Experiences with Ad Hoc and P2P Networking

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Experiences with Ad Hoc and P2P Networking

• Dr. Milena Radenkovic
• PhD, Computer Science, Nottingham, UK
• Dipl Ing., MSc, Electrical and Electronic
  Engineering, Nis, Serbia
• BA in Computer Science, American University in
  Bulgaria

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Research Overview

• Research interests centre on self-organised
  network architectures that support interactive
  multiuser applications in unstable and
  heterogeneous environments
• Particular concern is with the design and
  deployment of novel mobile ad-hoc, delay tolerant
  network and P2P architectures for data store and
  query and routing protocols
• Multiple applications in location based pervasive
  gaming, wearable medical and veterinary
  applications and mass environmental monitoring
• A Novel Routing Protocol for Large Scale
  Disconnected (PI, EPSRC),
• Developing Advanced Collaborative Environments
  for Life Science Community (PI, EPSRC)
• Participate (CI, EPSRC),
• myGrid (CI, EPSRC)
• IPERG, (WPLead, EU), MIAS (WPLead, EPSRC)

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Supporting Collaborative Applications(Games)
(past current projects PhD)

• Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVEs),
  Inhabited TV, Mixed Reality Environments, (e.g.
  games and TV shows)
• Merging physical and virtual worlds in mobile
  wireless systems
• Extreme end system and network heterogeneity
  convergence of media
• Large number of simultaneous users and
  simultaneous live A/V streams but also
  heterogeneous sensor data
• PhD concerned with the challenges for scaleable
  network multimedia architectures

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Remote sensing with e-Science

• Focus on science in the field
• Scientists remote from the grid
• Access to grid facilities when connections are
  limited or occasional
• Environmental e-Science
• In Antarctic
• Ice thickness, light intensity, water saltiness,
  GPS, weather info
• and in the city
• CO and pedestrian movement
• Remote Medical Monitoring
• Supplement medical information
• respiratory, heart, blood, temperature
• with physical information
• Movement
• Location
• Posture

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Distributed Partial Mixing (DPM) Approach
(International Patent (WO 02/17579 A1) 2002, ACM
Multimedia 2002, IEEE Telsiks 2001, MIT Press
PRESENCE, 2004)
Application driven
End system resource driven
Network driven

• Support for
• the most natural and spontaneous verbal
  communication
• packet loss management and delays
• maximal flexibility for audio tailoring at the
  end users
• heterogeneous networks and machines
• efficient distribution of audio/video streams in
  the network
• congestion control adaptability, inter-protocol
  fairness

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Self-organised, ad-hoc, fully distributed DPM
(ACM VRST 2002, MIT Press PRESENCE 2004)
C7

• Unmanaged deployment domain frequent and severe
  fluctuations in link quality
• DPM placed in end systems
• On-demand DPM initiation
• Distributed collaborative controlling process
  nodes continuously evaluate contribution of each
  node
• Adaptive topology congruent with the underlying
  physical network

C8
Congested link
C6
C4
C5
DPM
New group
C3
DPM
C2
C1
New group
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PARTICIPATE (CI)

• Continues to explore convergence in pervasive,
  online and broadcast media to create new kinds
  of mass-participatory events in which the public
  contributes to and accesses contextual content.
• Aims to support participants understanding of
  individual impact on the environment AND to
  support change.
• Develop an architecture that integrates diverse
  media, devices and networks
• My Focus
• How to support mass-scale sensor data capture and
  query in challenged environments
• Investigate novel overlays that can help build
  applications on the top of mobile, unstable and
  unreliable environments
• How do we support the querying of partially
  defined data (i.e. range search queries)?

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ScienceScope sensor and data logger, with screen
shots from the GeoMobSens application (collecting
environmental audio and carbon monoxide
levels).
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Collected sound levels visualised on Google Earth
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Carbon monoxide levels from the collected data
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Mass-scale sensor data capture, route and query
in challenged environments (ASWN 06, WONS 07,
ICN 08, ICN 09, WINET 09)

• Novel locality preserving DHT overlays optimised
  for mobility and disconnections
• New policies for forwarding and replication that
  utilise heterogeneity
• Opportunistic utilization of locally available
  resources
• Novel DHT substrates (Layer 3 routing) optimised
  for mobility and disconnections
• Utilises self organised caching and mobility to
  improve dissemination of data (e.g. compared to
  other substrates)
• Novel mass Scale DTN Routing
• Novel hybrid MANET and DTN routing protocols with
  DHT naming scheme
• Use Bluetooth logs to indentify contact
  opportunities and mobility patterns in order to
  discover groups and profiles of users to design
  optimal forwarding and routing policies

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A Possible Deployment Scenario
PSN
MANET

DHT overlay across publicly owned infrastructure
Mobile Phone
Game Logic
ContextPhone
DTN
P2P Node
Game Logic
WiFi
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Time zones of Friend, Acquaintance and Stranger
Contact Clusters (digital footprint 1)
Node with the majority of Friend contacts
considered more reliable and good to be a data
mule or gateway
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Time zones of Friend, Acquaintance and Stranger
Contact Clusters (digital footprint 2)
Node with the majority of Stranger contacts
suitable for data dissemination to a wide
community
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Cost Effective Mass Games in Unstable
Environments (WONS 2007)

• Hybrid Pastry
• Exploits locality and high knowledge about
  neighbours
• 3 types of nodes to account for heterogeneity
• Regular Clients (RCs)
• Super Clients (SCs)
• Application Servers (ASs)
• Hybrid Pastry outperforms Pastry in terms of SR
  for average and low densities. Average delays are
  not increased.

