Frozen in Time, Incapable of adapting to a Fast Moving World, Cambodia Has Lost the Ownership of its

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Frozen in Time, Incapable of adapting to a Fast
Moving World, Cambodia Has Lost the Ownership of
its Destiny

• Seminar in Long Beach, California
• April 30, 2006
• Presented by
• Naranhkiri Tith, Ph.D.

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• If this conflict between Cambodia and Vietnam
  remains unsolved in the foreseeable future, a
  human tragedy of enormous proportion would take
  place in Cambodia, as the Cambodian people cannot
  be expected to sit still while their shrinking
  country is being chipped away, inch by inch, by
  illegal Vietnamese immigrants with the connivance
  and assistance of the Hun Sens regime.
• Washington DC. March, 2006
• Naranhkiri Tith, Ph.D.

13
Outline

• Introduction Cambodia from the most powerful
  state in Southeast Asia to present day failed
  state What went wrong?
• Part I Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
  Aggression Against the Khmer Empire
• Chapter 1 From vassal to suzerain
  factors leading the breakaway of Thai people
  from the Khmer Empire and the founding of Siam
• Chapter 2 relation between Siam and Cambodia
  during the French interregnum in Cambodia

14
Outline (continued)

• Part II Chronology of Dai-Viets (Vietnam)
  Aggression Against the Khmer Empire
• Chapter 3 Factors leading the emergence of
  Dai- Viet and its imperial march and colonialism
• Chapter 4 Relation between Vietnam and
  Cambodia during the French interregnum in
  Cambodia
• Part III French Protectorate
• Part IV Factors Underlying Cambodias Failure
  to Respond to Foreign Aggression
• Chapter 5 Cambodia a backwater state under
  French protectorate Second tiers colonialism

15
Outline (continued)

• Chapter 6 Past legacy and fundamental flaws in
  Cambodian society leading to its failure to
  respond to foreign aggression
• Chapter 7 Foreign aggression of Cambodia after
  independence under
• A. Sihanouks autocratic rule and dominance
• B. Lon Nol corrupt and irrelevant republic
• C. The Khmer Rouges insanity and paranoia
• D. Hun Sen and CPP illiberal democracy,
  systemic corruption and open border to illegal
  Vietnamese immigration
• Part V A suggested Roadmap for Survival and
  conclusion

16
Introduction

• From the most powerful state in mainland
  Southeast Asia in the twelve centuries, to
  Cambodia current status as a failed state. What
  went wrong? A brief survey of views expressed by
  Cambodians, as well as by foreign observers and
  scholars.
• A. Khmer Empire a brilliant civilization and
  powerful state without rival as explained by
  scholars
• B. Todays Cambodia failed state selected
  views from Cambodians as well as from foreign
  observers and scholars

17
Introduction (Continued)

• A. Khmer Empire a brilliant civilization and
  powerful state without rival in Mainland
  Southeast Asia

18
IntroductionA. a Brilliant and Powerful State

• The significance of the Khmer civilization
• Our knowledge of Khmer civilization is far from
  complete many surprises are in store, too many
  problems await detailed study. We can at least
  pronounce judgment on the period from the ninth
  to the twelfth centuries, which witnessed the
  pre-eminence of Angkor.
• Source Bernard Phillip Groslier Angkor Art and
  civilization

19
IntroductionA. a Brilliant and Powerful State

• The significance of the Khmer civilization
• The chronological and historical framework is
  based on solid foundations we are familiar with
  the principal buildings and can follow the course
  of their evolution. Though our interpretation of
  the facts is still far from certain, we may
  without undue risk attempt to draw certain
  conclusions of general application.
• Source Bernard Phillip Groslier Angkor Art and
  civilization

20
Introduction A. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• The significance of the Khmer civilization
• But neither a favourable environment nor
  limitless resources nor years of peace would have
  sufficed without the spiritual contribution of
  India. India was the spark that fired the blaze.
  A strongly centralized society gradually grew up
  round the king, the god on earth, who guaranteed
  its spiritual and material existence. It was to
  this concentration of power as well as to her
  flourishing economy that Cambodia owed her
  unrivalled fame.
• Source Bernard Phillip Groslier Angkor Art and
  civilization

21
Introduction A. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• The significance of the Khmer civilization
• We are reminded, though on a more modest scale,
  of the Roman Empire united by the cult of Caesar,
  or better still of the Chinese Empire, itself
  also the product of the exploitation of the soil
  and of a religion both of which centered on the
  person of the Emperor. In this respect Cambodia
  sometimes even surpassed her Indian teachers.
• Source Bernard Phillip Groslier Angkor Art and
  civilization

22
IntroductionA. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• The significance of the Khmer civilization
• The Khmer civilization was the most important,
• the most brilliant and original in ancient
• Indochina. Although classification by order of
• merit is a somewhat puerile historical pastime,
  it
• can also be regarded as one of the greatest,
• together with that of Indonesia, in the whole of
• Indianized Asia.
• Source Bernard Phillip Groslier Angkor Art and
  civilization

23
IntroductionA. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• The significance of the Khmer civilization
• The brilliant achievements of ancient Cambodia
  were due primarily to the country s wealth of
  natural resources. No other country of the
  peninsula could boast of such an unbroken extent
  of fertile and well-watered land. Cambodia,
  being a strictly defined and admirably situated
  geographical unit, was the cradle of a powerful
  and gifted race. The people were left in peace
  throughout ten centuries, without any outside
  interference.
• Source Bernard Phillip Groslier Angkor Art and
  civilization

24
Introduction A. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• The significance of the Khmer civilization
• On the other hand, we must not be led by its
  undeniable brilliance to bestow unqualified
  praise on Khmer civilization. It contained
  within itself the seeds of its own destruction.
  An excessive and too exclusive inflation of the
  royal power produced a kind of hypertrophy which
  exhausted the nation beyond hope of recovery.
  The country was milked dry for the sole benefit
  of the king. Religion and art alike were
  dedicated to his service.
• Source Bernard Phillip Groslier Angkor Art
  and civilization

