Harmonizing Semantics in EGovernment

1
Harmonizing Semantics in E-Government

• Presentation to the Ontolog-Forum
  (http//ontolog.cim3.net)
• Brand L. Niemann
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Enterprise
  Architecture Team
• CIO Councils Architecture and Infrastructure
  Committee (AIC)
• Co-Chair, Semantic Interoperability Community of
  Practice (SICoP)
• CIO Councils Best Practices Committee (Knowledge
  Management Working Group)
• April 22, 2004

2
A Little History

• Led a Team That Won the Special Award for
  Innovation with XML and VoiceXML Web Services
  from Mark Forman and the Quad Council at FOSE,
  March 2002.
• Led the CIO Council XML Web Services Working
  Group from August 2002-October 2003
• TopQuadrant led the Semantic Technologies for
  eGovernment Pilot.
• TopQuadrant helped organize the very successful
  Semantic Technologies for eGovernment Conference
  at the White House Conference Center, September
  8, 2003.
• The TopQuadrant Pilot and the CIO Councils
  Knowledge Management Working Group (Best
  Practices Committee) Helped Start the new
  Semantic Interoperability Community of Practice
  (SICoP).
• The XML Web Services Working Group Pilots
  Supported the Development of the
• Federal Enterprise Architectures (FEA) Data and
  Information Reference Model and Its Data
  Management Strategy and the
• Government Enterprise Architecture Framework
  (GEAF) of the CIO Councils Architecture and
  Infrastructure Committee (AIC) Governance
  Subcommittee.

3
Organizational Relationships
Industry Advisory Council (IAC)
U.S. CIO Council
OMB - FEAPMO
Enterprise Architecture Special Interest Group
Architecture Infrastructure Committee
IT Workforce Connections
Best Practices Committee
WGs and CoPs
Subcommittees Governance Components Emerging
Technologies
Semantic Interoperability Community of Practice
Chief Architects Forum
4
Some Upcoming Events

• Collaboration Expedition Workshop 31, April
  28th, National Science Foundation, Ballston,
  Virginia
• Joint Workshop with SICoP on Multiple Taxonomies
• See http//ua-exp.gov
• Collaboration Expedition Workshop 32, May 11th,
  National Science Foundation, Ballston, Virginia
• Workshop on Emerging Technology Innovations in
  Software Component Development, Reuse, and
  Management Applications to Government
  Enterprise Architecture (e.g. the new Chief
  Architects Forum CoP)
• See http//ua-exp.gov
• SICoP Monthly Meeting 2, May 19th, MITRE,
  Mclean, Virginia
• Progress Reports on White Paper Modules (3),
  Collaboration Tools, Discussion of Common Upper
  Ontologies, etc.
• See http//web-services.gov and http//km.gov
• Fourth Quarterly Emerging Technology Components
  Conference, June 3rd, MITRE, McLean, Virginia
• Populating the Service Grid with Service
  Components
• See http//Componettechnology.org

5
An Upcoming Event

• Joint Workshop with SICoP on Multiple Taxonomies,
  April 28th
• Welcome
• Organizer Michel Biezunski, Coolheads Consulting
• The Semantic Web-What Is This Really About?
• Renee Lewis, Pensare Group
• Increased Knowledge Sharing and Mission Success
  Implementing Taxonomies for NASA
• Jayne Dutra, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
• Master and Relational Taxonomies
• Kevin Hannon, Independent Consultant
• Clustering of Search Results With and Without
  Taxonomies
• Raul Valdez-Perez, Vivisimo, Inc.

6
An Upcoming Event

• Joint Workshop with SICoP on Multiple Taxonomies,
  April 28th (continued)
• Semantics, Ontologies, and the Semantic Web
• Leo Obrst, The MITRE Corporation
• How to Create Many Taxonomies That Integrate Into
  a Single Enterprise-Wide Taxonomy
• Denise Bedford, The World Bank
• Ontology Overview
• Adam Pease, Independent Consultant
• Issues in Negotiating Multiple Semantic Models
• LeeEllen Friedland, The MITRE Corporation
• Accessibility, Usability, and Preservation of
  Government Information
• Eliot Christian, USGS and Chair, Categorization
  of Government Information Working Group of the
  Interagency Committee on Government Information
• Open Dialogue
• Steven Newcomb, Coolheads Consulting

7
A Past Event

• SICoP Monthly Meeting 1, April 14th, Army CIOs
  Office, Crystal City, Virginia
• Part 1 Community Business
• Old Business
• Minutes and Charter
• Emerging Products
• White Paper On Implementing the Semantic Web
• Module 1 Harnessing the Power of Information
  Semantics (Jie-Hong Morrison, State Department)
• Module 2 Exploring the Business Value of
  Semantic Interoperability (Irene Polikoff,
  TopQuadrant)
• Module 3 Roadmap for Operationalizing the
  Semantic Web (Michael Daconta, Smart Data
  Associates) (Slides 13-14)
• Army Knowledge Management Conference, August
  31-September 2nd, Semantic Web Track (need
  speakers).

