What is behavior

1
(No Transcript)
2
What is behavior?

• 1st try
• Behavior is movement

Problem a) Leaves dance in the wind b) Bee
dance in the hive
3
What is behavior?

• 2nd try
• Behavior is movement that has an internal
  cause

Problem a) Plastic behaves in strange ways
when heated b) Rover behaves in strange ways
when tickled
4
What is behavior?

• 3rd try
• Behavior is movement of a system of parts
  that has an internal cause

Problem A chameleon change color in new
surrounding.
5
What is behavior?

• 4th try
• Behavior is movement ,or change of external
  condition, of a system of parts that has an
  internal cause

Problem a) A disease changed the color of the
patients skin. b) A chameleon changes
color in the new surrounding.
6
What is behavior?

• 5th try
• Behavior is movement ,or change of external
  condition, of a system of parts that has an
  internal cause , and is adaptive

7
Component of Behavior
8
Innate behavior-inherited,instinctive behavior

• Programmed by genes
• Highly stereotyped(similar each time in many
  individuals)
• Four categories
• Kinesis change the speed of random movement in
  response to environmental stimulus

9
Innate behavior-inherited,instinctive

• Taxis a directed movement toward or away from a
  stimulus positive and negative taxes
• Reflex movement of a body part in response to
  stimulus
• Fixed action pattern (FAP) Stereotyped and
  often complex series of movement, response to a
  specific stimulus

10
Innate behavior-inherited,instinctive behavior

• Programmed response to a stimulus
• Stimulus of FAP releaser, sometime called
  sign stimulus
• Examples
• Courtship behavior
• Rhythms-daily (circadian) annual (circanual)

11
Learning behavior

• Main questions for the study of animal behavior.
• What is the causation of the behavior?
• What is the function of the behavior?
• How does that behavior develop during ontogeny?
• How did that behavior evolve?

12
Why do birds sit on the eggs?
Why do birds sit on the eggs?
Why do birds sit on the eggs?
Why do birds sit on the eggs?
13
Interest in Animal Behavior

• Early Humans
• Early hominids and Homo erectus practiced a crude
  variety of hunting.
• Pecking man, 400,000 years ago, was accomplished
  hunter and user of fire and made tools from
  animal bones.

14
Interest in Animal Behavior

• Early Homo sapiens must have been keen observers
  of animal habits and characteristics.
• They needed to be familiar with the behavior of
  animal.
• They needed to know where and how to hunt their
  preys, and also protect themselves from potential
  predators.

15
Interest in Animal Behavior

• Prehistoric cave painting in France and Spain
  reveal other aspect of humankinds relationship
  to animal.
• Classical world
• Interest in animal behavior stemmed from
  curiosity about natural phenomena and a desire to
  record and categorized observation.

16
Why do we study animal behavior?

• Sense of wonder
• Like any science amazing phenomena begging
  description
• Saving endangered species
• E.g. homing behavior in salmon

17
Why do we study animal behavior?

• Self-knowledge
• The scientific study in animal of aggression,
  altruism
• Universal laws of life
• Martian life?
• Applications

18
Dog owners studied

• 5 attitudinal segments

• Companionship owners (27)

• Worried owners (24)

• Valued Object owners (19)

• Dissatisfied owners (19)

• Enthusiastic owners (17)

19
Animal Behavior and Veterinary Medicine

• Animal behavior in small animal practices
• Failure of veterinarians to provide advice on
  behavior problems presented by per owners has
  resulted in an increase in non-qualified
  individuals practicing as animal psychiatrists
• Many veterinarians are unware of basic principle
  of animal behavior

20
Animal Behavior and Veterinary Medicine

• Many behavioral disorder may arise as a result of
  abnormal social relationship with the owner,
  improper training in early life, or result from
  an inherited strain, or breed susceptibility
• Aggressive, hyperemotional dog ----? some cure
  by applying basic principle of animal behavior

21
Animal Behavior and Veterinary Medicine

• Critical period
• ------? the best age to take a pup as a pet and
  socialize him
• ------? experiences during critical period may
  have profound and permanent effects on subsequent
  behavior and contribute to a wide range of
  behavior disorder in later life