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DHT substrate to address disconnections(ASWN
2006, IEEE Multimedia 2008)

• State
• Contains data related to animals health and
  location
• Is identified by animals id and timestamp
• Every node stores its own state and up to k
  states from other nodes

• Results
• Success ratio twice as high as EKTAs in the case
  of increased mobility and disconnections while
  not increasing network overhead

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Delay Tolerant Mass Scale Cattle Monitoring(ICNS
2006, ICN 2007, ICN 2008, WiNET 2009)

• Identify realistic requirements
• Strong demands for detecting oestrus, lameness,
  animal diseases
• Trails with bluetooth GPS, mobile phones, video
  footage
• Enable continuous and delay tolerant
  multi-dimensional parameter monitoring
• Utilises existing infrastructure but also works
  in fully ad-hoc mode
• Retention of data, in-situ and remote queries and
  notifications
• Increases fairness and decreases energy
  utilization

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Energy Efficient Route Discovery(ICN 2007, ICN
2008, WINET 2009)

• Low data traffic but unstable path
• Save energy on path discovery (i.e. having more
  stable paths)
• Minimizing and balancing energy utilisation
• Adaptive control of transmitter power
• Passive Clustering with Delayed intelligence
  (flood control)
• Selecting routes with longest lifetime
• Least number of hops, Least number of
  deteriorating links, Minimal total power
• Delaying non urgent data exchanges waiting for
  acquisition of a valid route to a target node
  from overheard or forwarded packets
• Using movement patterns
• less mobile gt more stable paths gt more forward
• faster animals gt better message carriers
• Significant energy saving compared to ESDSR, more
  fair energy consumption and shorter delays

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myGrid(CI), (ICWI 2003, CCGRID 2003, GADA 2005,
SAG 2004, AHM 2005)

• Open Source Upper Middleware for Bioinformatics
• Developing high level services for data intensive
  integration rather than computationally intensive
  problems
• Workflows, Provenance
• Semantic-based resource discovery and matching.
• My focus on the deployment perspective
• Personalised semantic driven notification service
  
• Semantic driven web portal and gateway
• Integration with WSRF
• P2P Access Grid

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Data at the centre
Workflows that could use this data
People who have registered an interest in this
data
Related Data
Provenance of the data
Ontologies describing data
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myGrid Services
Work bench
Taverna workflow environment
Talisman application
Portal
Gateway

Personalisation
Service and Workflow Discovery
myGrid Information Repository
Provenance mgt
Ontology Mgt
Event Notification
Metadata Mgt
Workflow enactment engine
Distributed Query Processor
Soaplab
Communication fabric
Bio Services
Text Extraction Service AMBIT
Bio Services
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myGrid deployment perspective
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Future research

• Infrastructure and protocols that support true
  convergence of pervasive, online and broadcast
  media on the global scale
• Embrace radically heterogeneous networking
• Two end-systems should be able to communicate
  even if they have nothing in common protocols,
  address realms, semantics (Jon Crowcroft)
• P2P, DTNs, PSNs but learn from Grids and WSs
• Proposals in preparation
• Trust, Reputation and support for security in
  disconnected worlds
• Self organized security in DTNs in collaboration
  with Watson IBM
• Aim to extend DTN security bundle with novel
  flexible and fluid trust building, negotiation
  and propagation mechanisms based on behavioral
  modeling, anomalous behavior across
  disconnections and non consensus asynchronous
  partial trust claiming and resolving
• Congestion Control and QoS in disconnected worlds
• Self organized congestion control in DTNs in
  collaboration with Watson IBM
• Source driven and receiver driven feedback and
  rate adaptation
• Application domains
• Medical, Military, Environmental, Social

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Observed Movement Patterns
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Realistic Parameters

• Communication parameters
• Infrequent in-situ queries (field trials)
• Delivering data to sinks every 2-4 hours (field
  trials)
• Low amount of data (literature)
• Movement patterns
• Typical speed 0.6 m/s (literature)
• Rarely faster than 0.8 m/s (field trials)
• Stocking density on pastures 2-7 animals/ha
  (literature)
• Drinking, eating and milking patterns (field
  trials)
• Movement patterns difficult to predict (field
  trials)

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Simulation Results

• Beacons, sinks. selecting routes with
  min.transmitter power requirements considerably
  decrease energy usage of mobile nodes during data
  transfers compared to ESDSR
• At the cost of the increasing the delays of
  delivering data to sinks and energy usage of
  sinks

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Simulation Results

• Energy consumption of the new approach up to 40
  lower than in the old approach
• New approach offers more fair energy consumption
  and shorter delays

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This time its personal

• my services
• my favourite services
• my opinion of those services
• my workflows
• my data
• my notes
• my queries
• my logs of what I did
• The events I care about

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Notification Personalisation

• Dynamic creation of personal data sets in mIR
• Personal views over repositories.
• Personalisation of workflows.
• Personal notification
• Annotation of datasets and workflows.
• Personalised service registries what I think
  the service does, which services can GSK
  employees use

• Has PDB changed since I last ran this?
• Has the record I derived my record from changed?
• Has the workflow I adapted my workflow from
  changed?
• Did the provenance record change?
• Has a service I am using right now gone? Has an
  equivalent one sprung up?
• Event notification service.

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Simulation Results (Hybrid Pastry)
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Simulation Results (DHT substrate)

• Passive caching
• Always increases success ratio (as expected)
• Decreases network overhead in sparse topologies
  (better results than expected)
• Increases scalability
• Proactive caching
• Appropriate in case of very high mobility
• Anticipated long periods of limited or no query
  traffic.
• Does not increase success ratio as much as
  expected
• Literature informed simulation parameters (no. of
  nodes, velocities)