25
Introduction A. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• The significance of the Khmer civilization
• Our judgment may perhaps be warped owing to the
  disappearance of all secular writings and of an
  incalculable number of works of art. But there
  is no evidence of any healthy philosophy
  developing outside the cult of the king-god,
  after whose disappearance there was in any case
  nothing capable of regenerating the nation. In
  such a closed society nothing was left to pin
  one's faith on - except Buddhism, a religion of
  total renunciation.
• Source Bernard Phillip Groslier Angkor Art
  and civilization

26
Introduction A. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• The Khmer Empire at its Zenith in the twelfth
  century

Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short
History, Yale University Press, 1984
27
Introduction A. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• The Khmer Empire at its Zenith in the twelfth
  century

Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short
History, Yale University Press, 1984
28
Introduction A. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• Prelude to decline of Angkor Civilization
• Under Jayavarman VII, the Khmer civilization
  reached a new peak after the collapse caused by
  the Cham invasion. At the dawn of the thirteenth
  century, Angkor experienced an extraordinary
  renaissance attested by the creation of a new art
  style and the founding of a magnificent capital.
  Only a short time later, the khmer kingdom was
  struck down by sudden death. The population
  weakened by the work on the countless building
  sites of Jayavarman VII, was no longer strong
  enough to hold out against new attack s of new
  invaders.
• Source Henri Sterlin The Cultural History of
  Angkor Editions Aurum Press Ltd. United Kingdom,
  1984

29
Introduction A. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• Prelude to decline of Angkor Civilization
• The main danger was no longer Champa, situated to
  the east of Angkor. The new threat lay on the
  western frontier. Driven south by the Mongols who
  were descending upon Indochina by way of the
  Burmese valleys, the Thais were penetrating
  deeper and deeper into the Menam basin.
• Source Henri Sterlin The Cultural History of
  Angkor Editions Aurum Press Ltd. United Kingdom,
  1984

30
Introduction A. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• Prelude to decline of Angkor Civilization
• The Cham took advantage of the situation and
  threw the khmer yoke. About the same time, in the
  late thirteenth century, Tcheou Ta-Kuoan came to
  Angkor as an ambassador and admired the last
  radiance of the glorious civilization which had
  ruled over the whole Southeast Asia. Shortly
  after the visit, the Khmers lose all their
  influence in Indochina.
• Source Henri Sterlin The Cultural History of
  Angkor Editions Aurum Press Ltd. United Kingdom,
  1984

31
Introduction A. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• Decline of the Khmers
• A number of factors led to the decline of the
  Khmers, among them Jayavarman VII's building
  projects that laid a heavy burden on the kingdom
  economy. It is estimated that during his time the
  Khmer state built and supported 102 hospitals,
  101 rest houses for pilgrims, and 20,000 shrines.
  He constructed roads linking the capital with the
  principal provincial centers where temples were
  built and furnished with images.
• From D.R. Sardesai Southeast Asia PastPresent,
  Westview, Boulder, Colorado, 1989)

32
Introduction A. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• Decline of the Khmers
• There were nearly 300,000 priests and monks
  supported by the state treasury. The burden of
  monument-building on the population was too
  severe to bear. Thousands of villages, tens of
  thousands of officials, and an army of laborers
  and artisans were assigned to the uneconomic
  tasks of building monuments to glorify the
  royalty.
• Jayavarman's punitive wars against Champa and
• From D.R. Sardesai Southeast Asia PastPresent,
  Westview, Boulder, Colorado, 1989)

33
Introduction A. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• Decline of the Khmers
• recalcitrant vassal kingdoms further drained the
  empire. As in the past, the Chams continued to
  pose a threat on the northeast frontier. Even
  more serious was the progressive movement
  southward of the Thai people who carved out new
  states in the territory formerly ruled by the
  Khmers. Thus, Sukhotai in the upper Menam
  declared its independence of the Khmer rule in
  1219, the year of Jayavarman VII's death. Later,
  in the thirteenth century, the Mongol rulers of
  China helped weaken the Khmer power by
  encouraging the Thais to move farther into
  Southeast Asia.
• Source D.R. Sardesai Southeast Asia
  PastPresent, Westview, Boulder, Colorado, 1989)

34
Introduction A. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• Decline of the Khmers
• A religious factor that undermined the Khmer
  authority was the spread of Hinayana Buddhism in
  the empire. This version of Buddhism did not
  permit belief in bodhisattvas or in the divine
  basis of kingship. It came to Burma from Sri
  Lanka in the eleventh century, and through the
  Mons and Thais it spread in the Khmer empire,
  where the masses seem to have appreciated its
  egalitarian character. No more would they regard
  the kings as divine. The great extension of the
  god-king cult under Jayavarman VII
• Source D.R. Sardesai Southeast Asia
  PastPresent, Westview, Boulder, Colorado, 1989)

35
Introduction A. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• Decline of the Khmers
• might have been a response to this threat.
• Such forces continued to act against the Khmer
  power throughout the period after Jayavarman's
  death. The Chams in the east and the Thais in the
  west took large chunks of the Khmer empire in
  1431, Angkor itself was captured by the Thais.
  The Khmers regained their former capital for a
  brief period, but in 1434 they abandoned it and
  established a new capital near Phnom Penh.
• Source D.R. Sardesai Southeast Asia
  PastPresent, Westview, Boulder, Colorado, 1989

36
Introduction A. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• Decline of the Khmers
• In sum, the Khmer empire developed a civilization
  that dominated the southern and central areas of
  mainland Southeast Asia for several centuries.
  Though its political authority clearly declined
  from the fourteenth century, many of its main
  features in the social, cultural, and
  administrative domains were transmitted to the
  new states that were built on its ruins.
• Source D.R. Sardesai Southeast Asia
  PastPresent, Westview, Boulder, Colorado, 1989

