CHAPTER 7 International Organization and Law

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CHAPTER 7International Organization and Law

• PSC 124
• Spring 2007
• Northrup

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Today

• Finish groupthink
• International order
• International norms
• Types of international organizations
• UN
• Benefits
• Structure
• Challenges and proposed changes

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International Order Based on

• International institutions
• International norms
• Habit
• Some norms codified into international law

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International Norms

• Periods of hegemony
• Some norms are widely held, legitimacy
• Sovereignty
• Adherence to treaties
• Some normative issues are controversial
• Veiling of women
• FGM

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FGM

• Performed on girls before puberty
• Usually no anesthetic
• About 4 girls/minute are circumcised
• Cultural, not religious
• Often unclean conditions
• Not by medical person
• Justification prevents pre-marital sex
• Females who havent had it done often have
  trouble finding marriage partner

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Should prevention of FGM be a universal norm?
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Factors Shaking Up International Norms

• End of Cold War
• Rapid shifts in economic participation and status
  of some countries (e.g. China)
• Information revolution
• Others?

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International Organizations (IOs)

• Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)
• Regional IGOs
• Global IGOs
• Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
• Professional organizations
• Economic/business orgs
• Political orgs
• Cultural orgs
• Religious groups

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United Nations

• 61 years old
• More prominent since end of Cold War
• World government not
• Major purposes
• Conflict resolution (collective security)
• Economic and social development
• Created to serve states needs
• Designed for post-WWII world

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Maligned by Beneficial

• Maligned by almost everyone
• Developing countries too much Western and US
  power
• Developed countries too much corruption,
  inability to make decisions
• Extremely important institution
• Forum for dealing with international conflicts
• Place where less powerful countries have a voice
• Forum for development of moral voice for the
  world
• Place where enemies can interact (e.g. Castro and
  NK to New York)

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UN Structure

• General Assembly all states
• Security Council 5 great powers and 10 rotating
  seats
• Secretariat - office of Secretary General
• World Court
• UN Programs
• Autonomous agencies

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The United Nations
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Security Council

• 5 great powers (permanent) and 10 (temporary)
  rotating seats
• Maintain worlds security
• Decisions binding on all member states
• Re security situations
• Define security threat
• Choose a response
• Enforce through mandatory directives/resolutions

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Choosing Non-Permanent Members of the Security
Council

• 10 non-permanent members
• 9 votes needed to pass resolution (veto)
• 5 new non-permanent members chosen every year for
  a 2-year cycle
• Each region of the world represented by the 5 new
  members

Security Council Briefing on Middle East January
2007
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A Post-WWII Organization Suggestions for
Changing Security Council
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Proposed Changes of the Security Council

• Japan and Germany as permanent members
  concerns?
• European seat?
• India?
• Islamic country?
• Expand Security Council to 24 Members
• New permanent members?

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Regional Representation on the UN Security Council
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General Assembly

• All states are members (currently 192)
• Functions and Powers
• Control of finances for UN programs and ops (e.g.
  peacekeeping)
• Pass resolutions merely advisory
• Elect members of UN agencies
• Coordinates UN agencies and programs
• Make-up of GA changed post-colonialism
• Often venue for concerns/complaints of developing
  countries

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Secretariat

• Secretary-General equivalent to president
• Nominated by SC, approved by GA
• Ban Ki-Moon from South Korea 2007 Web
• Bureaucracy for administering UN policy and
  programs
• Develops international civil service system
  diplomats and bureaucrats with allegiance to
  world
• SG serves as third party, good offices of UN
• Issues statements latest statement re Iraq

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The Secretary-GeneralPresident of the World

• Trygve Lie, Norway (1946-1952)
• Dag Hammarskjold, Sweden (1953-1961)
• U Thant, Burma (1961-1971)
• Kurt Waldheim, Austria (1972-1982)
• Javier Perez de Cuellar, Peru (1982-1992)
• Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Egypt (1992-1996)
• Kofi Annan, Ghana (1997-2006)
• Ban Ki-Moon, South Korea (2007-)

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UN Programs

• Purpose - advance economic development and social
  stability
• More than 10
• Funded by GA and donations
• Examples
• UNICEF (Childrens Fund poor countries)
• UNHCR (Refugees protect and assist)
• UNDP (Development in poor countries)
• Administrative programs such as UN System Staff
  College

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Autonomous Agencies

• About 20
• Ties to UN but not run by UN
• Specialized technical organizations
• IAEA (Atomic Energy Agency)
• WHO
• UNESCO
• WIPO
• WTO, IMF, World Bank

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Peacekeeping

• The UNs own forces (borrowed)
• Calm regional conflicts
• Neutral role
• Funds from General Assembly, control by Security
  Council
• Size and cost of peacekeeping forces almost
  tripled 1997 to 2002
• Can be observers (unarmed) or peacekeepers
  (armed)
• Dont MAKE peace, KEEP it

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Current Missions

• Peacekeeping currently

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Peacekeeping Facts

• Deployment reached historic high in Oct 2006
• 80,976 military and police
• Over 15,000 civilians
• Currently 18 different missions in Africa, the
  Caribbean, Middle East, Europe and Asia

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Where Troops Come FromTop Contributors 113
Countries)

• Pakistan (9,790)
• Bangladesh (9,655)
• India (9,276)
• Jordan (3,819)
• Nepal (3,522)
• Ghana (2,674)

• Uruguay (2,583)
• Ethiopia (2,568)
• Nigeria (2,429)
• South Africa (2,077)
• US about 315

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Who Pays
All member states pay based on a formula Current
top ten

• United States - 27
• Japan - 19
• Germany - 9
• United Kingdom - 7
• France - 7
• Italy - 5
• Canada - 3
• Spain - 3
• China - 2
• Netherlands - 2

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Women, Peace and Security

• UN concern re women in war torn areas
• Treatment of women
• Training of peacekeeping personnel to deal with
  special problems of women
• Participation of women in peacekeeping
• Incorporation of womens concerns perspectives
  in peace negotiations
• SC Resolution 1325

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Need for Reform?

• Corruption (cultural differences)
• Misuse of money
• Inefficiencies
• Too much power in hands of industrialized great
  powers