Posted at http//web-services.gov, Past Meetings
and Presentations, April 14th
8
A Past Event

• SICoP Monthly Meeting 1, April 14th, Army CIOs
  Office, Crystal City, Virginia (continued)
• Part 2 Building Shared Understanding
• Ontologies for Semantically Interoperable
  Systems, Leo Obrst, The MITRE Corporation
  (deferred to the next meeting) (Slides 9-12)
• A Data and Information reference Model (DRM)
  Registry and Repository Pilot, Brand Niemann, US
  EPA (deferred to the next meeting)
• Common Upper Ontology for Cross-Domain Semantic
  Interoperability, Jim Schoening, The U.S. Army
  Communications Electonics Command
• Part 3 Launching/Building the Supported Community
  of Practice
• Proposed CoP Development Process, Rick Morris, US
  Army CIO Office
• Facilitated Discussion, Rick Morris and Brand
  Niemann, Co-Chairs

9
Tightness of Coupling Semantic Explicitness
Explicit, Loose
Far
Performance k / Integration_Flexibility
Modal Policies
Internet
Semantic Mappings
Semantic Brokers
OWL-S
Agent Programming
RDF/S, OWL
Peer-to-peer
Semantics Explicitness
Web Services UDDI, WSDL
Web Services SOAP
Community
Applets
XML, XML Schema
Data
Application
N-Tier Architecture EAI
Workflow Ontologies
Same Intranet
Conceptual Models
Enterprise
Middleware Web
Data Marts
Same Wide Area Network Client-Server
Data Warehouses
Same Local Area Network
Federated DBs
Distributed Systems OOP
Systems of Systems
Same OS
Same DBMS
Same Address Space
Same CPU
Linking
From Synchronous Interaction to Asynchronous
Communication
Same Programming Language
Compiling
Same Process Space
1 System Small Set of Developers
Local
Looseness of Coupling
Implicit, TIGHT
10
Dimensions of Interoperability Integration
Our interest lies here
Community
Enterprise
6 Levels of Interoperability
System
Semantic
Application
Syntactic
Component
Structural
Object
Data
3 Kinds of Integration
0
100
Interoperability Scale
11
Ontology Spectrum One View
strong semantics
weak semantics
12
Ontology Spectrum One View
strong semantics
Modal Logic
First Order Logic
Logical Theory
Is Disjoint Subclass of with transitivity property
Description Logic
DAMLOIL, OWL
UML
Conceptual Model
Is Subclass of
RDF/S
XTM
Extended ER
Thesaurus
Has Narrower Meaning Than
ER
DB Schemas, XML Schema
Taxonomy
Is Sub-Classification of
Relational Model, XML
weak semantics
13
The Smart Data Enterprise
Figure 2. Developer's Perspective on Data To the
application developer, the data evolution
timeline is viewed through the correlation of
programming paradigms with the relation of data
and code. From Designing the Smart-Data
Enterprise, Get prepared for the 10 ways that
semantic computing will impact enterprise IT, by
Michael C. Daconta, Posted November 28, 2003,
Enterprise Architect Magazine.
14
The Smart Data Enterprise
Figure 3. The Smart Data Continuum Data has
progressed through four stages of increasing
intelligence. (Reprinted with permission from The
Semantic Web A Guide to the Future of XML, Web
Services, and Knowledge Management John Wiley
Sons, 2003. From Designing the Smart-Data
Enterprise, Get prepared for the 10 ways that
semantic computing will impact enterprise IT, by
Michael C. Daconta, Posted November 28, 2003,
Enterprise Architect Magazine.
15
Abstract

• The history and broader context of this work.
• See Section 1.
• The eGov Act of 2002 has two sections (207 212)
  which require more structure and interoperability
  for government data and information and work has
  begun in several committees and communities of
  practice.
• See Section 2 (just a few highlights).
• The new Semantic Web standards and technologies
  provide a way to accomplish the purposes of the
  eGov Act of 2002 and the FEA Data and Information
  Reference Model Data Management Strategy.
• See Section 3 (will skip over for this group).
• The work on repurposing the Statistical Abstract
  of the United States, 2003, into a DRM Registry
  and Repository illustrates how a number of
  objectives can be accomplished at the same time,
  including the highest priority of the CIO
  Councils Architecture and Infrastructure
  Committee, namely intergovernmental exchange of
  data and information.
• See Section 4 (just a few highlights).
• The additional pilots underway are outlined.
• See Section 5.