37
Introduction A. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• Abandon of Angkor
• Nevertheless, Angkor was abandoned quite
  abruptly. Why ? Some archaeologists presume that
  a dyke broke, causing calamitous flooding. In
  some places diggings have revealed a layer of
  alluvial deposits. All of these factors doubtless
  helped bring about the country's downfall.
  However we believe there was yet another
  determining cause.
• Source Henri Stierlin The Culture and History of
  Angkor (Aurum Press LTD. London, 1984

38
Introduction A. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• The Abandon of Angkor
• During the Siamese invasions, the irrigation
  system was certainly badly damaged. The
  precarious balance man had created artificially
  by means of canals and barays was disturbed. The
  water flow changed. In the canals clear river
  water replaced the muddy water which had kept the
  fields fertile for such a long time.
• Source Henri Stierlin The Culture and History of
  Angkor (Aurum Press LTD. London, 1984

39
Introduction A. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• Abandon of Angkor
• The flow was no longer strong enough to carry
  along sediment torn from the banks. As soon as
  the water cleared up, malaria became a problem.
  Anopheles mosquitoes do not lay eggs in muddy
  water. Both the adults and the larvae show a
  marked preference for clear water. The population
  of Angkor was probable decimated by fevers and
  malaria before the enormous city was abandoned.
• Source Henri Stierlin The Culture and History
  of Angkor (Aurum Press LTD. London, 1984)

40
Introduction A. a Brilliant and Powerful State
(continued)

• Abandon of Angkor
• An ecological catastrophe brought the incredible
  irrigation system to a standstill. As a result,
  the Khmers lost their wealth prosperity and
  power. Rice production ceased as if it had been
  under a curse. The survivors went back to the
  sites where their ancestors had lived before the
  rise of Khmer civilization and the creation of
  the rice factory which had been the main cause of
  their splendour and glory.
• Source Henri Stierlin The Culture and History
  of Angkor (Aurum Press LTD. London, 1984)

41
IntroductionB. Cambodia Signs of a Failed State

• B. Present days Cambodia failed state selected
  views from Cambodians as well as from foreign
  observers and scholars

42
Introduction B. Cambodia Signs of a Failed
State

• International Monetary Fund on Cambodia failure
• 4 July 2004IMF denounces a Mafia State
  in a non published report (2) On June 22, the
  French newspaper Le Figaro published from Paris
  an article titled Le Fonds monétaire
  international dénonce la dérive mafieuse de
  l'Etat cambodgien (The International Monetary
  Fund denounces the drift of Cambodia into a mafia
  State) by François Hauter, who based his writing
  on a non published, very strongly worded IMF
  report presented to Finance Minister Keat Chhon
  last May.

43
Introduction B. Cambodia Signs of a Failed
State

• International Monetary Fund on Cambodia failure
• 4 July 2004The IMF reportedly points to the
  fact that the Cambodian State no longer plays
  its role which explains lawlessness and the
  continuous aggravation of poverty and
  recommends that international assistance be
  reconsidered. Eight hundreds NGOs are accused by
  the IMF of being part of a network that annually
  plunders some US 250 millions from donors,
  notably under the cover of technical
  assistance. Development prospects, especially in
  agriculture, are described as bleak. See
  original text at (http//www.lefigaro.fr/internati
  onal/20040622.FIG0062.html)

44
Introduction B. Cambodia Signs of a Failed
State (continued)

• Sam Rainsy Lawmaker Asks for Vietnamese
  Associations to Be Removed from 19 Provinces and
  Towns
• A lawmaker from the Sam Rainsy Party has
  submitted a proposal asking the Co-Minister of
  the Interior to remove the authorization for
  Vietnamese Associations in 19 towns and
  provinces. The proposal said that after the
  Ministry of the Interior made an irresponsible
  decision to allow illegal Vietnamese immigrants
  to set up the association and its branches in 19
  provinces and towns, the number of illegal
  Vietnamese immigrants has doubled in the last 10
  months, as could be seen in areas where
  Vietnamese live
• Source Mirror of Cambodian Society (Koh
  Santepheap, Vol.37, 5202, 18.8.2004)

45
Introduction B. Cambodia Signs of a Failed
State (continued)

• Sam Rainsy Lawmaker Asks for Vietnamese
  Associations to Be Removed from 19 Provinces and
  Towns
• Chhnok Tru in Kompong Chhnang, Chong Khnies in
  Siem Reap, and Svay Pak or Chbar Ampov district
  in Phnom Penh.
• The proposal continued that the huge influx of
  illegal Vietnamese within a short period, their
  illegal settlement along rivers and in populated
  areas without respect for respectable Khmer
  society, and their arrogant destruction of
  natural resources. The decision of the Ministry
  of the Interior is contrary to the world view
  that is now calling for eliminating all kinds of
  prejudice and discrimination.
• Source Mirror of Cambodian Society (Koh
  Santepheap, Vol.37, 5202, 18.8.2004)

46
Introduction B. Cambodia Signs of a Failed
State (continued)

• Sam Rainsy Lawmaker Asks for Vietnamese
  Associations to Be Removed from 19 Provinces and
  Towns
• The proposal also raised the associations
  bylaws, which specify in their chapter 3, The
  main purpose of the Vietnamese Association is to
  educate Vietnamese brothers and sisters living
  throughout Cambodia in respect for Cambodian law
  and tradition ... to enhance the good
  relationship between Cambodians and Vietnamese
  ... to promote the living standards of poor
  people and so on.
• Source Mirror of Cambodian Society (Koh
  Santepheap, Vol.37, 5202, 18.8.2004)

47
Introduction B. Cambodia Signs of a Failed
State (continued)

• Sam Rainsy Lawmaker Asks for Vietnamese
  Associations to Be Removed from 19 Provinces and
  Towns
• However, Cambodians never see the association
  doing anything to comply with that bylaw.
  Furthermore, their chapter 4 says that both sexes
  aged 18 or over have the right to ask for
  membership in the association they must be of
  Vietnamese origin and have relatives living
  legally in Cambodia. such as fish cause damage to
  the Khmer social order and tradition. In fact,
  they have worked as prostitutes, whom authorities
  have arrested for trafficking young girls.
  Moreover, they compete with Khmers for work.
• Source Mirror of Cambodian Society (Koh
  Santepheap, Vol.37, 5202, 18.8.2004)

