FUNGI

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FUNGI

• Yeasts and Penicillium

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FUNGI

• Fungi are classified as a separate kingdom
• The typical fungus is not made of cells but of
  tiny branching threads called hyphae
• Yeasts are not typical fungi!

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FUNGI

• The mass of hyphae that makes up one individual
  fungus is called its mycelium
• The hyphae are bounded by a plasma membrane and
  have a cell wall.
• In higher fungi the main component of the cell
  wall is chitin

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FUNGI

• Fungi are eukaryotic organisms (unlike bacteria)
• They never contain chloroplasts
• All are heterotrophic most a saprophytic a few
  are parasitic

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FUNGI

• Saprophytic fungi are of enormous ecological
  importance.
• Unlike most bacteria they can produce cellulases
  and lignases
• They can also taste exceptionally good!

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FUNGI

• Penicillium and yeasts are classed as higher
  fungi
• This means that the hyphae are septate (in
  Penicillium yeast dont have hyphae having a
  cellular structure)

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FUNGI

• Penicillium is a fungus with many useful enzymes
  at its disposal to attack a host of organic
  foodstuffs.   .  
• It is partial to bread, cheese, cold meats, old
  sandwiches, cereal products and a host of other
  things. 

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FUNGI

• Penicillium roquefortii  used in the manufacture
  of blue cheese. 
• The blue in the blue-cheese is caused by the
  pigment in the spores (conidia) of the fungus. 
  You are consuming spores by the million when you
  eat blue cheese.   Hope it doesn't put you off! 
• Penicillium notatum and P. chrysogenum are used
  in the production of the antibiotic penicillin. 

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FUNGI

• Penicillium has feeding hyphae, which divide into
  branches through its substrate.
• It also has aeriel hyphae called condiophores
  which branch to form sterigma.

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FUNGI

• Cytoplasm oozes from the tips of the sterigma
• This hardens to form chains of green-grey
  condiospores.
• These are dispersed by air currents and can each
  germinate to form a hypha on a suitable medium.

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Penicillium notatum
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FUNGI

• YEAST
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae used in bread making
• Saccharomyces ellipsoideus used in wine making
• Saccharomyces carlsbergensis used in lager
  making
• Differ form each other by only one gene

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FUNGI

• YEAST
• Ellipsoid in shape
• Permeable cell wall composed of mannose and
  glucose polymers
• Full range of eukaryotic organelles

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FUNGI

• YEAST
• One or more large vacuoles occupy a central
  position in the cell
• Storage materials such as glycogen and oil
  globules are often present in the cytoplasm

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FUNGI

• Yeast
• Under conditions unfavourable for growth the
  yeast can undergo meiosis and produce haploid
  spores that act like gametes
• They usually reproduce asexually by budding