Figure 111 Page 194

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Figure 11-1Page 194
2
Biodiversity
Decrease Factors
Increase Factors

• Middle stages of
• succession
• Moderate environmental
• disturbance
• Small changes in
• environmental conditions
• Physically diverse habitat
• Evolution

• Extreme environ-
• mental conditions
• Large environmental
• disturbance
• Intense environ-
• mental stress
• Severe shortages of
• key resources
• Nonnative species
• introduction
• Geographic isolation

Figure 11-2Page 195
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Human Population Size and resource use
Human Activities Agriculture, industry,
economic production and consumption, recreation
Direct Effects
Degradation and destruction of natural
ecosystems Alteration of natural chemical cycles
and energy flows
Changes in number and distribution of
species Pollution of air, water, and soil
Indirect Effects
Loss of biodiversity
Climate change
Figure 11-3Page 195
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Figure 11-4Page 196
60
EUROPE
NORTH AMERICA
ASIA
30N
Tropic of Cancer
Atlantic Ocean
AFRICA
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
150
90
60E
0
30W
90
120
150
0
SOUTH AMERICA
Indian Ocean
Tropic of Capricorn
AUSTRALIA
30S
Antarctic Circle
60
ANTARCTICA
Critical and endangered
Threatened
Stable or intact
Projected Status of Biodiversity 19982018
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Figure 11-5Page 197
The Species Approach
The Ecosystem Approach
Goal
Goal
Protect populations of species in their
natural habitats
Protect species from premature extinction
Strategies
Strategy

• Identify endangered species
• Protect their critical habitats

Preserve sufficient areas of habitats in
different biomes and aquatic systems
Tactics
Tactics

• Protect habitat areas through private purchase or
  government action
• Eliminate or reduce populations of alien species
  from protected areas
• Manage protected areas to sustain native species
• Restore degraded ecosystems

• Legally protect endangered species
• Manage habitat
• Propagate endangered species in captivity
• Reintroduce species into suitable habitats

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Figure 11-6aPage 198
National parks and preserves
National forests
(and Xs) National wildlife refuges
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Figure 11-6bPage 198
National parks and preserves
National forests
(and Xs) National wildlife refuges
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Trade-Offs
Clear-Cutting Forests
Advantages
Disadvantages
Higher timber yields Maximum economic return in
shortest time Can reforest with genetically
improved fast-growing trees Short time to
establish new stand of trees Needs less skill
and planning Best way to harvest
tree plantations Good for tree species needing
full or moderate sunlight for growth
Reduces biodiversity Disrupts ecosystem
processes Destroys and fragments some wildlife
habitats Leaves moderate to large
openings Increases soil erosion Increases
sediment water pollution and flooding when done
on steep slopes Eliminates most recreational
value for several decades
Figure 11-7Page 200
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Figure 11-8Page 201
25
15
10
30
Years of growth
5
10
Figure 11-9aPage 201
Old growth
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Figure 11-9bPage 201
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Figure 11-10aPage 202
Selective Cutting
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Figure 11-10bPage 202
Cut 2
Cut 1
Shelterwood Cutting
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Figure 11-10cPage 202
Seed-Tree Cutting
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Figure 11-10dPage 202
Clear-Cutting
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Figure 11-10ePage 202
Uncut
Cut
Cut
Cut
Uncut
1 year ago
35 years ago
610 years ago
Strip Cutting
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Trade-Offs
Clear-Cutting Forests
Advantages
Disadvantages
Reduces biodiversity Disrupts ecosystem
processes Destroys and fragments some
wildlife habitats Leaves moderate to large
openings Increases soil erosion Increases
sediment water pollution and flooding when
done on steep slopes Eliminates most
recreational value for several decades
Higher timber yields Maximum economic return
in shortest time Can reforest with genetically
improved fast- growing trees Short time to
establish new stand of trees Needs less skill
and planning Best way to harvest tree
plantations Good for tree species needing
full or moderate sunlight for growth
Figure 11-11Page 203
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Natural Capital Degradation
Deforestation

• Decreased soil fertility from erosion
• Runoff of eroded soil into aquatic systems
• Premature extinction of species with
• specialized niches
• Loss of habitat for migratory species such as
• birds and butterflies
• Regional climate change from extensive clearing
• Releases CO2 into atmosphere from burning
• and tree decay
• Accelerates flooding

Figure 11-12Page 203
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Solutions
Sustainable Forestry