48
Introduction B. Cambodia Signs of a Failed
State (continued)

• Sam Rainsy Lawmaker Asks for Vietnamese
  Associations to Be Removed from 19 Provinces and
  Towns
• This chapter has enabled illegal Vietnamese to
  enter Cambodia as much as they wish because we do
  not know what relationship they are, or who
  certifies such a relationship. In addition, the
  so-called legal Vietnamese immigrants who are
  currently living in Cambodia, are not yet taken
  into account. Who did they get permission from to
  live in Cambodia?
• Source Mirror of Cambodian Society (Koh
  Santepheap, Vol.37, 5202, 18.8.2004)

49
Introduction B. Cambodia Signs of a Failed
State (continued)

• Sam Rainsy Lawmaker Asks for Vietnamese
  Associations to Be Removed from 19 Provinces and
  Towns
• Despite the many Khmers living in Kampuchea Krom,
  the Vietnamese authorities have never allowed
  them to form an association or to bring Buddhist
  books from Cambodia for the pagodas there.
• Observers do not expect that the proposal by the
  opposition lawmaker will receive a positive
  reply.
• Source Mirror of Cambodian Society (Koh
  Santepheap, Vol.37, 5202, 18.8.2004)

50
Introduction B. Cambodia Signs of a Failed
State (continued)

• Sam Rainsy Lawmaker Asks for Vietnamese
  Associations to Be Removed from 19 Provinces and
  Towns
• This chapter has enabled illegal Vietnamese to
  enter Cambodia as much as they wish because we do
  not know what relationship they are, or who
  certifies such a relationship. In addition, the
  so-called legal Vietnamese immigrants who are
  currently living in Cambodia, are not yet taken
  into account. Who did they get permission from to
  live in Cambodia?
• Source Mirror of Cambodian Society (Koh
  Santepheap, Vol.37, 5202, 18.8.2004)

51
Introduction B. Cambodia Signs of a Failed
State (continued)

• Sam Rainsy Lawmaker Asks for Vietnamese
  Associations to Be Removed from 19 Provinces and
  Towns
• Despite the many Khmers living in Kampuchea Krom,
  the Vietnamese authorities have never allowed
  them to form an association or to bring Buddhist
  books from Cambodia for the pagodas there.
• Observers do not expect that the proposal by the
  opposition lawmaker will receive a positive
  reply.
• Source Mirror of Cambodian Society (Koh
  Santepheap, Vol.37, 5202, 18.8.2004)

52
Introduction B. Cambodia Signs of a Failed
State (continued)

• Drugs Steering Cambodia Toward Danger, U.N.
  Warns Wednesday, June 30, 2004 With a jump
  in methamphetamine usage and an evermore
  sophisticated heroin export system, Cambodia
  could be headed toward a "catastrophic" rise in
  drug abuse and crime, a U.N. report warned
  yesterday.Last year officials seized 50 percent
  more methamphetamines than in 2002, while an
  average of 22 to 44 pounds of heroin is believed
  to enter Cambodia from Laos every week, Agence
  France-Presse reported.

53
Introduction B. Signs of a Failed State
(continued)

• Drugs Steering Cambodia Toward Danger, U.N.
  Warns Wednesday, June 30, 2004
• The country's hospitals are not able to handle
  the drug problem, the education system is barely
  functional and the judicial system is widely
  regarded as corrupt, AFP said.Southeast Asian
  neighbor Thailand is in the midst of battling a
  massive methamphetamine addiction problem. Last
  year, it launched a three-month war on the drug
  which claimed 2,500 lives and has led to charges
  of extrajudicial killings.
• (Samantha Brown, AFP, June 29).

54
Introduction B. Signs of a Failed State
(continued)

• Drugs Steering Cambodia Toward Danger, U.N.
  Warns Wednesday, June 30, 2004
• Thailand's crackdown has "led many to speculate
  that transnational organized crime syndicates
  have shifted the emphasis of their
  methamphetamine trafficking strategy from
  Thailand to other countries" such as Cambodia,
  the U.N. report says.The report urged Cambodia,
  which is not a party to any of the three
  international treaties on drug control, to sign
  to them and adopt a five-year strategy formulated
  by UNODC and the government's drug
  controloffice.
• (Samantha Brown, AFP, June 29).

55
Introduction B. Signs of a Failed State
(continued)

• Cambodias Struggle for Survival
• By Lao Mong Hay, Ph.D,Executive Director, The
  Khmer Institute of Democracy, Phnom Penh,
  Cambodia
• In March 1998 a national census was conducted.
  There was a set of questionnaires including
  questionnaires on individual particulars. These
  particulars included, among other things, the
  mother tongue and religion of individuals. The
  ethnicity of those individuals was not specified
  in those questionnaires, though.

56
Introduction B. Signs of a Failed State
(continued)

• Cambodias Struggle for Survival
• By Lao Mong Hay, Ph.D,Executive Director, The
  Khmer Institute of Democracy,
• Phnom Penh, Cambodia
• Many groups of the results of the census have
  been released gradually. When this author
  inquired about the results on the mother tongue
  and religion, the reply was that they were being
  considered and might not be released at all in
  the end. The reply added that results on the
  religion might be published.

57
Introduction B. Signs of a Failed State
(continued)

• (Mong Hais concluded)
• This reply should reflect the sensitivity of the
  ethnic issue in Cambodia. Indeed the issue has
  been with Cambodia for many centuries. One
  element of that issue which concerns the
  Vietnamese ethnic minority has contributed to and
  has been heightened by three wars over the last
  30 years the war in 1970 against the presence of
  the North-Vietnamese and Vietcong troops in the
  Cambodian border regions which led to the
  extension of the Vietnam war into Cambodia

58
Introduction B. Signs of a Failed State
(continued)

• (Mong Hais concluded)
• the border war between the Khmer Rouge and
  Vietnam from 1975 followed by the overthrow of
  the Khmer Rouge regime by Vietnam at the end of
  1978 and the war of resistance against the
  Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia since that
  overthrow.

