Molecules of Life

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Molecules of Life

• Organic Molecules
• Biological Molecules

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Organic Molecules

• Why is this important?
• Cells are mostly water and carbon-based molecules
• Carbon has a valence of 4 so it will form a
  tremendous variety of large, complex and diverse
  molecules
• Large variety of molecules diversity of life

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Unity in Diversity

• All life is composed of carbon compounds (Unity)
• Diversity of life is due to various ways carbon
  can be assembled
• Organic chemistry study of the compounds
  formed by carbon

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Organic Chemistry

• The four valence electrons in carbon enable it to
  be bonded in four different directions
• Usually forms COVALENT bonds with Hydrogen
• Often oxygen, nitrogen
• Four most common elements are CHON

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1
6
1
1

1
6
H
C
H
H
H
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H
H
C
C
H
H
H
H
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H
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
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C
C
C
C
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C
C
C
C
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• C C C C C C C C

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• C
• C C C C C C C

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• C
• C C C C C C C

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• C
• C
• C C C C C C

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• C
• C C C C C C
• C

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• C C
• C C C C C C

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• C
• C C C C C C
• C

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H
C
OH
H
H
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H
H
C
OH
N
H
H
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H
C
OH
H
N
H
H
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Organic Chemistry

• Functional groups clusters of atoms that have a
  specific role on the molecule
• OH hydroxide (polar)
• NH2 amino (polar)
• COOH carboxyl (polar)
• CH3 methyl (nonpolar)

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Organic Chemistry
Each carbon has 4 bonds
H
C
Rings
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
C
H
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Organic Chemistry
Sometimes the carbon atoms form double bonds with
itself
C
Rings
C
C
C
C
C
Benzene ring
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Organic Chemistry
C
Rings
OH
C
C
C
C
O
C
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Organic Chemistry
O
C
OH
C
C
C
C
O
C
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Organic Chemistry

• Functional groups change the chemical properties
  of a molecule
• The great diversity of life is caused by only a
  few molecules with different arrangements of
  FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• Biochemistry - chemistry of living things

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Differences in functional groups
The rearrangement of FUNCTIONAL GROUPS on a
molecule causes major changes in its function
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Biochemistry

• Four basic carbon molecules important to all
  living things
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

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Biochemistry

• The four basic molecules are long chains of
  smaller molecules linked together
• A train formed by various types of cars

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Biochemistry

• Smaller molecules are called MONOMERS
• Long chains are called
• POLYMERS
• Polymers are large molecules
• MACROMOLECULES large polymer

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What You Have to Know

• For each of the 4 types of molecules
• How each molecule is formed
• The types and names of the monomers
• The role of each molecule in life

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How Are Organic Compounds Formed?

• Monomers smaller functional molecules that can
  be linked together
• Macromolecule large molecule
• Polymers macromolecules formed by linking
  monomers together

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Polymerization

• Many monomers are linked together to form
  macromolecules
• Dehydration synthesis

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Monomer
Monomer
Monomer
Monomer
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How Are Organic Compounds Formed?

• Dehydration synthesis p. 41
• OH- combines with OH- from adjacent monomer
  (molecule)
• OH OH HOH O
• HOH H2O

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How Are Organic Compounds Formed?

• Dehydration synthesis polymers are formed from
  monomers by the removal of water
• All four compounds important to life are formed
  by dehydration synthesis

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Macromolecules dehydration synthesis
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Monomers/Polymers

• Dehydration synthesis building polymers
• Hydrolysis breaking down polymers into monomers

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4 Types of Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

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Carbohydrates

• Sugars three types
• Monosaccharides one sugar
• Disaccharides two sugar
• Polysaccharides many sugar

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Carbohydrates

• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• C(n)H2O
• C6H12O6 glucose
• C6H12O6 - fructose
• C5H10O5 - ribose
• C12H22O11 sucrose

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Carbohydrates Monomers

• Simple sugars
• Monosaccharides one sweet
• Glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose, galactose
• Most monosaccharides are used as a source of
  energy
• Ribose and deoxyribose form part of the structure
  of DNA, RNA

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Carbohydrates Monomers

• Glucose 1 sugar, most used sugar for energy,
  all organisms
• Fructose very sweet fruits

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Di-saccharides

• Di two
• Two monosaccharides joined together by.
• DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
• Energy storage

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Disaccharides

• Glucose glucose maltose germinating seeds,
  malt in beer
• Glucose fructose sucrose table sugar
• Galactose glucose lactose milk

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Disaccharides
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Sugars a Major Cause of a Tooth Decay
Feed bacteria
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Polysaccharides

• Poly many
• Long chain of monosaccharides
• Starch
• Glycogen
• Cellulose

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Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides

