CSD 2230 HUMAN COMMUNICATION DISORDERS

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CSD 2230HUMAN COMMUNICATION DISORDERS

• Topic 2
• Normal Communication Development and
  Communication Across the Lifespan

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Newborns

• Primary form of communication is through their cry

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Newborn Communication

• Communication intents though crying
• Pain or discomfort
• Hunger
• Overload

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Newborn Reflexes

• Some common ones
• Palmer grasp
• Rooting reflex

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Newborn Vision and Hearing

• Vision
• Nearsighted but are sensitive to brightness and
  color
• Prefer sharp contours and contrasts

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Newborn Vision and Hearing

• Hearing
• Middle ear fluid
• Evidence of categorical perception, although
  auditory integration is still immature
• Prefer voices to other kinds of auditory stimuli,
  especially their mothers
• Reflexes
• Startle response
• Auropalpebral response

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Newborn Speech Skills

• Primarily reflexive sounds at birth
• Oral reflexes
• Crying

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Newborn Communication Skills

• Communication develops quickly because of the way
  caregivers communicate and interact with newborns

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Changes in Communication Behavior and Development

• Over the first six months
• Some reflexes begin to extinguish
• More voluntary motor control
• First smile/other facial expressions
• Vision acuity and tracking improves

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Changes in Response to Sounds

• During this period, babies start to pay attention
  to sounds. What do they do when they are
  listening?
• Decrease or increase ongoing activity
• Changes in breathing rate
• Changes in vocalization
• Eye widening
• Changes in facial expression
• Changes in sucking rate

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Localization to Sounds

• Emerges around the third month
• Starts with the eyes and eventually includes a
  full head turn
• Clinical application

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Changes in Speech

• Increased development and use of non-distress
  sounds
• Some productions of vowel sounds and back
  consonants /g/ and /k/
• By 3 months, vocalization in response to
  caregivers vocalizations

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Babbling

• Emerges at around 4 months
• Random sound play
• Extremely important landmark of infant
  development
• Single syllable units of CV or VC construction
• Deaf babies

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Changes in Speech

• By 6 months, see evidence of more complex sound
  combinations
• Labial sounds like /m/ and /p/ are produced more
  often
• Stop consonants (p,t,b,k,g,d), nasal consonants
  (m, n, ing) and vowels comprise about 80 of
  sounds produced
• Evidence of reduplicated babbling
• Emergence of imitative behavior

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Communication with Caregivers

• Recognition increases
• Eye contact improves
• Dialogs emerge
• Rituals
• Interest in toys and objects emerges

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In Summary

• By six months, most babies
• Make a lot of different sounds
• React appropriately to different voices
• Turn and look for sounds
• Babble with purpose
• Respond to their name
• Try to imitate sounds and vocalizations

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The Second Half of the First Year

• Gross and fine motor control continue rapid gains
• Most children are walking independently by 1 year

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Auditory Behaviorsand Development

• Auditory sensitivity similar to adult hearing
• Localization ability well developed
• Clinical implications
• Ability to hear phonemic distinctions
• Non-native languages is poor
• Native language is well preserved
• Good ability to discriminate and identify
  familiar sounds

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Communication With Caregivers

• Nonvocal communication is very important, yet is
  a temporary phase
• Language comprehension far exceeds language
  expression ability
• Able to follow simple commands or requests
• Characteristics of conversations at this time
• Child communicates nonverbally and adult
  communicates orally

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Landmarks in Speech Development by One Year

• The use of one or more words with meaning
• Typical first words include mama, dada, other
  nouns important in the childs life
• Concept words come next
• Babbling development gets the child to this point

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Stages of BabblingDuring this Time

• Echolalia--imitation
• Varigated babbling--syllables arent identical
• Jargon
• Phonetically consistent forms
• Representation

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In Summary..

• By the end of one year, most children can
• Recognize their name
• Understand no
• Use several words with meaning
• Imitate sounds and use them in play
• Laugh and demonstrate humor
• Hear well and discriminate a lot of different
  sounds
• Show lots of affection and empathy
• Scribble imitatively with crayons or markers
• Demonstrate the importance of the social value of
  speech

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Stimulating a One Year Olds Speech and Language

• Read colorful books to the child
• Encouraging imitation
• Talk, Talk, Talk
• Reward and encourage a babys early effort at
  production

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