59
Introduction B. Cambodia Signs of a Failed
State (continued)

• Corruption 'sucking vitality' from country
  By Richard Woodd (Phnom Penh Post April
  2004)RAMPANT corruption at all levels is
  sucking the vitality out of Cambodia, and
  costing the country desperately needed foreign
  investment, says a private sector business leader
  and legal specialist.Every survey of the
  private sector in the past four years has
  identified corruption as the number one issue for
  people in business who are paying taxes and
  trying to operate legally in this environment,
  Brett Sciaroni told a public debate at the
  Foreign Correspondents' Club in Phnom Penh.

60
Introduction B. Cambodia Signs of a Failed
State (continued)

• Corruption 'sucking vitality' from country
  By Richard Wood (Phnom Penh Post April 2004)
• Corruption is rampant and widespread and has
  become increasingly worse in recent years. It's
  an urgent issue that must be grappled with by the
  country's political leadership. We've had enough
  talking, it's time for action.
• A new report on obstacles to foreign investment
  estimates under-the-table payments in the
  manufacturing and service sectors alone at 120
  million a year. Sciaroni says this is just the
  tip of the iceberg.

61
Introduction B. Cambodia Signs of a Failed
State (concluded)

• Failure of leadership
• Cambodia, I fear, is past helping itself. Its
  future, if it is to have one, cannot be entrusted
  to the hands of its present leaders, most of
  their opposition, and the class that they
  represent. The country has lost its international
  importance and possesses only its own worth, the
  life of a nation of ten million. Over the past
  century, its life has been grossly tampered with
  by many outsiders. By France, for sake of
  colonial possession. By Japan, as a piece in its
  Greater Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere.
• Source Henry Kamm Cambodia Report from a
  Stricken Land, Archade Publishing, New York, 1998

62
Introduction B. Cambodia Signs of a Failed
State (concluded)

• Failure of leadership
• By the United States, to facilitate its
  withdrawal from a losing war in Vietnam. By
  China, because having a friend in Cambodia gave
  it a foothold on the Southeast Asian continent
  and a thorn in the side of Vietnam, a client of
  the Soviet Union. By Vietnam, to establish its
  preeminence over and Indochinese bloc of its
  design. By the Soviet Union, because those who
  opposed Vietnam in Cambodia were China's client.
  
• Source Henry Kamm Cambodia Report from a
  Stricken Land, Archade Publishing, New York, 1998

63
(No Transcript)
64
Definition of Genocide
65
Definition of Genocide
66
Genocide in Practice

• Clash between civilizations (Vietnam/Cambodia),
  vs. within civilization (Thailand/Cambodia)
• The Annamites simply moved in, took possession
  of the land and remained there. The Siamese
  claimed the country from a distance and subjected
  it to intermittent raids, carrying off properties
  and inhabitants.
• From Lawrence Palmer Briggs A Sketch of
  Cambodian History (The Far Eastern quarterly,
  Vol. 6, No. 4, August 1947)

67
Genocide in Practice

• Cambodia
• Domination by Thailand and by Vietnam
• More than their conquest of Angkor a century and
  a half earlier, the Thai capture of Lovek marked
  the beginning of a decline in Cambodia's
  fortunes. One possible reason for the decline was
  the labor drain imposed by the Thai conquerors as
  they marched thousands of Khmer peasants, skilled
  artisans, scholars, and members of the Buddhist
  clergy back to their capital of Ayutthaya.

68
Genocide in Practice

• Cambodia
• Domination by Thailand and by Vietnam
• This practice, common in the history of Southeast
  Asia, crippled Cambodia's ability to recover a
  semblance of its former greatness. A new Khmer
  capital was established at Odongk (Udong), south
  of Lovek, but its monarchs could survive only by
  entering into what amounted to vassal
  relationships with the Thai and with the
  Vietnamese. In common parlance, Thailand became
  Cambodia's "father" and Vietnam its "mother."

69
Genocide in Practice (continued)

• Cambodia
• Domination by Thailand and by Vietnam
• By the late fifteenth century, the
  Vietnamese--who, unlike other Southeast Asian
  peoples, had patterned their culture and their
  civilization on those of China--had defeated the
  once powerful kingdom of Champa in central
  Vietnam. Thousands of Chams fled into Khmer
  territory.

70
Genocide in Practice (continued)

• Cambodia
• Domination by Thailand and by Vietnam
• By the early seventeenth century, the Vietnamese
  had reached the Mekong Delta, which was inhabited
  by Khmer people. In 1620 the Khmer king Chey
  Chettha II (1618-28) married a daughter of Sai
  Vuong, one of the Nguyen lords (1558- 1778), who
  ruled southern Vietnam for most of the period of
  the restored Le dynasty (1428-1788).

71
Genocide in Practice (continued)

• Cambodia
• Domination by Thailand and by Vietnam
• Three years later, Chey Chettha allowed the
  Vietnamese to establish a custom-house at Prey
  Nokor, near what is now Ho Chi Minh City (until
  1975, Saigon). By the end of the seventeenth
  century, the region was under Vietnamese
  administrative control, and Cambodia was cut off
  from access to the sea. Trade with the outside
  world was possible only with Vietnamese
  permission.

72
Genocide in Practice (continued)

• Cambodia
• Domination by Thailand and by Vietnam
• There were periods in the seventeenth and the
  eighteenth centuries, when Cambodia's neighbors
  were preoccupied with internal or external
  strife, that afforded the beleaguered country a
  breathing spell. The Vietnamese were involved in
  a lengthy civil war until 1674, but upon its
  conclusion they promptly annexed sizable areas of
  contiguous Cambodian territory in the region of
  the Mekong Delta.

73
Genocide in Practice (continued)

• Cambodia
• Domination by Thailand and by Vietnam
• For the next one hundred years they used the
  alleged mistreatment of Vietnamese colonists in
  the delta as a pretext for their continued
  expansion. By the end of the eighteenth century,
  they had extended their control to include the
  area encompassed in the late 1980s by the
  Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnam).