22
Animal Behavior in Large Animal Practice

• the clinician is on many occasions in a difficult
  position to make a diagnosis or prognosis because
  of lacking a basic knowledge of normal behavior
• Abnormal behavior pattern give the veterinarians
  the basic clinical sign of abnormality (due to
  either disease, trauma, or emotional disturbances)

23
Animal Behavior in Large Animal Practice(cont.)

• Knowledge of animal behavior would facilitate
  handling and transportation of livestock and in
  selecting suitable breeds ------? more suited
  behaviorally to the method of husbandry, climate
  and grazing method.
• Many disorder affecting the productivity of
  domestic stock may have an underlying behavioral
  basic

24
Animal Behavior in Large Animal Practice (cont.)

• Animal behavior has proven to be an essential
  area of research both in helping to evaluate the
  welfare of animals in different housing system,
  and in developing alternative system that
  maintain high levels of production while
  increasing animal welfare.
• Ethological research can help solve many basic
  production problems.

25
Zoo and Laboratory AnimalMedicine

• The state of wild animal in captivity in most
  zoos in civilized countries is deplorable, in
  terms of abnormal behavior, behavioral
  degeneration, and stereotyped ------? stereotyped
  neurotic behavior patterns
• In laboratory, behavior problems arise in dealing
  with newly acquired species

26
Animal Behavior in Large Animal Practice (cont.)

• Studying in wildlife behavior have been
  undertaken in their natural environment give
  information of a basic and essential if we are to
  know the nutritional and behavior requirements of
  the same species in captivity
• Overcrowding in captivity increases aggression in
  many animal, but without the basic in formation
  as to their territorial

27
Animal Behavior in Large Animal Practice (cont.)

• requirements and normal social behavior -------?
  incorrectly conclude that such animal are highly
  aggression and antisocial (actually in
  nature---?actually social and rarely display
  intra-species aggression)
• Veterinarians are becoming involved in other
  fields
• Preservation (endangered species)
• Control of wild game

28
History of Animal Behavior

• Mid 1800s
• Scientist such as Darwin, suggested that all
  organism were interrelated, that different
  organisms, including humans, derived/evolved from
  common ancestors
• Mendel is credited with introducing the idea of
  inheritance

29
History of Animal Behavior

• Late 1800s
• Scientists began struggling with the neural basic
  of behavior
• Early 1900s
• Several scientists especially Konrad Lorenz, Niko
  Tinbergen, and behavior can innate, born with
  rather than learned.

30
Niko Tinbergen
Konrad Lorenz
Karl von Frisch
Nobel prize in Medicine and Physiology
31
History of Animal Behavior

• Ethology describing animal behavior in nature
  and tending to focus on behaviors that were most
  likely inherited rather than learned
• Mid 1900s
• Ethology combined with neurobiology Neuroethology

32
History of Animal Behavior

• Efforts to understanding the neural
  neurocircuitry that response was responsible for
  behavior
• Present
• All of these efforts interweave with
  computational(computer) and theoretical
  scientists seeking to understand complex brain
  function/cognition. Language, emotion, learning,
  memory.

33
Foundations of Animal Behavior

• Theory of evolution by natural selection
• although each animal species has a high
  reproductive potential, the number of animals of
  a species remains relatively constant over time.
  Thus there is competition for survival

34
Foundations of Animal Behavior

• Only those members of species that are able to
  survive to produce more offspring contribute
  their characteristic to subsequent generation
  through their young.
• behavior, morphology and physiology were all
  thought to be subjects to the effects of natural
  selection

35
Foundations of Animal Behavior

• Comparative method
• Romanes, the comparative method involved
  studying animal to gain insight the behavior of
  human.

36
????????????????? George J. Romances
???????????????????????????????????
37

• Theories of genetics and inheritance
• Greatly influenced research in animal behavior
  was the birth of the science of genetic and the
  development of modern theories of inheritance

• Present day, behavioral biology is based on the
  combination of evolutionary theory, which explain
  how traits can change through time, and genetic,
  which explain traits are passed from one
  generation to another.