• Grow more timber on long rotations
• Rely more on selective cutting and strip cutting
• No clear-cutting, seed-tree, or shelterwood
  cutting
• on steeply sloped land
• No fragmentation of remaining large blocks of
  forest
• Sharply reduce road building into uncut forest
  areas
• Leave most standing dead trees and fallen timber
  for
• wildlife habitat and nutrient recycling
• Certify timber grown by sustainable methods
• Include ecological services of trees and forests
  in
• estimating economic value

Figure 11-13Page 205
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Figure 11-14Page 207
White pine blister rust
Sudden oak death
Pine shoot beetle
Beech bark disease
Hemlock wooly adelgid
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Figure 11-15aPage 208
Surface fire
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Figure 11-15bPage 208
Crown fire
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Trade-Offs
Logging in U.S. National Forests
Advantages
Disadvantages
Provides only 4 of timber needs Ample private
forest land to meet timber needs Has little
effect on timber and paper prices Damages
nearby rivers and fisheries Recreation in
national forests provides more local jobs and
income for local communities than logging Decrea
ses recreational opportunities
Helps meet countrys timber needs Cut areas
grow back Keeps lumber and paper
prices down Provides jobs in nearby
communities Promotes economic growth in
nearby communities
Figure 11-16Page 210
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Figure 11-17aPage 211
Rauvolfia
Rauvolfia sepentina, Southeast
Asia Tranquilizer, high blood pressure
medication
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Figure 11-17bPage 211
Foxglove
Digitalis purpurea, Europe Digitalis for heart
failure
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Figure 11-17cPage 211
Pacific yew
Taxus brevifolia, Pacific Northwest Ovarian
cancer
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Figure 11-17dPage 211
Cinchona
Cinchona ledogeriana, South America Quinine for
malaria treatment
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Figure 11-17ePage 211
Rosy periwinkle
Cathranthus roseus, Madagascar Hodgkin's
disease, lymphocytic leukemia
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Figure 11-17fPage 211
Neem tree
Azadirachta indica, India Treatment of many
diseases, insecticide, spermicide
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• Oil drilling
• Mining
• Flooding from dams
• Tree plantations
• Cattle ranching
• Cash crops
• Settler farming
• Fires
• Logging
• Roads

Secondary Causes

• Not valuing
• ecological services
• Exports
• Government policies
• Poverty
• Population growth
• Roads

Figure 11-18Page 212
Basic Causes
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Figure 11-19Page 213
Solutions
Sustaining Tropical Forests
Prevention
Restoration
Reforestation Rehabilitation of
degraded areas Concentrate farming
and ranching on already-cleared areas
Protect most diverse and endangered
areas Educate settlers about sustainable agricult
ure and forestry Phase out subsidies that
encourage unsustainable forest use Add subsidies
that encourage sustainable forest use Protect
forests with debt-for-nature swaps, conservation
easements, and conservation concessions Certify
sustainably grown timber Reduce illegal
cutting Reduce poverty Slow population growth
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In-text figurePage 214
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Solutions
National Parks

• Integrate plans for managing parks and nearby
  federal lands
• Add new parkland near threatened parks
• Buy private land inside parks
• Locate visitor paring outside parks and use
  shuttle buses for entering and touring heavily
  used parks
• Increase funds for park maintenance and repairs
• Survey wildlife in parks
• Raise entry fees for visitors and use funds for
  park management and maintenance
• Limit number of visitors to crowded park rangers
• Increase number and pay of park rangers
• Encourage volunteers to give visitor lectures and
  tours

Figure 11-20Page 215
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Figure 11-21Page 216
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Pacific Ocean
Panama
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Figure 11-22Page 217
Biosphere Reserve
Core area
Buffer zone 1
Buffer zone 2
Human settlements
Tourism and education center
Research station
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Develop or revise ecological goals
Develop or revise ecological model
Monitor and asses attainment
Develop or revise a plan
Implement or modify strategies
Figure 11-23Page 218
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Figure 11-24Page 219
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What Can You Do?
Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity

• Plant trees and take care of them.
• Recycle paper and buy recycled paper products.
• Buy wood and wood products made from trees that
• have been grown sustainably.
• Help rehabilitate or restore a degraded area of
• forest or grassland near your home.
• When building a home, save all the trees and as
  much
• natural vegetation and soil as possible.
• Landscape your yard with a diversity of plants
  natural
• to the area instead of having a monoculture lawn.

Figure 11-25Page 222
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Animation
Biodiversity hot-spots interaction.
Click to view animation.