16
Overview

• 1. Introduction (slides 17-19).
• 2. eGovernment Drivers The eGov Act of 2002 and
  the FEA Data and Information Reference Model
  (DRM) (slides 20-32).
• 3. Semantic Technologies for eGovernment (slides
  33-49).
• 4. Repurposing the Statistical Abstract of the
  United States, 2003, Into a DRM Registry and
  Repository (slides 50-72).
• 5. Additional Pilots (slides 73-74).

17
1. Introduction

• Repurposing of large documents with mixed content
  (text, tables, graphics, etc.) into XML content
  collections began with The Statistical Abstract
  of the United States (1999 Edition) as part of
  the FedStats.Net project to build a distributed
  network of statistical data and information using
  new XML standards and technology.
• The Statistical Abstract of the United States was
  considered to be one of the best examples of
  "manual aggregation of government information"
  (from some 200 programs across about 70 agencies)
  that would benefit from a distributed XML-based
  content network that would leave the content in
  the hands of its originators and create a more
  "living document".
• This work was recognized by OMB Associate
  Director for Information Technology and
  E-Government, Mark Forman, and the Quad Council
  with a Special Award for Innovation in the 2002
  CIO Showcase of Excellence for the use of XML in
  a distributed content network (renamed FedGov)
  and use of VoiceXML in providing universal access
  to emergency response information.

18
1. Introduction

• More recently, the eGov Act of 2002's provisions
  for an Intergovernmental Committee on Government
  Information (ICGI) and Data Integration Pilots,
  the Federal Enterprise Architecture's Data and
  Information Reference Model (DRM) and its Data
  Management Strategy and the focus in the CIO
  Council's Architecture and Infrastructure
  Committee on Intergovernmental Data Exchange,
  have all be tied together in a new pilot that
  simultaneously accomplishes multiple objectives
  (see next slide).
• This Smart Data Enterprise approach came from
  the Semantic Technologies for eGov Conference,
  September 8, 2003, at the White House Conference
  Center (in which the EPA CIO and her staff
  participated), and continues in the new CIO
  Councils Semantic Interoperability (Web
  Services) Community of Practice (SICoP) (see
  subsequent slides).

19
1. Introduction

• (1) Repurposes government data and information
  into structured documents using new XML-based
  standards and technologies that facilitate reuse
  and exchange.
• (2) Repurpose the data and information so that it
  can be readily decomposed into XML fragments (for
  text and tables) and RDF metadata (for graphics)
  that can be stored and referenced in a database
  and can be in turn repurposed into new documents
  that provide additional user-defined views of the
  data and information.
• (3) Organize and categorize the repurposed data
  and information using taxonomies and even
  ontologies in semantic registries and
  repositories.
• (4) Use "XML data islands", and RDF and OWL to
  add metadata, interoperability and semantic
  meaning to data and information to be reused and
  exchanged.
• (5) Standardize the data element and XML tag
  names in a DRM registry and repository.
• (6) Share these results with others that are
  working on Semantic Web and Technology
  Applications for eGovernment.

20
2. eGovernment Drivers

• The eGov Act of 2002
• SEC. 207. ACCESSIBILITY, USABILITY, AND
  PRESERVATION OF GOVERNMENT INFORMATION.
• (a) PURPOSE.The purpose of this section is to
  improve the methods by which Government
  information, including information on the
  Internet, is organized, preserved, and made
  accessible to the public.
• (b) DEFINITIONS.In this section, the term
• (1) Committee means the Interagency Committee
  on Government Information established under
  subsection (c) and
• (2) directory means a taxonomy of subjects
  linked to websites that
• (A) organizes Government information on the
  Internet according to subject matter and
• (B) may be created with the participation of
  human editors.

21
2. eGovernment Drivers

• The eGov Act of 2002 (continued)
• SEC. 207. ACCESSIBILITY, USABILITY, AND
  PRESERVATION OF GOVERNMENT INFORMATION.
• (d) CATEGORIZING OF INFORMATION.
• (1) COMMITTEE FUNCTIONS.Not later than 2 years
  after the date of enactment of this Act, the
  Committee shall submit recommendations to the
  Director on
• (A) the adoption of standards, which are open to
  the maximum extent feasible, to enable the
  organization and categorization of Government
  information
• (i) in a way that is searchable electronically,
  including by searchable identifiers and
• (ii) in ways that are interoperable across
  agencies
• (B) the definition of categories of Government
  information which should be classified under the
  standards and
• (C) determining priorities and developing
  schedules for the initial implementation of the
  standards by agencies.