• poly many
• Many monosaccharides polysaccharide
• Macromolecule

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Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides

• Examples
• Cellulose used to make cell walls of plants
  indigestible without bacteria in gut fiber
• Starch stored glucose in plants
• Glygogen stored glucose in animals

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Carbohydrates Functions

• Energy storage
• Structure plant cell walls
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides

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Types of Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

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Lipids

• Three types of lipids
• Triglycerides
• Phospholipids
• Steroids

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Lipids - Triglycerides

• Examples
• Fats
• Oils
• Waxes
• Insoluble in water - nonpolar

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Triglycerides

• Glycerol three fatty acids
• Dehydration synthesis
• Lots of C-H bonds lots of energy

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Triglycerides
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Triglycerides

• 2 types of triglycerides
• Saturated
• Unsaturated
• Saturated fats have no double bonds are full
  (saturated) with hydrogen

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Saturated fat fatty acids, full of hydrogen
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Unsaturated fat fatty acids with double bonds
less hydrogen less energy
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Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acid
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Types of Fats

• Saturated
• No double bonds
• Saturated w/ H
• Solids _at_ (200)
• Animal fats
• Bacon grease, lard, butter

• Unsaturated
• Double bond(s)
• Unsaturated
• Liquids _at_ (200)
• Plant fats (oil)
• Corn, peanut, olive oils

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Triglycerides

• Link (?) between saturated fats in diet and
  arteriosclerosis

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Fats Functions

• Store energy
• More energy in fats than in carbohydrates birds
  eat sunflower seeds first (fats)
• Padding (eye, other organs)
• Insulation (keep you warmer seals, whales)

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Fats

• Oils
• Waterproofing -

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Lipids - Phospholipids

• Triglyceride - One of the fatty acid tails is
  replaced with a phosphate group
• Phospho lipid
• Major component of cell membrane

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Fatty acids
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Lipids Steroids

• Sex hormones
• Testosterone male
• Estrogen female

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Lipids Steroids

• Anabolic steroids artificially created
  testosterone
• Mimics male hormone
• Increased muscle mass
• Decreased sex drive, infertility
• Heart, liver problems

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Lipids - Steroids

• Insoluble in water (nonpolar)
• Very different from other lipids in structure
• 4 fused carbon rings with various FUNCTIONAL
  GROUPS
• Cholesterol basic molecule used in cell
  membrane also used to make other steroids
  (estrogen and testosterone)

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Cholesterol
Cholesterol
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Lipids - Steroids

• Anabolic steroids synthetic variations of
  testosterone
• Builds muscle and bone mass during puberty
  maintains male characteristics
• Used in 1950s to treat anemia and muscle
  diseases
• Abused by athletes linked to liver damage,
  cardiovascular, mood swings

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Proteins

• Protein first place
• Composed of AMINO ACIDS (monomers)
• 20 different kinds of amino acids

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Amino group
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Amino group
Carboxyl COOH
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Amino group
Carboxyl COOH
Side group
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Amino Acids

• Differences between the 20 amino acids are caused
  by different R (side) groups
• Amino acids are linked together by dehydration
  synthesis
• Bonds formed between amino acids are PEPTIDE
  BONDS
• Long chain of peptides polypeptide

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Different amino acids caused by different side
groups
p. 72
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Proteins

• Peptide bond bond formed between two amino
  acids (dehydration synthesis)
• Long chain of peptides
• POLYPEPTIDE
• Polypeptides - proteins

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• Amino acids are linked together in a SPECIFIC
  sequence. Conformational shape
• If the sequence gets messed up, the protein may
  not function. May be fatal or only cause health
  problems
• Denaturation

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Proteins Shape

• H bonding helps determine shape
• Breaking the H bond changes the shape of the
  protein DENATURATION
• Heat - cooking changes the shape of proteins
  turn brown eggs turn white
• Poisons chemicals change shape by interrupting
  bonds (acids, bases, acetone)

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Proteins - Functions

• Structure feathers, hair, muscle, nail, horn
• Enzymes speed up reactions
• Hormones chemical messengers
• Carriers hemoglobin carries oxygen to cells

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Nucleic Acids - Monomers

• Monomers NUCLEOTIDES
• Nucleotides
• A simple sugar
• A phosphate group
• A NITROGENOUS BASE

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Adenine always bonds with Thymine Cytosine always
bonds with guanine A-T C-G
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H bonding
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A T T C C G C A T G G G T C T T T T
T A A G G C G T A C C C A G A A A A
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DNA sequence genetic code
TACCATACTTTCGGCTACTTTTGGG
ATGGTATGATATCCGATGATAACCC
TACCATACTATAGGCTACTATTGGG
If A-T and C-G, what is the complimentary strand?
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Similarities in DNA sequences indicates close
evolutionary relationship