74
Genocide in Practice(continued)

• Cambodia
• Domination by Thailand and by Vietnam
• Thailand, which might otherwise have been courted
  as an ally against Vietnamese incursions in the
  eighteenth century, was itself involved in a new
  conflict with Burma. In 1767 the Thai capital of
  Ayutthaya was besieged and destroyed. The Thai
  quickly recovered, however, and soon reasserted
  their dominion over Cambodia. The youthful Khmer
  king, Ang Eng (1779-96), a refugee at the Thai
  court, was installed as monarch at Odongk by Thai
  troops.

75
Genocide in Practice(continued)

• Cambodia
• Domination by Thailand and by Vietnam
• At the same time, Thailand quietly annexed
  Cambodia's three northernmost provinces. In
  addition, the local rulers of the northwestern
  provinces of Batdambang and Siemreab (Siemreap)
  became vassals of the Thai king, and these areas
  came under the Thai sphere of influence.

76
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• B. The founding of Sokhothai
• Kings of Sokhothai
• 1. Sri Andraditya 1240-1270 Former Khmer
  viceroy, first king of Sokhothai, after
  liberating Siam from Khmer Empire
• 2. Ban Muang 1270-1279 Son of Sri
  Andraditya had trouble with other Thai
  principalities
• 3. Ram khamheaeng 1279-1298 Son of Ban Muang
  Rama the Brave expanded Sokhothai empire
  created Thai script based on Khmer script
  Sokhothai is considered as the craddle of
  Thai civilization considered one of the
  five
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

77
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• B. The founding of Sokhothai
• Kings of Sokhothai
• 1. Sri Andraditya 1240-1270 Former Khmer
  viceroy, first king of Sokhothai, after
  liberating Siam from Khmer Empire
• 2. Ban Muang 1270-1279 Son of Sri
  Andraditya had trouble with other Thai
  principalities
• 3. Ram khamheaeng 1279-1298 Son of Ban Muang
  Rama the Brave expanded Sokhothai empire
  created Thai script based on Khmer script
  Sokhothai is considered as the craddle of
  Thai civilization considered one of the
  five
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

78
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• B. The founding of Sokhothai
• Kings of Sokhothai
• 3. Ram Khamheaeng 1279-98 greatest kings of
  Siam. While adopting the Khmer form of
  governing he kept the kingship open to the
  common people. Militarily, he adopted the
  Mongols organization and strategies.
  Sokhothai was free of constraints presided
  over by a just, benevolent, and thoroughly
  accessible monarch beloved by his people.
  This is in stark contrast to Angkor. He was
  an astute
• diplomat maintained cordial relation with
  China, in turn allowed Sokhothai to
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

79
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• B. The founding of Sokhothai
• Kings of Sokhothai
• 3. Ram Khamheaeng 1279-98 to expand. He was a
  devout Buddhist. Sokhothai closely identified
  itself with Buddhism allowed animism
  practice.
• 4. Lo Thai 1298-1346 Son of Ram
  Khamheaeng the vast empire
• rapidly disintegrated Sokhothai has
  become a small local kingdom as before
• 5. Ngua Nam Thom 1346-47 A Buddhist scholar
  wrote a Buddhist cosmology treatise named
  Traibhumokatha. Became a monk
• 6. Mahathammaracha I 1346-68 Local king under
  Ayuthya
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

80
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• B. The founding of Sokhothai
• Kings of Sokhothai
• 7. Mahathammaracha II 1368-98 Local King
  under Ayuthya
• 8. Mahathammaracha III 1398-1419 Local king
  under Ayuthya
• 9. Mahathammaracha IV 1419-38 Local king
  under Ayuthya
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

81
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• C. The founding of Ayuthya
• Kings of Ayuthya
• 1. Ramathibodi 1351-69 Of Chinese ancestry
  founder of Ayuthya laid siege on Angkor
  expanded Siamese territory to where
  Thailand is today urged by China (Kublai
  Khan) he made sustained efforts to subdue
  Cambodia
• 2. Ramesuan 1369-70 Son of Ramathibodi
  Unpopular had to abdicate.
• 3. Barommaracha I 1370-88 Uncle of
  Ramesuan faced internal conflict with
  Chaingmai and Sokhothai also fought war
  against Lan Na
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

82
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• C. The founding of Ayuthya
• Kings of Ayuthya
• 4. Thong Chan 1388-? Son of Barommaracha. Put
  to death by Ramesuan
• 5. Ramesuen (2nd reign) 1388-95 Revived his
  father policy of expanding into
  the Khmer territory Angkor was sacked
  but recovered by the Khmers immediately. He
  also captured Chiengmai
• 6. Ramaracha 1395-1409 A son of
  Ramesuan tried to fight renaissance of
  Sokhothai without success
• 7.Intharacha 1409-24 Son of
  Barommaracha I subdued Chiengmai
  and Sokhothai had three sons disputing the
  throne of Ayuthya
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

83
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• C. The founding of Ayuthya
• Kings of Ayuthya
• 8. Barommaracha II 1424-48 Youngest of
  Intharachas sons became king as both elder
  brothers were killed in a dual of
  elephantsconsolidated the kingdom of Siam
  resumed attack against Angkor
• 9. Barommatrailokanat 1448-63 Eldest son of ,
  known as king Trailok a great reformer and
  introduced the legal codes and reformed
  Siamese administration through
  centralization by creating five great civil
  and one military departments
  Interior,local government, Finance,
  agriculture, royal household,
  and one military department
  one of the greatest Thai kings. Sakdi Na
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

84
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• C. The founding of Ayuthya
• Kings of Ayuthya
• 9. Barommatrailokanat (continued) land tenure
  system according to the social rank he
  introduced a compulsory military service.
  He built many public works and religious
  institutions. Under his reign Siam
  prospered. Reigned also in Phisanolok until
  his death. Extended suzerainty in Malacca
  to increase foreign trade First contact with
  Portuguese after the conquest of Malacca
  by Portugal. Created the post of Uparat
  (heir apparent) to address the problem of
  succession abdicated to enter monkhood.
  His son succeeded him king
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