Note Received the 2002 CIO Council Showcase of
Excellence Special Innovation Award for XML Web
Services (VoiceXML and the FedGov Content
Network) in March 2002.
22
2. eGovernment Drivers

• The eGov Act of 2002 (continued)
• SEC. 212. INTEGRATED REPORTING STUDY AND PILOT
  PROJECTS.
• (a) PURPOSES.The purposes of this section are
  to
• (1) enhance the interoperability of Federal
  information systems
• (2) assist the public, including the regulated
  community, in electronically submitting
  information to agencies under Federal
  requirements, by reducing the burden of duplicate
  collection and ensuring the accuracy of submitted
  information and
• (3) enable any person to integrate and obtain
  similar information held by 1 or more agencies
  under 1 or more Federal requirements without
  violating the privacy rights of an individual.

23
2. eGovernment Drivers

• The eGov Act of 2002 (continued)
• SEC. 212. INTEGRATED REPORTING STUDY AND PILOT
  PROJECTS.
• (d) PILOT PROJECTS TO ENCOURAGE INTEGRATED
  COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF DATA AND
  INTEROPERABILITY OF FEDERAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS.
• (1) IN GENERAL.In order to provide input to the
  study under subsection (c), the Director shall
  designate, in consultation with agencies, a
  series of no more than 5 pilot projects that
  integrate data elements. The Director shall
  consult with agencies, the regulated community,
  public interest organizations, and the public on
  the implementation of the pilot projects.
• (2) GOALS OF PILOT PROJECTS.
• (A) IN GENERAL.Each goal described under
  subparagraph
• (B) shall be addressed by at least 1 pilot
  project each.
• (B) GOALS.The goals under this paragraph are to
• (i) reduce information collection burdens by
  eliminating duplicative data elements within 2 or
  more reporting requirements
• (ii) create interoperability between or among
  public databases managed by 2 or more agencies
  using technologies and techniques that facilitate
  public access and
• (iii) develop, or enable the development of,
  software to reduce errors in electronically
  submitted information.

24
2. eGovernment Drivers

• The Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) Data
  and Information Reference Model (DRM)
• Volume 1 Bob Haycock, OMB Chief Architect, will
  soon release with guidance to the agencies.
• The E-Government Act 2002, Section 207,
  Interagency Committee on Government Information,
  will use top two layers of the DRM structure for
  categorization of government information (see
  next slide).
• The E-Government Act 2002, Section 212, calls for
  a series of no more than 5 pilot projects that
  integrate data elements to encourage integrated
  collection and management of data and
  interoperability of Federal Information systems.
• Data Management Strategy In process and draft
  to be released soon.
• Have several critiques of the ISO 11179 to
  improve the DRM Model including the suggested use
  of the Meta Object Facility (MOF) from the Object
  Management Group (OMG) by MetaMatrix (see slide
  16).
• Volumes 2-4 To Be Released by Fall 2004 (see
  slides 17-19).
• DRM business context, DRM information exchange,
  and DRM data elements.

25
The Current DRM Model

• A model for discovery of information
• Context and classification.
• To determine available packages and elements.
• A model for exchange of information
• Information packages, built from common data
  elements.
• Sharing mechanism.
• A model for representation of information
• Data elements defined in standard way.

ISO 11179
26
Expanding the DRM Model
DRM Model
MetaMatrix Model

• MetaMatrix vision
• Generic classification to tag metadata with
  context
• vs. 2-level context.
• Packages built from complex datatypes and
  deployable for exchange or data access
• vs. exchange-only packaging of ISO 11179 data
  elements.
• Formal datatype model
• vs. more conceptual ISO 11179 model.
• Formal reference information to add semantic
  value to data definitions
• vs. nothing.

BUSINESS CONTEXT
CLASSIFICATION
Subject Area
Context
Super Type
Category
BUSINESS DATA FLOW
PACKAGE
Virtual Database
Exchange Package
Info Exch Package
INSTANCE
Virtual
Transform
Physical
TYPE
DATA ELEMENT
Schema/Association
ISO 11179
Complex Datatype
Data Object
Abstract Datatype
Data Property
Simple Datatype
Data Representation
REFERENCE
Glossary
Thesaurus
Bibliography
27
2. eGovernment Drivers
28
2. eGovernment Drivers
29
2. eGovernment Drivers
30
2. eGovernment Drivers

• The FEA DRM Data Management Strategy, Business
  Driver 4 Resolve Data Semantics Issues That
  Impede Community of Practice Work, Brand Niemann
  and Ken Gill
• Introduction to Data Semantics.
• Domain Data Harmonization Strategy.
• Data Harmonization Guiding Principles (10).
• Global Justice Information Sharing Initiative
  (Global) Example.
• Increased Collaboration by Means of and with
  "Smart Data (Dacontas Declaration of Data
  Independence).
• Recommendations.