38

• We now know, the morphological, physiological
  traits, an animals behavior has a genetic
  component
• Thus behavior may be change as a species evolves

39
Experimental Approach

• The idea, method, and theories establish during
  the later half of nineteenth century form the
  foundation todays experimental approaches to
  study of animal behavior
• Comparative psychologists and physiologists have
  sought to determine the underlying causes of
  behavior

40
Experimental Approach

• Classical ethologists have been concluded
  primarily with the functional significance and
  evolutions of behavior pattern, but have also
  developed explanation for behavior mechanism
• Behavior ecologists have explored the
  environmental context for behavior and the way in
  which animal interact with their living
  environments

41

• Sociobiologists have applied the principles of
  evolutionary biology to study of social behavior
  and organization in animal
• Studies of Mechanism
• Comparative psychology
• Is study of different animals behavior pattern
  in order to determine the general principles that
  explain their action

42

• Perceptual psychology
• Involved the measurement of sensation (the
  reception of stimuli through the sense sight,
  hearing)
• Understanding of animal behavior in terms of
  what an animal make of its world, animals
  interpretations of its sensation

43
Applied Ethology
Modern approaches to Ethology

• Causation
• Function
• Development
• Evolution

Tinbergens 4 questions

• Welfare assessment
• Optimizing production
• Behavioral disorders

44
Animal welfare

• 5 freedoms for standard animal well-being
• Freedom from hunger and thirst
• Freedom from discomfort
• Freedom from pain, injury or disease
• Freedom from fear or stress
• Freedom to perform the normal patterns of behavior

45
(No Transcript)
46
Indicators of animal well-being

• Specific assessment criteria (General health
  status)
• Clinical signs and disease and performance
• Behavior
• Neurochemical and endocrinologic factors
• Immune function
• Morphologic changes
• Animal preferences

47
Applied animal behavior (cont.)

• Optimizing production
• Handle animal with specific animal requirement
  feeding rhythm, territory
• Behavior disorders
• Central aspect of applied ethology

48
Behavior measures during veterinary examination

• Used during clinical appraisal, generally
  qualitative presence or absence of certain kind
  of behavior is noted
• Animal attitude, deposition and temperament
  should be assessed before any handling is
  performed

49
Behavior measures during veterinary examination

• Reflex response to localized pained such as skin
  pricking or pinching may be noted -----? to
  determine nerve function
• Behavioral items of self maintenance such as
  feeding and body care
• Body care behavior often cease as a first sign of
  sickness

50
Ethology

• Observing wild animals in nature Europe
  naturalistic biologist.
• Ethogram

????? ????????? (Sniff/lick)
51
Design features in animal behavior studies

• necessary to have a basic understanding of the
  thought processes to formulate hypothesis and
  design experiment to test hypothesis.
• ?we will consider the design of an investigation
  of the effect of testosterone on an aggression
  behavior in male Mongolian gerbil.

52
Design features in animal behavior studies

• Our test animal will be
• Intact male gerbil
• Castrated male
• Castrated male given testosterone

53
Definition and records

• All observe must record similar behavior in
  exactly the same way
• Film, photograph or drawing often provide written
  definitions of behavior pattern
• Inter-observer reliability test
• Correlation -- positive good agreement

54
Design of the experiment

• Hypothesis formulation
• Experimental hypothesis
• are idea that developed by counting the reported
  investigation of other scientist with our own
  ides
• is aggression in adult male gerbil development
  upon the hormone testosterone

55

• Designation of variable
• Independent variable
• are the factor that the investigator has
  manipulated to define the treatment group and
  condition of experiment

56

• Dependent variable
• are the measure of behavior pattern that are
  observed and recorded
• aggression
• Control group
• is an un-manipulated set

57

• Sample size
• each experiment treatment group must contain
  enough animal to provide a complete and accurate
  assessment of behavior
• most statistical test require a certain minimum
  sample size for correct data analysis

58
Capturing, Marking, and Tracking Animal and
Animal Signs

• Capturing animal
• Capture -- to make the animal for
  identification
• --- measure size, age, sex
• --- bring to laboratory for certain
  portion of work

59
Capturing, Marking, and Tracking Animal and
Animal Signs

• Common method
• sweep --- insect species
• mist net --- bird
• live trap --- vertebrates,
  invertebrate (variety of shape
  and form)

60
?
?
???????????? ?. ???????? ?. ?????????????????????
61
Capturing, Marking, and Tracking Animal and
Animal Signs

• --- can be use the capture of
  almost all spp. of animal
• Sein net --- fish
• Pit fall trap --- vertebrate,
  invertebrate, reptile, amphibian
  and mammals

62
?
?
?
?????????????????????????????????? ?.
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????? ?.
??????????????????? (Barrier trap) ?.
??????????????????????? ? ???????????????????
63
????????????????????????? ?. ???? ?.
?????????????????????? ?. Mist net
64
???????????????????????????????????