85
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• C. The founding of Ayuthya
• Kings of Ayuthya
• 10. Barommaracha III 1463-88 Son of Trailok
  remained in Ayuthya as king
• 11. Intharacha II 1488-91 The same
  person as in 10.
• 12. Ramathibodi II 1491-1529 Another son
  of Trailok reigned in a wealthy Ayuthya
  thanks to increase in foreign trade with
  wealth he launched a program of public and
  pious works a Treatise on Victorious
  Warfare was written by him to guide his army
  
• 13. Barommaracha IV 1529-33 Son of 12 died of
  a smallpox infection
• 14. Ratsada 1533-34 Son
  of 13. Reigned only five months, was killed
  by half brother of Barommaracha IV
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

86
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• C. The founding of Ayuthya
• Kings of Ayuthya
• 15. Chairacha 1533-47 A
  usurper engaged Portuguese as bodyguards
• and to trained his army in use of firearms
  entered into conflict with Burma and Lan Na
• 16. Yot Fa 1547-48
  Elder son of 15 reigned only 7 months under
  his mother regency poisoned by his
  mother
• 17. Khun Worawongsa 1548-48 A usurper became
  king with the help from the queen mother
  reigned only 6 weeks
• 18. Chakkraphat 1548-69 Half
  bother of 16 came to the throne. Resisted
  Burmese attack successfully Burmese
  succeeded to capture Ramesuan (son) and
  Maha Thommaracha (son-in-law) of 18
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

87
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• C. The founding of Ayuthya
• Kings of Ayuthya
• 18. Chakkraphat 1548-69 Betrayed
  by Mahathammaracha, the king fell ill and
  dies in 1569
• 19. Mahin 1569-July, 69 Son of 18 came to
  the throne Ayuthya fell to Burmese was an
  ineffective king. Siam was discouraged and
  disoriented.
• 20. Mahathammaracha 1569-90 Installed by the
  Burmese on the Thai throne Ayuthya became
  vassal of Burma. Cambodia attacked Siam from
  the east taking many war captives
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

88
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• C. The founding of Ayuthya
• Kings of Ayuthya
• 21. Naresuan 1590-1605 Son of
  previous king dynamic leadership, brave
  turned the table against the Burmese. Also
  beaten back Khmer attacks. Siam recovered
  its self-confidence expanded relations
  with China and Japan one of greatest kings
  of Siam and as a liberator of Siam
• 22. Ekhathosarot 1605-10 Brother of Naresuan.
  Interested in Financial reform Dutch
  connection was established increase trade
  with Japan and China
• 23. Si Saowaphak 1610-11? Son of 22 was
  executed by a monk two months after becoming
  king
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

89
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• C. The founding of Ayuthya
• Kings of Ayuthya
• 24. Song Tham 1611-28 Son of Ekhathosarot
  tried to get Dutch and English to fight
  against Cambodia attack on Lovek failed in
  1622. He disliked war appointed Munnag
  (Persian) family as main adviser in finance
  ministry
• 25. Chettha 1628-29 Son of 24. He was a puppet
  of Si Worawong
• his cousin who with the help of Yamada
  finally seized power killed Chettha
• 26. Athitayawong 1629-29 Brother of 25 was
  murdered by Worawong
• 27. Prasat Thong 1629-56 Worawong the regicide
  and usurper. Prasat Thong tried to curb power
  of nobles
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

90
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• C. The founding of Ayuthya
• Kings of Ayuthya
• 28. Chai 1656-56 Eldest son of Prasat Thong
  briefly reigned
• 29. Suthammaracha 1656-56 Brother of Chai
  reigned only a few months
• 30. Narai 1656-88 Brother of Chai. Narai
  seized the throne developed relations with
  France to compensate Dutch influence used a
  Greek named Paulkon as senior adviser who
  worked with French missionaries to gain
  trading advantage and to covert the king to
  Catholicism. When the king fell ill in 1688,
  Paulkon was executed by
• court members who were against Paulkon
• imposed a royal monopoly on all foreign trade
  
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

91
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• C. The founding of Ayuthya
• Kings of Ayuthya
• 31. Phra Petracha 1688-1703 A usurper. The
  so-called 1688 revolution brought Petracha
  to power Siam entered a period of
  instability increased. Difficulty in
  controlling provinces anti foreigners
  increased suffered revolt from nobles
• 32. Sua (Tiger) 1703-09 Son of Petracha
  ruthless murdered many princes contenders
  to the throne
• 33. Phuminthacha 1709-33 Son of Sua at the
  request of Cambodian princes and former
  king became involved in Cambodia in
  response to Vietnamese
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

92
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• C. The founding of Ayuthya
• Kings of Ayuthya
• 33. Phuminthacha (continued)interference in that
  country. This was to recur with higher
  frequency as Cambodia was caught
  between Siam and Dai-Viet rivalry a negative
  turning point for Ayuthya
  after his death
• 34. Barommakot 1733-58 Brother of 33
  mounted the throne after eliminating
  the two pretenders with the help of
  Khun Channarong rearranged administration to
  ward off instability due to succession and
  power
• distribution among nobles and
  ministers
• 35. Uthumphon 1758-58
• 36. Suriyamarin 1758-67 Defeated by
  Burmese, Ayuthya sacked and totally
  destroyed the capital city
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

93
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• C. The founding of Ayuthya
• Kings of Ayuthya
• 34. Barommakot (continued) He was a strong
  supporter of Buddhism he was
• virtuous king Ayuthya reached a
  golden age succeeded to put
  Thommoreachea back on the Cambodian
  throne
• 35. Uthumphon 1758-58 Son of
  Barommakot reigned only ten days then
  abdicated in favor of his elder brother
• 36. Suriyamarin 1758-67 he did not have
  the support of the nobles and
  ministers Burma again is planning a major attack
  on Ayuthya Defeated by Burmese,
  Ayuthya sacked and totally destroyed
  the capital city
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