Note See http//web-services.gov for details.
31
2. eGovernment Drivers

• The FEA DRM has been and currently is the object
  of a series of pilot projects and collaborative
  work within the Communities of Practice
• Open GIS Consortium (OGC)
• Information Communities and Semantics WG (ICS
  WG)
• http//www.opengis.org/groups/?iid50
• Sustainable Intergovernmental Network Exchange
  (Global-Justice, Environmental Information-EPA,
  and Health IT Sharing (Health) (SINE)
• Collaborative Work Environment
• http//sine.cim3.net/
• Intelligence Community Metadata Working Group (IC
  MWG)
• http//www.xml.saic.com/icml/
• CIO Councils (Best Practices Committee)
  Knowledge Management Working Group (KM.GOV)
• Semantic (Web Services) Interoperability
  Community of Practice (SICoP)
• See http//km.gov and http//web-services.gov/

32
2. eGovernment Drivers

• The FEA DRM has been and currently is the object
  of a series of pilot projects and collaborative
  work within the Communities of Practice
  (continued)
• E-Gov SmartServices
• To join the group send an email to
  eGov_SmartServices-subscribe_at_yahoogroups.com with
  empty Subject and Body. You will then receive an
  email with a web link where you can select the
  subscription option.
• Open International Forum on Business Ontology
• ONTOLOG - collaborative work environment
• http//ontolog.cim3.net/ (April 22nd
  presentation)
• Semantic Technologies for E-Government, September
  8, 2003, White House Conference Center
• http//www.topquadrant.com/conferences/tq_proceedi
  ngs.htm
• 2nd Semantic Technologies for E-Government,
  September 8, 2004 (tentative).
• University of Maryland MINDLab (Professor Jim
  Hendler) and TopQuadrant (Ralph Hodgson)
• http//owl.mindswap.org/ and http//www.topquadran
  t.com/
• TopMIND Tutorials with Government Data Examples,
  March 22-25, 2004
• http//www.topquadrant.com/seminars/topmind.htm

33
3. Semantic Technologies for eGovernment

• Web-Enabled Government 2004 Conference and
  Exhibition, Session 2-4, February 4th, 2004
  Understanding Semantic Web Technology by
  Professor Jim Hendler and Brand Niemann
• (1) Tree of Knowledge Technologies and The
  Semantic Technology Layer Cake
• (2) Where We Are
• (3) Emerging Vendors Landscape Semantic
  Integration
• (4) Semantic Technologies and Web Services
• (5) The First Site on the Semantic Web
• (6) Taxonomy
• (7) Topic Maps
• (8) RDF and Ontology Components
• (9) RDF Syntax and Validator
• (10) OWL Syntax and Functionality
• (11) Some Educational Resources

Note Based on TopMIND Tutorials, November 3-4,
and December 3-4, 2003
34
3. Semantic Technologies for eGovernment

• Jim Hendler is a Professor at the University of
  Maryland and the Director of Semantic Web and
  Agent Technology at the Maryland Information and
  Network Dynamics Laboratory. He holds joint
  appointments in the Department of Computer
  Science, the Institute for Advanced Computer
  Studies and the Institute for Systems Research,
  and he is also an affiliate of the Electrical
  Engineering Department. He has authored close to
  150 technical papers in the areas of artificial
  intelligence, robotics, agent-based computing and
  high performance processing.
• Hendler was the recipient of a 1995 Fulbright
  Foundation Fellowship, is a member of the US Air
  Force Science Advisory Board, and is a Fellow of
  the American Association for Artificial
  Intelligence. As Chief Scientist and Program
  Manager at DARPA for the DAML program, he has
  been one of the major drivers in the creation of
  the Semantic Web, and continues to be a prominent
  player in the W3Cs Semantic Web Activity.

