by drought