94
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• D. The founding Thonburi and Bangkok
• Kings of Thonburi and Bangkok, Chakri Dynasty
• Taksin (Thonburi) 1767-1782 Seized power to
  become new king of Siam of Chinese
  origin defeated Burmese moved Thai
  capital from Ayuthya to Thonburi
  Continued to attack Cambodia put death
• 1. Phra Phutthayofa (Rama I) 1782-1809 Founder
  of the Chakri dynasty he was a general
  working for Taksin moved capital from
  Thonburi across the river to Bangkok led
  army along with his brother to conquer
  and make Cambodia a vassal of Siam
• 2. Phra Phutthayofa (Rama II) 1809-1824 Quiet
  reign close to the Bunnags
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

95
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• D. The founding Thonburi and Bangkok
• Kings of Thonburi and Bangkok, Chakri Dynasty
• 4. Mongkut (Rama IV) 1851-68 made
  concessions to European demand to avoid
  loosing Siams independence signed the
  Bowring treaty in 1855 with England,
  making Thailand a virtual colonized
  country
• 5. Chulalongkorn (Rama V) 1868-1910 Modernized
  Siam, hiring foreigners as advisers.
  signed treaty of 1907 with France
  reversing the 1867 treaty, and returned
  Battambang and Siemreap to French
• Protectorate of Cambodia
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

96
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• D. The founding Thonburi and Bangkok
• Kings of Thonburi and Bangkok, Chakri Dynasty
• 5. Chulalongkorn (Rama V) (cont.) spoke many
  foreign languages considered as one of
  the five greatest Siamese kings built
  infrastructure hired foreigners to
  trained Thai in governing the country
• 6. Vijiravudh (Rama VI) 1910-25 Led Siam
  to fight along allied forces in World
  War I educated in England
  Westernized Siamese dresses. Favor
  nationalism little care to political changes
• 7. Prachadhipok (Rama VI) 1925-35 Also
  educated in England controversial
  figure became a constitutional monarch
  after the 1932 bloodless coup faced many
  economic problems. Military ascendency
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

97
Part I. Chronology of Siams (Thailand)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Chapter 1. From vassal to suzerain
• D. The founding Thonburi and Bangkok
• Kings of Thonburi and Bangkok, Chakri Dynasty
• 8. Ananda Mahibol (Rama VII) 1935-46
  Mysteriously murdered in his palace in
  1946. Prime Minister Pridi was
  suspected behind regicide. Siam
  became officially Thailand. With
  Japanese help Thai military fought a
  war against France and took back
  Battambang and Siemreap returned
  them to Cambodia after world war II.
• 9. Bhumibol Adulyadej 1946- Current king of
  Thailand very reformist and
  popular among Thais championing
  democracy. Played a great role in
  fighting communist insurgency
• Source David K. Wyatt Thailand a Short Story,
  Yale University Press, New Haven,1984

98
Definition of Genocide
99
Definition of Genocide
100
Part II Chronology of Dai-Viets (Vietnam)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Nam Tiên Chronology Vietnams Imperial March
• 10000-8000 before Jésus-Christ Mesolithic Hòa
  Bình Culture 8000-6000 before Jésus-Christ
  Inferior Neolithic Bao Son Culture6000-4000
  before Jésus-Christ Middle Neolithic Da Bút
  Culture4000-3000 before Jésus-Christ Superior
  Neolithic 2100-1500 before Jésus-Christ
  Phùng Nguyên Culture 750-300 before
  Jésus-Christ Dysnasty of the Hùng kings and
  beginning of the Dongsonian Culture 3rd
  century B.C. Foundation of Âu Lac kingdomYear
  207 B.C. Triêu Ðà founded Nam Viet and
  established its capital at Phiên
  Ngung ( near Canton )Year 196 B.C. Triêu Ðà
  acknowledged vassalage towards China Year 111
  B.C. Nam Viêt was integrated to the Chinese
  Empire and became Giao Chi province
  
• Source 1997-2004 Ðang Anh Tuan All Rights
  Reserved.

101
Part II Chronology of Dai-Viets (Vietnam)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Nam Tiên Chronology Vietnams Imperial March
• 111 B.C.-39 A.D. Annexation of Nam Viet by the
  Han. Introduction of Chinese
  characters and Confucianism. Year
  40-43 Revolt of the Trung Trac Trung Nhi
  sisters.Year 221 First Chinese campaigns in
  Viet country.Year 248 Revolt of Trieu
  Au.3rd 4th centruies Several attacks by China
  of Kingdom Lam ApYear 544 Revolt of Ly Bon
  against the Chinese dominationYear 618
  Beginning of the Tang dynasty in China.Year 679
  Creation by China of the protectorate general
  of An NamYear 863 China
  occupied the protectorate by the Nam
  TchaoSource 1997-2004 Ðang Anh Tuan All Rights
  Reserved.

102
Part II Chronology of Dai-Viets (Vietnam)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Nam Tiên Chronology Vietnams Imperial March
• 111 B.C.-39 A.D. Annexation of Nam Viet by the
  Han. Introduction of Chinese
  characters and Confucianism. Year
  40-43 Revolt of the Trung Trac Trung Nhi
  sisters.Year 221 First Chinese campaigns in
  Viet country.Year 248 Revolt of Trieu
  Au.3rd 4th centruies Several attacks by China
  of Kingdom Lam ApYear 544 Revolt of Ly Bon
  against the Chinese dominationYear 618
  Beginning of the Tang dynasty in China.Year 679
  Creation by China of the protectorate general
  of An NamYear 863 China
  occupied the protectorate by the Nam
  TchaoSource 1997-2004 Ðang Anh Tuan All Rights
  Reserved.

103
Part II Chronology of Dai-Viets (Vietnam)
Aggression Against the Khmer Empire (continued)

• Nam Tiên Chronology Vietnam Imperial March
• Year 906 Rebellion of Khúc Thua DuYear 917 End
  of T