35
(1) Tree of Knowledge Technologies
Content Management Languages
Semantic Technology Languages
Process Knowledge Languages
AI Knowledge Representation
Software Modeling Languages
36
(1) The Semantic Technology Layer Cake
Source Dieter Fensel
37
(2) Where We Are
We Are Here
38
(3) Emerging Vendors Landscape Semantic
Integration
Current Support / Primary Strength
SU
Structured information
Ontoprise
OWL
SU
S
S
Network Inference
enLeague
Unicorn
S
Unstructured information
Expressivity and Semantic Power
Ontology Works
RDF
S
S
Miosoft
S
Celcorp
Modulant
S
Supports both
Contivo
S
S
XML
S
U
Vitria
MetaMatrix
SchemaLogic
IGS
Source Irene Polikoff, TopQuadrant, Positioning
Semantic Technologies The Emerging
Vendor Landscape, September 8, 2003.
Data and Schema
Run
time
Integration and
-
Management
Validation
Engine
Orchestration
Enterprise Support
39
(4) Semantic Technologies and Web Services
Semantic Web Services
Enterprise Ontology and Web Services Registry
Dynamic Resources
Semantic Web Services
Web Services
Static Resources
WWW
Semantic Web
Source Derived in part from two separate
presentations at the Web Services One Conference
2002 by Dieter Fensel and Dragan Sretenovic.
Interoperable Syntax
Interoperable Semantics
40
(5) The First Site on the Semantic Web
http//owl.mindswap.org
PhotoStuff Image Annotation Tool with OWL
41
(6) Taxonomy
Goals for enterprise taxonomies
Regardless of end goals, look to a future where
taxonomies interoperate (domains connect)
Expect new stakeholders to take an interest
but have their own viewpoints Technology
Recommendation RDF(S)
From Tim Berners-Lee, ISWC 2003
42
(6) What is a Taxonomy?

• A taxonomy is a model of knowledge organized as a
  hierarchical arrangement (tree structure) of
  concepts
• parent nodes denote more general ideas than their
  children.

A
B
43
(6) Types of Taxonomy

• A taxonomy can be
• A classification hierarchy, eg Natural Taxonomy
• Unique Beginner (plant) -gt Life-Form (bush) -gt
  Generic (rose) -gt Specific (hybrid tea) -gt
  Varietal (Peace)
• A part hierarchy (Meronomy)
• A category hierarchy
• Taxonomies can intersect intersection means
  there are different relationships at work

Reference D.A. Cruise, Lexical Semantics,
Cambridge University Press, 1986
44
(6) topSAIL/tdf Taxonomy Development
FrameworkA five-step method for taxonomy
development
1
2
3
4
5

• Focus
• What is the taxonomy for?
• What business challenges will it overcome?
• What results will it achieve?
• How to measure stakeholder benefit?

• Analysis
• What is the context for the taxonomy?
• What are the types sources of knowledge?
• How does knowledge map to processes?

• Design
• What types of taxonomy concepts are needed?
• What to do first?
• What system capabilities are needed?
• What will be the impact?
• Is the taxonomy design correct, complete and
  consistent?

• Construct
• Have we enough content mapped?
• How to connect taxonomies to content?
• How to integrate with IT systems?

• Deploy
• How do we ensure there will be feedback for
  assessment?
• Have we accomplished set objectives?
• What should be done next?

45
(7) Topic Maps
The TAO of Topic Maps

• Topic
• The entry in a topic map that refers to a subject
  on the real world.
• Topic Maps make a Plato-distinction between
  Things in the Real World (Subjects) and Things in
  the Topic Map world (Topics).
• Association
• Linkages between Topics.
• Tosca was written by Puccini.
• Occurrence
• Topics occur in resources.
• Resources indicated e.g., URLs
• Types of Occurrence mention, illustration,
  article, etc.

Note See http//www.giuseppeverdi.it/verdi. Also
see http//www.coolheads.com/egov for merging of
topic maps.
46
(8) RDF and Ontology Components
Key Ontology Components
RDF Triple Components
The company sells batteries.
depiction
Image
knows
Person birthdate date Gender char
Object
Predicate
published
Subject
Resource
Predicate
Literal
works for
is-A
leads
Resource Description Framework
Leader
Organization
URI
Literal
Source The Semantic Web A Guide to the Future
of XML, Web Services, and Knowledge Management,
Wiley Technology Publishing, June 2003.
Property or Association
47
(9) RDF Syntax and Validator
Graph of the Data Model
Syntax

• lt?xml version"1.0"?gt
• ltrdfRDF xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/02/22-r
  df-syntax-ns"
• xmlns"http//www.example.org"gt
• ltrdfDescription rdfID"Jen"gt
• ltrdftypegt
• ltrdfDescription rdfabout"Person"gt
• lt/rdftypegt
• lthas namegtJen Golbecklt/has namegt
• lthasJobgt
• ltrdfDescription rdfabout"Job1"gt
• ltemployergtGeorge Washington Universitylt/emplo
  yergt
• ltpositiongtAdjunct Professorlt/positiongt
• lthiredgtJuly 2001lt/hiredgt
• ltsalarygt1lt/salarygt
• lthoursPerWeekgt15lt/hoursPerWeekgt
• lt/rdfDescriptiongt
• lt/hasJobgt
• ..