• . Nose lead
• . Nose twitch
• . Extension arm
• . Hog snare
• . Rope squeeze
• . Body squeeze

65
Capturing, Marking, and Tracking Animal and
Animal Signs

• electroshock --- aquatic habitats
• CO2 cartridge gun
• tranquillizer dart
• Animal marking
• To be able to identify individual animal
  dominant, mating, animal care.

??????????? ?????????????????? (??????)
??????????????? ?????????????????????????????????
?????????
66
Capturing, Marking, and Tracking Animal and
Animal Signs

• Techiques include
• Coat color pattern in zebra, Holstein cow
• Variation in physical characteristic, scar
• Tagging nature and location will vary with
  species

67
Capturing, Marking, and Tracking Animal and
Animal Signs

• Plastic leg band --- bird
• Fin clip, fingerling tag --- fish
• Toe clip, dye mark, tattoo --- mammal
• Small dot of paint or dye on invertebrate
• Radioisotope --- either collar or band,
  subcutaneous implant

68
????????????????
?
?
?
?
?

• ???????????????????
• ??? ? ????????????????????????????????????????
• ?. ?????????????????????
• ?. ???????????????????????????

69
???????????????????????????????????????????? ?
??? ?????????????????????? ?. ???????????????????
???????? ?. ?????????????????????????????????????
????????
??????????????????????????????????
70
(No Transcript)
71
Capturing, Marking, and Tracking Animal and
Animal Signs

• Tracking animal
• Radiotransmitter --- bird,
  lizard, rodent,
  whale, elephant
• Vehicles --- airplane --- bird
• --- boat, driving gear
• --- aquatic animals

72
(No Transcript)
73
Capturing, Marking, and Tracking Animal and
Animal Signs

• Shark and Bake method --- using a finely power
  fluorescence dye
• Animal sign
• Help to interpret their behavior (except aquatic
  animal)
• Fecal material, impression of feet
• Determine --- direction of movement
• --- group size, sex, diet, net size

74
?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
??????????????????????????????
75
Sampling and Measuring

• Mush detail from direct observation is required
  then it will be possible to observe only one
  animal at time
• Appropriate sampling method --- data on several
  animal at once can be collected, but information
  about each individual is lost by sampling

76
The information about one kind of behavior which
can be obtain from observation and record as

• Presence or absence
• Frequency of occurrence
• Duration of each bout of each activity
• Intensity of activity
• Timing and nature of subsequence activity

77
Appropriate measure

• continuous recording --- recording aid
• behavior sampling or conspicuous behavior
  recording involves continuous observation of
  animal but recording of certain kinds of behavior
  only
• point sampling or instantaneous sampling

78

Appropriate measure

• period occurrence record - event which have
  occurred a predetermined time period are
  recorded at the end of the period

79
Appropriate measure
Recording aid Field study
80
Applied Animal Behavior

• the scope of applied animal behavior now
  generally include investigation of behavior for
• domestic livestock
• companions animals (pets)
• the large variety of animals kept in zoological
  park and aquaria

81
Applied Animal Behavior

• studies involving exotic animals in captivity
  have been quite important with regard to
  conservation efforts for a number of species.
• The study include the same types of
  investigations of behavior carried out by others
  doing animal behavior work

82
Applied Animal Behavior

• i.e., studies of physiological aspect of
  behavior, development, communications,
  aggression, etc.
• exploration of problems with companion animal
  --- pet psychology
• the effect of domestication in animals and the
  effects of captivity in their behavior

83
Applied Animal Behavior

• Medical science --- animal model
• The effects of conditions under which we house
  and breed these stock of mice, rats, dogs,
  primates and others.

84

• Method and approaches used today in applied
  animal behavior are mixture of ethology,
  comparative psychology behavioral ecology and
  sociobiology.