http//www.w3.org/RDF/Validator
48
(10) OWL Syntax and Functionality

• lt?xml version"1.0"?gt
• ltrdfRDF xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/02/22-r
  df-syntax-ns"
• xmlnsrdfs"http//www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema
  "
• xmlnsowl"http//www.w3.org/2002/07/owl"
• xmlns"http//www.example.org"
• xmlbase"http//www.example.org/"gt
• ltowlClass rdfID"Person"/gt
• ltowlClass rdfID"Employee"gt
• ltrdfssubClassOf rdfresource"Person"/gt
• ltrdfslabelgtOur Cool Employee Classlt/rdfslabelgt
• lt/owlClassgt
• ltowlClass rdfID"Civil_Servant"gt
• ltrdfssubClassOf rdfresource"Employee"/gt
• ltrdfslabelgtOur Cool Civil Servant
  Classlt/rdfslabelgt
• lt/owlClassgt

• Applications for OWL
• Markup for web pages and other web-based media.
• Raw Data Sharing.
• Web Services.
• Media Markup
• Google and other keyword searches are excellent
  because they can work with text.
• Not likely to be much improved by semantic web.
• Image searches are much worse than text searches.
• No way to know what is happening in an image,
  what in it, what context it was taken, or who is
  doing what.
• MP3 searches.
• I want that song that was in the Mitsubishi
  commercial
• Video search.
• Challenges
• Trust Provenance.
• Visualization.

49
(11) Some Educational Resources
Dieter Fensel Ontologies A Silver Bullet for
Knowledge Management and Electronic Commerce,
Springer Verlag, 2001
Johan Hjelm, Creating the Semantic Web with
RDF, John Wiley, 2001
John Davies, Dieter Fensel Frank van Harmelen,
Towards the Semantic WEB Ontology Driven
Knowledge Management, John Wiley, 2002
Dieter Fensel, Wolfgang Wahlster, Henry
Lieberman, James Hendler (Eds.) Spinning the
Semantic Web Bringing the World Wide Web to Its
Full Potential, MIT Press, 2002
Michael C. Daconta, Leo J. Obrst, Kevin T. Smith
The Semantic Web A Guide to the Future of XML,
Web Services, and Knowledge Management, John
Wiley, 2003
Vladimir Geroimenko (Editor), Chaomei Chen
(Editor), Visualizing the Semantic Web,
Springer-Verlag, 2003
M. Klein and B. Omelayenko (eds.), Knowledge
Transformation for the Semantic Web, Vol. 95,
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and
Applications, IOS Press, 2003
Sheller Powers, Practical RDF, OReilly, 2003
50
4. Repurposing the Statistical Abstract of the
United States, 2003, Into a DRM Registry and
Repository

• Overview
• Steps in Repurposing the Data Tables
• (1) Table in Adobe Reader 6.0.
• (2) Define Basic XML Tags in XMLSPY 2004.
• (3) Define XML Tags for Data Element Names in
  XMLSPY 2004.
• (4) Markup the Table in XMLSPY 2004.
• (5) Grid View in XMLSPY 2004.
• (6) XML Table Database in Excel 2002.
• (7) Create the HTML Interface.
• (8) HTML Interface in Browser.
• (9) XML Table Database in Browser.
• Some Features of the DRM Registry and Repository
• Note that it is embedded in the document itself,
  not separate!

51
4. Repurposing the Statistical Abstract of the
United States, 2003, Into a DRM Registry and
Repository

• Overview
• The methodology for repurposing the Statistical
  Abstract, 2003, documents (45 PDF files/14.2 MB)
  into a structured XML content collection was
  presented previously
• See Past Meetings and Presentations at
  http//web-services.gov, November 18-19, 2003,
  Website Content Management for Government
  Conference, Invited Presentation on November 19th
  on "Repurposing Documents Into Semantic Web
  Services and Networks" (EPA Enterprise
  Integration Portal/Data Exchange Network Pilot),
  Doubletree Hotel, Arlington, VA. Also see
  Folio-to-XML Conversion and Webinar.
• Current plans call for the completions of the
  repurposing of this document and continued work
  on state of the environment and national and
  community indicator reports.

52
Step 1. Table in Adobe Reader 6.0
Text Select Tool Highlight Table, Edit Copy,
Edit Paste to XML SPY 2004
53
Step 2. Define Basic XML Tags in XMLSPY 2004

• ltTableTitlegt
• ltTableHeadNotegt
• ltTableBodygt
• ltTableFootnotegt
• ltTableSourcegt

54
Step 3. Define XML Tags for Data Element Names in
XMLSPY 2004

• Census Date (Year, Month Day)
• Resident Population (Number)
• Resident Population (Number Per Square Mile of
  Land Area)
• Resident Population Increase Over Preceding
  Census (Number)
• Resident Population Increase Over Preceding
  Census (Percent)
• Area (Square Miles) Total
• Area (Square Miles) Land
• Area (SquareMiles) Water

• CensusDateYearMonthDay
• ResidentPopulationNumber
• ResidentPopulationPerSquareMileofLandArea
• ResidentPopulationIncreaseOverPrecedingCensusNumbe
  r ResidentPopulationIncreaseOverPrecedingCensusPer
  cent
• AreaSquareMilesTotal
• AreaSquareMilesLand
• AreaSquareMilesWater

The heart of the DRM Registry and Repository
for reuse!
55
Step 4. Markup the Table in XMLSPY 2004
Text View in XMLSPY 2004
56
Step 4. Markup the Table in XMLSPY
2004(continued)
Text View in XMLSPY 2004
57
Step 5. Grid View in XMLSPY 2004(like a
spreadsheet!)
Highlight Grid Table, Edit Copy as Structured
Text, and Paste to Excel.
58
Step 6. XML Table Database in Excel 2002
Highlight Table, Format Column AutoFit
Selection. Also spreadsheet-like data tables can
be pasted into XMLSPY 2004.
59
Step 7. Create the HTML Interface
Navigation Functionality (non-XML)
Note two references to statabs2003no1.xml.
60
Step 7. Create the HTML Interface(continued)
Data Element Names
XML Tag Names
Note this makes the XML table database
independent of the HTML presentation.
61
Step 8. HTML Interface in Browser
Link to XML File
Navigation Buttons
Can easy browse through long tables.
62
Step 9. XML Table Database in Browser
Can expand and collapse using and -.
The heart of the DRM Registry and Repository
for interoperable exchange.
63
Some Features of the DRM Registry and Repository
Taxonomy of Federal Statistical Data and
Information!
64
Some Features of the DRM Registry and Repository
Detailed of Table of Contents for Entire Document.
65
Some Features of the DRM Registry and Repository
Detailed Table of Contents for Each Section.
66
Some Features of the DRM Registry and Repository
Graphics can have RDF metadata.
67
Some Features of the DRM Registry and Repository
Tables are structured data (copy to Excel) and
available in XML
68
Some Features of the DRM Registry and Repository
Table copied to Excel from Browser
69
Some Features of the DRM Registry and Repository
Search within just one chapter of the entire
document.
70
Some Features of the DRM Registry and Repository
Better search than from conventional Internet
search engines.
71
Some Features of the DRM Registry and Repository
Appendix III on Limitations of the Data (Data
Quality) for Major Databases!
72
Some Features of the DRM Registry and Repository
Harmonization/Standardization of Data Element and
XML Tag Names
73
5. Additional Pilots

• Where does the FEA go next?, Bob Haycock, Chief
  Architect, OMB, at the Chief Architects Forum,
  April 5, 2004
• Complete the DRM.
• Conduct DRM Community of Practice Pilots.
• Continue to develop and implement further DRM
  volumes and FEA Data Management Strategy.
• Etc.

74
5. Additional Pilots

• Census Bureau/FedStats (Statistical Abstract of
  the US)
• Lead original Line of Business (Data and
  Statistics) which was exempted so it became a
  logical selection for a best practice pilot!
• National Indicator System and the Community
  Statistical System
• GAO, CEQ, Community Indicator Consortium, etc.
• Sustainable Intergovernmental Network Exchange
  (SINE)
• Global Justice, EPA, Health, etc.
• Intelligence Community Metadata Working Group (IC
  MWG)
• XML Enablement Strategy and Tool Evaluation.
• Componenttechnology.Org
• Proposals from participants in this Community of
  Practice to Populate the Service Grid with
  Services Components.
• Categorization of Government Information Working
  Group of the Interagency Committee on Government
  Information
• GSA Office of Intergovernmental Solutions (Susan
  Turnbull) Outreach to Involve State and Local
  Governments.
• University of Maryland MINDLab (Professor Jim
  Hendler) and TopQuadrant (Ralph Hodgson)
• Semantic Markup and Tools for Government Content
  (getting content ready for them!).